杀菌剂Triadimefon和Cd对水生生物的联合毒性

采用静态试验方法研究了Triadimefon和Cd对水生生物浮萍和彭泽鲫的毒性作用。结果表明,Triadimefon和Cd对浮萍的联合毒性IC50值为9.19mg·L-1,对浮萍叶绿素a含量的影响随浓度增加显著增强。联合作用对彭泽鲫LC50值为18.78mg·L-1,说明浮萍要比彭泽鲫更为敏感。在模拟的3种水生环境中,联合毒性影响顺序如下:浮萍为自来水>河水>蒸馏水,彭泽鲫为蒸馏水>自来水>河水。

Degradation Dynamics of Triadimefon and Difenoconazole Residues in Strawberry and Soil

A field experiment was employed to study the degradation of triadimefon and difenoconazole residues in strawberry and soil. The results showed that the degradation of both the two kinds of pesticides was in accordance with the first order kinetic equation. The half-lives of difenoconazole in strawberry fruit, strawberry stem leaf and soil were 4.09, 8.21 and 13.38 d, respectively; and the half-lives of triadimefon in strawberry fruit, strawberry stem and leaf and soil were 3.38, 5.31 and 15.64 d, respectively. The maximum residue limit （MRL） of difenoconazole in strawberry was recommended as 0.5 mg/kg, and 10% difenoconazole WG and 20% triadimefon EC should be applied four times with a safety interval of 7 d according to the amounts of 100 and 60 g a. i./hm2,respectively.

Photochemical Degradation of Triadimefon in Seawater

The photochemical degradation of triadimefon in seawater was investigated under different reaction conditions in this study. The results showed that triadimefon could be effectively degraded by the irradiation of a high-pressure mercury lamp and the photodegradation rates were influenced by aquatic media, heavy metal ions and photosensitizers. The photochemical degradation of triadimefon followed the first-order reaction kinetic behavior, with the rate constants ranging from 0.0027 to 0.0128 min-1 under the studied conditions. The photolysis of triadimefon was slower in natural seawater than in distilled water or synthetic seawater. All the heavy metal ions studied in this paper had inhibition effects on the photolysis of triadimefon. Acetone, as a common photosensitizer, could accelerate the photolysis of triadimefon. Three photoproducts were identified by GC-MS analysis. Our study confirmed that photochemical degradation is an effective pathway to remove triadimefon in seawater.

Changes in biochemical constituents and induction of early sprouting by triadimefon treatment in white yam(Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) tubers during storage

The ability of triadimefon （TDM）, a triazolic fungicide, to alter the biochemical constituents and thereby minimizing the days required for sprouting in white yam （Dioscorea rotundata Poir.） tubers during storage under （30±2） ℃ in the dark, was studied. TDM at 20 mg/L was given to tubers by dipping the tubers in treatment solution containing 20 mg/L TDM on 10, 25 and 40 d after storage （DAS）. Starch, sugars, protein, amino acid contents as well as protease and a-amylase activities were estimated on 15, 30 and 45 DAS from two physiological regions viz., apical and basal regions of the tubers. In normal conditions （control） sprouting occurred on 70 to 80 DAS. The starch content decreased, while protein, amino acid, sugar contents and protease and a-amylase activities were increased due to TDM treatment and led to early sprouting.

Control Efficiency of 36% Carbendazim Triadimefon SC on Wheat Powdery Mildew and Pink Mold

This paper explored the control efficiency of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC on wheat powdery mildew, wheat pink mold and rope sclerotinia, and the impact on rape yield through field experiment. The results showed that the control efficiency was the best on the 7th and 14th day after the application of 36% Car- bendazim triadimefon SC in the dosage of 2 250 mL/hm2, and rope yield was improved by 32%.

Involvement of triadimefon induced early ABA-dependent H2O2 accumulation in soybean against water stress

