杀菌剂Triadimefon和Cd对水生生物的联合毒性

采用静态试验方法研究了Triadimefon和Cd对水生生物浮萍和彭泽鲫的毒性作用。结果表明,Triadimefon和Cd对浮萍的联合毒性IC50值为9.19mg·L-1,对浮萍叶绿素a含量的影响随浓度增加显著增强。联合作用对彭泽鲫LC50值为18.78mg·L-1,说明浮萍要比彭泽鲫更为敏感。在模拟的3种水生环境中,联合毒性影响顺序如下:浮萍为自来水>河水>蒸馏水,彭泽鲫为蒸馏水>自来水>河水。

乙蒜素防控甘蔗白条病效果及其促生作用

为了探索仿生类、内吸性化学药剂乙蒜素能否用于甘蔗病害防控及是否具有促生效果,通过室内抑菌试验、毒力测定、桶栽施药试验,评价乙蒜素对白条黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas albilineans(Ashby)Dowson)引起的甘蔗白条病的防控效果,同时通过桶栽施药试验对不同浓度乙蒜素处理的甘蔗进行农艺性状、生物量等表型测定,并结合光合、根系及抗逆等生理特性评价其促生作用。毒力测定结果显示,乙蒜素毒力回归方程为y=26.29x-30.29,相关系数R2为0.9489,有效中质量浓度EC50为1132.43μg/mL。病害防控及促生试验结果显示:80%乙蒜素1000倍稀释液防控促生效果最佳。该处理下,施药42 d未检测出甘蔗白条病阳性植株,而对照(CK)阳性检出率100%。相较于CK,该处理(施药42 d)的甘蔗叶片叶绿素含量增加24.93%、净光合速率增加64.97%,根系活力增加62.44%,促生效果明显;抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性分别提高21.32%、44.32%、54.32%;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸等叶片渗透调节物质含量分别增加17.40%、17.39%、17.78%,而MDA含量减少22.74%,缓解膜脂过氧化、维持细胞膜的稳定性,增强甘蔗抗逆性。综上,80%乙蒜素1000倍稀释液对甘蔗白条病具有较好的防控效果且对甘蔗具有促生作用。

负载乙蒜素的有机硅/壳聚糖复合乳液的制备及其对烟草青枯病的防治效果

为实现乙蒜素在作物表面的高效附着和缓慢释放,开展了负载乙蒜素的有机硅-壳聚糖高黏附缓释体系研究。由含氢硅油与丙烯酸发生硅氢加成反应制备有机硅乳液;借助疏水相互作用,实现乙蒜素与有机硅分子的均匀混合;最后经由壳聚糖氨基与有机硅乳液上羧基的静电组装,形成负载乙蒜素的有机硅/壳聚糖复合乳液。测定了复合乳液对烟草叶片的润湿性和黏附性、贮存稳定性、水合粒径、Zeta电位、微观结构,对乙蒜素的包封率和载药量,乙蒜素释放速率,复合乳液的抑菌活性以及对烟叶青枯病的防治效果。结果表明:负载乙蒜素的有机硅/壳聚糖复合乳液SA6@EC8为优选配方,其对烟草叶片的接触角为14.9o,表面张力为20.17 mN/m,在竖直烟草叶片表面延展良好,表现出良好的润湿性能和黏附性;复合乳液冷、热贮存14 d未见分层或沉淀,Zeta电位为+24.7 mV,平均水合粒径为3.17μm,平均干燥粒径为750 nm,颗粒在显微镜下呈单分散状态;复合乳液对乙蒜素的包封率和载药量分别达到94.7%和55.2%,其24、72和144 h乙蒜素累积释放率分别为55.4%、75.5%和82.3%,表现出先快后缓的控释特征;SA6@EC8乳液对大肠杆菌和青枯菌表现出优异的平板抑制活性,对田间烟草青枯病的相对防效也达到了38.5%;同时,在叶片发黄面积为10%以下时喷施SA6@EC8,发黄叶片可在施药5 d后返青;发黄面积达50%以上时喷施该乳液后,未观察到叶片返青。本研究成功开发了负载乙蒜素的有机硅-壳聚糖复合乳液,赋予乙蒜素制剂高黏附能力和缓释性能,实现了对烟草青枯病的良好防控,应用前景广阔。

乙蒜素对茶树苔藓地衣防治效果研究

为探索安全高效的茶树苔藓地衣的防治技术,选择植物源仿生型杀菌剂乙蒜素,通过田间小区试验探索不同浓度(600倍液、700倍液、800倍液、900倍液)乙蒜素对茶树苔藓地衣的防治效果及其对茶叶产量的影响。结果表明,乙蒜素700倍液处理10 d和20 d对苔藓地衣总体防控效果可达91%以上,可有效降低苔藓地衣的危害,提高茶叶产量16.74%以上,经济效益显著。

Degradation Dynamics of Triadimefon and Difenoconazole Residues in Strawberry and Soil

A field experiment was employed to study the degradation of triadimefon and difenoconazole residues in strawberry and soil. The results showed that the degradation of both the two kinds of pesticides was in accordance with the first order kinetic equation. The half-lives of difenoconazole in strawberry fruit, strawberry stem leaf and soil were 4.09, 8.21 and 13.38 d, respectively; and the half-lives of triadimefon in strawberry fruit, strawberry stem and leaf and soil were 3.38, 5.31 and 15.64 d, respectively. The maximum residue limit （MRL） of difenoconazole in strawberry was recommended as 0.5 mg/kg, and 10% difenoconazole WG and 20% triadimefon EC should be applied four times with a safety interval of 7 d according to the amounts of 100 and 60 g a. i./hm2,respectively.