The present study showed that pretreatment of triadimefon(TDM),a triazole compound,could improve tolerance of soybean seedlings to subsequent water stress.TDM pretreatment resulted in early and late rise in superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities,and upregulation of ascorbate(As A)content in non-stressed and water-stressed seedlings,leading to late increase in net photosynthetic rate(Pn),late decrease in hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and electrolyte leakage in stressed ones.These TDM-induced changes were blocked by application of abscisic acid(ABA)biosynthesis inhibitor tungstate,which inhibited early rise of ABA and H2O2contents in non-stressed and stressed seedlings.However,ABA pretreatment overcomed the effects of this inhibitor.Application of NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium(DPI),polyamine oxidase(PAO)inhibitor 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine(2-HEH)and H2O2scavenger dimethylthiourea(DMTU)prevented early TDM-induced rise of H2O2content.DPI,2-HEH and DMTU also decreased SOD,CAT and As A levels,but did not affect ABA content during early and late phases in both seedlings pretreated with TDM.In addition,these chemicals decreased Pn,and increased H2O2content and electrolyte leakage during late phase in TDM-pretreated stressed seedlings.Overall,these results indicated that TDM pretreatment alleviated adverse effects of water stress on soybean seedlings,which was at least in part,due to increase of antioxidant capacity and decrease of oxidative damage induced by early ABA-dependent H2O2generation.

Triadimefon在土壤中的降解和吸附

对Triad im efon在土壤中的降解和吸附行为进行了研究。两年的大田试验结果表明Triad im efon在红壤中半衰期分别为3.68d和8.77d,水稻土中分别为3.69d和7.63d,其降解受温度影响较大。批量法研究的Triad im efon在四种土壤中的吸附行为的试验结果表明Triad im efon在土壤中的吸附符合Freund lich经验公式;Kd随土壤有机质含量的增加而增大,吸附性与土壤有机质含量呈正相关;土壤有机质吸附常数Koc为259,表明Triad im efon在土壤中的移动性为中等:在土壤中的吸附量随温度的升高而降低,在土壤中的吸附主要为物理吸附。

15%三唑酮喷施次数对小麦条锈病的防治效果

小麦条锈病是小麦生产上的最主要病害之一,三唑酮在小麦条锈病防治上具有极好的控病增产作用,但随着其长期施用,在天水地区小麦生产上已出现抗药菌株,导致防效偏低。为了给小麦条锈病的科学防治和三唑酮的合理高效使用提供技术支撑,在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所甘谷试验站以感病品种冬小麦新冬43号为指示品种,开展了15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂不同喷施次数对小麦条锈病的田间防效试验。试验结果表明,喷药次数对小麦条锈病的田间防效及指示品种的产量、千粒重、穗粒重有极显著的影响。与不喷药对照相比较,15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂药剂量1200 g/hm^(2)兑水675 kg喷施1次、喷施2次、喷施3次对小麦条锈病的田间终期防效分别为58.4%、83.6%、98.6%,折合产量分别为5000.0、5580.0、6080.0 kg/hm^(2),较不喷药对照分别增产58.23%、76.58%、92.40%,千粒重分别提高15.5%、32.4%、38.5%,平均穗粒重分别提高7.6%、10.7%、12.2%。认为选用15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂在小麦条锈病防治达标期(病叶率达到10%)时对小麦进行喷雾防治,间隔7 d喷1次,连喷3次,可达到极好的控病增产效果,值得在小麦生产上推广应用。

Effects of Different Application Rates of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers on Wheat Stripe Rust and Wheat Yield

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the effects of different application rates of pesticides and fertilizers on wheat stripe rust and wheat yield.[Methods]Two-factor split block design was adopted.[Results]Different application rates of pesticides and chemical fertilizers would affect the incidence of wheat stripe rust,and further affect the yield of wheat.Triadimefon had no significant effect on wheat yield,and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer had significant effect on wheat yield,while their interaction had no significant effect on wheat yield.There were significant differences in wheat yield among the 15 treatment combinations,which may be due to the fact that the application rate of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer had extremely significant effect on wheat yield.[Conclusions]Under the wheat/green manure/maize zonal rotation system in Bijie,the sowing width of wheat is guaranteed to be 0.5 m under the 1.65 m zonal cropping system,and the sowing rate of wheat is arranged according to the basic seedling of 1.2 million plants/hm^(2).In the early stage of wheat stripe rust,15%triadimefon WP can be sprayed evenly at the dose of 1050 g/hm^(2)by a high-power sprayer in a sunny day.