Photochemical Degradation of Triadimefon in Seawater

The photochemical degradation of triadimefon in seawater was investigated under different reaction conditions in this study. The results showed that triadimefon could be effectively degraded by the irradiation of a high-pressure mercury lamp and the photodegradation rates were influenced by aquatic media, heavy metal ions and photosensitizers. The photochemical degradation of triadimefon followed the first-order reaction kinetic behavior, with the rate constants ranging from 0.0027 to 0.0128 min-1 under the studied conditions. The photolysis of triadimefon was slower in natural seawater than in distilled water or synthetic seawater. All the heavy metal ions studied in this paper had inhibition effects on the photolysis of triadimefon. Acetone, as a common photosensitizer, could accelerate the photolysis of triadimefon. Three photoproducts were identified by GC-MS analysis. Our study confirmed that photochemical degradation is an effective pathway to remove triadimefon in seawater.

Changes in biochemical constituents and induction of early sprouting by triadimefon treatment in white yam(Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) tubers during storage

The ability of triadimefon （TDM）, a triazolic fungicide, to alter the biochemical constituents and thereby minimizing the days required for sprouting in white yam （Dioscorea rotundata Poir.） tubers during storage under （30±2） ℃ in the dark, was studied. TDM at 20 mg/L was given to tubers by dipping the tubers in treatment solution containing 20 mg/L TDM on 10, 25 and 40 d after storage （DAS）. Starch, sugars, protein, amino acid contents as well as protease and a-amylase activities were estimated on 15, 30 and 45 DAS from two physiological regions viz., apical and basal regions of the tubers. In normal conditions （control） sprouting occurred on 70 to 80 DAS. The starch content decreased, while protein, amino acid, sugar contents and protease and a-amylase activities were increased due to TDM treatment and led to early sprouting.

Control Efficiency of 36% Carbendazim Triadimefon SC on Wheat Powdery Mildew and Pink Mold

This paper explored the control efficiency of 36% Carbendazim triadimefon SC on wheat powdery mildew, wheat pink mold and rope sclerotinia, and the impact on rape yield through field experiment. The results showed that the control efficiency was the best on the 7th and 14th day after the application of 36% Car- bendazim triadimefon SC in the dosage of 2 250 mL/hm2, and rope yield was improved by 32%.

15%三唑酮喷施次数对小麦条锈病的防治效果

小麦条锈病是小麦生产上的最主要病害之一,三唑酮在小麦条锈病防治上具有极好的控病增产作用,但随着其长期施用,在天水地区小麦生产上已出现抗药菌株,导致防效偏低。为了给小麦条锈病的科学防治和三唑酮的合理高效使用提供技术支撑,在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所甘谷试验站以感病品种冬小麦新冬43号为指示品种,开展了15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂不同喷施次数对小麦条锈病的田间防效试验。试验结果表明,喷药次数对小麦条锈病的田间防效及指示品种的产量、千粒重、穗粒重有极显著的影响。与不喷药对照相比较,15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂药剂量1200 g/hm^(2)兑水675 kg喷施1次、喷施2次、喷施3次对小麦条锈病的田间终期防效分别为58.4%、83.6%、98.6%,折合产量分别为5000.0、5580.0、6080.0 kg/hm^(2),较不喷药对照分别增产58.23%、76.58%、92.40%,千粒重分别提高15.5%、32.4%、38.5%,平均穗粒重分别提高7.6%、10.7%、12.2%。认为选用15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂在小麦条锈病防治达标期(病叶率达到10%)时对小麦进行喷雾防治,间隔7 d喷1次,连喷3次,可达到极好的控病增产效果,值得在小麦生产上推广应用。

Involvement of triadimefon induced early ABA-dependent H2O2 accumulation in soybean against water stress

The present study showed that pretreatment of triadimefon(TDM),a triazole compound,could improve tolerance of soybean seedlings to subsequent water stress.TDM pretreatment resulted in early and late rise in superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities,and upregulation of ascorbate(As A)content in non-stressed and water-stressed seedlings,leading to late increase in net photosynthetic rate(Pn),late decrease in hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and electrolyte leakage in stressed ones.These TDM-induced changes were blocked by application of abscisic acid(ABA)biosynthesis inhibitor tungstate,which inhibited early rise of ABA and H2O2contents in non-stressed and stressed seedlings.However,ABA pretreatment overcomed the effects of this inhibitor.Application of NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium(DPI),polyamine oxidase(PAO)inhibitor 2-hydroxyethylhydrazine(2-HEH)and H2O2scavenger dimethylthiourea(DMTU)prevented early TDM-induced rise of H2O2content.DPI,2-HEH and DMTU also decreased SOD,CAT and As A levels,but did not affect ABA content during early and late phases in both seedlings pretreated with TDM.In addition,these chemicals decreased Pn,and increased H2O2content and electrolyte leakage during late phase in TDM-pretreated stressed seedlings.Overall,these results indicated that TDM pretreatment alleviated adverse effects of water stress on soybean seedlings,which was at least in part,due to increase of antioxidant capacity and decrease of oxidative damage induced by early ABA-dependent H2O2generation.