三唑酮及其代谢产物三唑醇在橡胶树植株中的迁移富集行为

三唑酮是一种重要的橡胶树白粉病防治药剂,明确三唑酮及其代谢物三唑醇在橡胶树上的迁移富集行为有利于提高其农药的靶标利用率。本研究基于QuEChERS法,采用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术首次建立了三唑酮和三唑醇在橡胶树植株根、茎、叶中的残留分析方法。采用水培条件下根部施药和土培条件下叶部施药的方式,分别研究了三唑酮及三唑醇在橡胶树植株中的迁移富集行为。结果表明:橡胶树植株可快速将三唑酮代谢成三唑醇,2种药剂均可从植株根部通过茎部迁移至叶部,但在植株各部位中的富集行为具有较大差异,其生物富集系数大小依次为根部>茎部>叶部,且茎部和叶部的转运系数均小于1,表明三唑酮及三唑醇很难在橡胶树植株中向上迁移,易被根部富集;在对橡胶树植株叶部施药时,三唑酮亦可快速代谢成三唑醇,2种农药在植株不同部位的叶片间迁移能力较差。该研究可为优化三唑酮等农药在橡胶树上的施用方案提供重要的数据支撑。

三唑酮降解菌SM3的降解特性及其应用研究

以课题组前期筛选到的1株三唑酮高效降解菌SM3为研究对象,对其降解特性、酶学性质及应用潜力进行了初步研究。结果表明:在纯培养条件下,温度30℃、pH 7.0、接菌量5%、盐浓度10 g·L^(-1)及葡萄糖含量1%为高效降解菌株SM3最适培养条件;通过对降解酶定位发现,降解三唑酮关键酶为胞内酶,且酶促降解最适pH为7.0,最适温度为30℃;室内模拟三唑酮污染土壤分别设置了0.4、2和5 mg·kg^(-1)3个浓度,同时添加菌剂,于1、5、10、15、20和25 d后取样测定土壤中的三唑酮含量。25 d后,3个浓度污染土壤中三唑酮降解率分别达到99.7%,79.1%和58.1%,降解过程符合一级动力学方程。结果可为三唑类杀菌剂三唑酮的生物降解和环境治理提供优良的菌株资源。

固定化三唑酮降解菌球的性能表征及水体污染修复效应

以课题组保藏的一株三唑酮高效降解菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(命名为SM3)为目标菌株,以海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇-活性炭为复合载体进行包埋法制得固定化菌球(PSC-SM3),优化固定化菌球制备条件,对其性能进行表征测定,并评价其投加于不同水体中对三唑酮的实际去除效果。结果表明:c(PVA)为6%,c(SA)为1.5%,c(AC)为2.5%,c(CaCl_(2))为1.5%,包菌量为0.02g·mL^(-1)时,PSC-SM3对三唑酮的去除效果最佳;扫描电镜、傅立叶红外光谱、机械强度、弹性系数和储存稳定性的测定结果均表明固定化菌球PSC-SM3具备良好的性能;在供试浓度1、2、5和10 g·mL^(-1)的三唑酮污染水体中作用14 d后,PSC-SM3在工业废水中对三唑酮的降解率在50.08%~54.07%之间,在生活污水中对三唑酮的降解率在40.94%~57.55%之间,在农田灌溉水中对三唑酮的降解率在44.83%~57.02%之间。相比于游离菌株,PSC-SM3的修复效果更具有实际应用意义。

农产品加工副产物对水体三唑酮的去除作用

农产品加工副产物直接堆砌会造成严重的环境污染问题,该研究采用单因素优化方法阐明了农产品加工副产物米糠、稻壳、麦麸和酒糟作为水体农药三唑酮污染修复剂的潜质。结果表明,米糠对三唑酮的去除效果最好,稻壳最不适合作为三唑酮去除剂。其中,材料质量和粒径是影响三唑酮去除率的最重要因素,米糠去除水体三唑酮的最优条件为粒径60目、质量5 g、处理温度40℃、处理时间5 min。改变材料质量会显著影响材料对水体三唑酮的吸附容量,通过等温吸附建模发现,30℃时,改变材料质量仅有酒糟处理组同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,其他3种材料应用Freundlich模拟效果更好,说明吸附过程属于多分子层的非均质吸附。除7 g米糠处理组外均未观察到三唑酮对映体的选择性去除作用,但从等温吸附建模来看,4种材料对S-(+)-三唑酮吸附潜力更高。该研究结果可为低成本农产品加工副产物修复水体三唑酮污染提供一定的理论依据。

一种可同时检测多效唑、三唑酮、三唑醇的胶体金试纸条研制及应用

农药残留一直是我国亟待解决的重点问题。多效唑、三唑酮及三唑醇是三唑类农药,经常用于果蔬中的病害防治,对人体有一定毒性,可通过血液循环进入人体的神经肌肉处,对神经细胞造成严重损害,进而降低人体脏器的免疫力,引发多种慢性疾病。本文自主研发的快检方法具有快速、靶向、灵敏度高等特点,在检测实际样品时均达到《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2021)的检测要求,适用于对大批量果蔬中这3种农药的快速筛查。

农药与化肥不同施用量对小麦条锈病及产量的影响

为了探讨农药与化肥不同施用量对小麦条锈病病情和产量产量的影响,采取二因素裂区设计试验。农药与化肥不同施用量,会影响小麦条锈病的发病情况,从而导致对小麦产量的影响。三唑酮施用量对产量的影响不显著,硫酸钾复合肥施用量对产量的影响极显著,其交互作用对产量的影响不显著。15个处理组合的小麦产量差异极显著,可能是由于硫酸钾复合肥的施用量对小麦产量影响差异的极显著所致。在毕节市小麦//绿肥+玉米分带轮作的耕作制度下,以1.65 m分带的种植,小麦播幅保证0.5 m,按基本苗120万株/hm^(2)安排小麦播种量,采取精量施肥,施用硫酸钾复合肥180 kg/hm^(2)作基肥最佳;在小麦条锈病发病初期,以1050 g/hm^(2)的剂量,采用大功率喷雾器,选准晴好的天气均匀喷施最好。

凝胶渗透色谱-气相色谱-质谱测定玉米中3种农药的残留

建立以凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用技术测定玉米中三唑酮、三唑醇-a、三唑醇-b残留量的方法.目标农药经乙腈提取,共提物中的油脂经液/液分配、GPC加以去除,叶黄素通过固相萃取(SPE)净化.目标农药采用GC/MS/SIM方式进行定性、定量分析.3种农药( 0.05、0.5、2 μg/g)的回收率在90%～110%;相对标准偏差(RSD)<10%.

三唑酮对离体水稻叶片衰老的延缓作用

用质量浓度为 2 0mg/L的三唑酮溶液处理提高叶片的蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量 ,表明三唑酮能延缓水稻叶片的衰老 叶片衰老过程中 ,超氧物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性和抗坏血酸 (AsA)、还原型谷光甘肽 (GSH)含量降低 ,三唑酮处理抑制了它们的降低 过氧化物酶 (POD)活性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量提高 ,三唑酮处理抑制它们的提高 结果表明 。

三唑酮对绿豆幼苗叶片衰老的延缓作用

三唑酮处理可提高离体绿豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｒａｄｉａｔｕｓＬ．）幼苗叶片叶绿素和蛋白质含量。叶片衰老过程中超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡｓＡＰＯＤ）活性及抗坏血酸（ＡｓＡ）和还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量降低。２０ｍｇ／Ｌ三唑酮可提高ＰＯＤ、ＡｓＡＰＯＤ活性和ＡｓＡ、ＧＳＨ含量，对ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性无影响。丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量在叶片衰老过程中提高，并与ＰＯＤ、ＡｓＡＰＯＤ活性和ＡｓＡ、ＧＳＨ含量呈显著负相关，三唑酮可降低ＭＤＡ含量。表明三唑酮有提高植物对膜脂过氧化作用的保护能力，延缓叶片的衰老作用。

木霉菌与三唑酮配合对西瓜生长的影响和对枯萎病的防效

研究了木霉菌与微量三唑酮配合使用对西瓜枯萎病的防效和对寄主生长、根系发育及根分泌物的影响。木霉菌与微量三唑酮配合对防治西瓜枯萎病有增效作用。在药砂培处理的西瓜根分泌物作用下 ,尖孢镰刀菌厚垣孢子萌发率较水砂培处理低 ,两处理的根分泌物对木霉菌的分生孢子萌发较对尖孢镰刀菌的厚垣孢子萌发更有利。三唑酮对西瓜生长和根系发育有抑制作用 ,在播种时施用尤为严重 ,该不利因素可通过减少用药量。

戊唑醇和三唑酮对映体的手性拆分

以纤维素 三 ( 3,5 二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯 ) (CDMPC)高效液相色谱手性固定相 (CSP)成功地拆分了戊唑醇和三唑酮对映异构体 ,通过考察流动相中异丙醇的含量、柱长及温度对手性拆分的影响 ,优化色谱分离条件。结果显示 :该固定相对两种手性农药有较好的拆分效果 ,使用 2 5 0mm色谱柱 ,流动相中含 5 %异丙醇时戊唑醇得到最佳分离 ,分离度为 1.2 2 ;三唑酮在异丙醇含量为 2 %时有最大分离度 1.4 7。减少异丙醇含量对两种农药均有利于增大分离度 。