宁夏地区欧李根癌病病原菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选

对宁夏地区欧李(Cerasus humilis(Bge.) Sok.)根癌病病原菌开展鉴定并筛选防治药剂。采用组织分离法进行病原菌的分离,以胡萝卜和向日葵为指示植物按柯赫氏法则确定其致病性,经形态学、生理生化性质和16S rDNA序列分析进行分类鉴定。采用滤纸片抑菌圈法对8种低毒杀菌剂开展毒力测定,筛选出对病原菌有较强抑菌效果的药剂,以向日葵为指示植物进行防治效果验证。结果表明:从欧李根癌组织中分离获得的ATJ1菌株,可以使胡萝卜盘和向日葵接种部位出现明显的增生,具有致病性。ATJ1菌株分类鉴定为根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)生物I型。在室内药剂筛选中,四霉素和乙蒜素的防治效果最好,400倍稀释液的抑菌率分别为83.80%和72.55%,ρ(EC_(50))分别为5.13和985.75 mg/L。在盆栽试验中,四霉素和乙蒜素对病原菌ATJ1均具有较强的抑菌效果,向日葵接种部位未发病,但是高质量浓度药剂会导致药害。因此,低质量浓度(稀释倍数≥1 200倍)的四霉素或乙蒜素适用于欧李根癌土壤杆菌的防治。

三唑酮及其代谢产物三唑醇在橡胶树植株中的迁移富集行为

三唑酮是一种重要的橡胶树白粉病防治药剂,明确三唑酮及其代谢物三唑醇在橡胶树上的迁移富集行为有利于提高其农药的靶标利用率。本研究基于QuEChERS法,采用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)技术首次建立了三唑酮和三唑醇在橡胶树植株根、茎、叶中的残留分析方法。采用水培条件下根部施药和土培条件下叶部施药的方式,分别研究了三唑酮及三唑醇在橡胶树植株中的迁移富集行为。结果表明:橡胶树植株可快速将三唑酮代谢成三唑醇,2种药剂均可从植株根部通过茎部迁移至叶部,但在植株各部位中的富集行为具有较大差异,其生物富集系数大小依次为根部>茎部>叶部,且茎部和叶部的转运系数均小于1,表明三唑酮及三唑醇很难在橡胶树植株中向上迁移,易被根部富集;在对橡胶树植株叶部施药时,三唑酮亦可快速代谢成三唑醇,2种农药在植株不同部位的叶片间迁移能力较差。该研究可为优化三唑酮等农药在橡胶树上的施用方案提供重要的数据支撑。

不同质量浓度乙蒜素对迷迭香扦插繁殖效果的影响

为了提高迷迭香在昆明地区的扦插成活率,本研究以大叶迷迭香、针叶迷迭香和匍匐迷迭香为试验材料,比较分析了不同质量浓度乙蒜素溶液浸泡插穗处理对迷迭香扦插成活、生根、生长的影响。结果表明,与清水对照相比,乙蒜素溶液浸泡插穗处理可促进迷迭香插穗的成活、生根与生长;且随着乙蒜素质量浓度的升高,成活率、平均生根数、平均根长、平均苗高等指标均表现出先升高后下降的趋势,质量浓度为35.70 mg/L的乙蒜素处理各指标均表现较好。

三唑酮降解菌SM3的降解特性及其应用研究

以课题组前期筛选到的1株三唑酮高效降解菌SM3为研究对象,对其降解特性、酶学性质及应用潜力进行了初步研究。结果表明:在纯培养条件下,温度30℃、pH 7.0、接菌量5%、盐浓度10 g·L^(-1)及葡萄糖含量1%为高效降解菌株SM3最适培养条件;通过对降解酶定位发现,降解三唑酮关键酶为胞内酶,且酶促降解最适pH为7.0,最适温度为30℃;室内模拟三唑酮污染土壤分别设置了0.4、2和5 mg·kg^(-1)3个浓度,同时添加菌剂,于1、5、10、15、20和25 d后取样测定土壤中的三唑酮含量。25 d后,3个浓度污染土壤中三唑酮降解率分别达到99.7%,79.1%和58.1%,降解过程符合一级动力学方程。结果可为三唑类杀菌剂三唑酮的生物降解和环境治理提供优良的菌株资源。

固定化三唑酮降解菌球的性能表征及水体污染修复效应

以课题组保藏的一株三唑酮高效降解菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(命名为SM3)为目标菌株,以海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇-活性炭为复合载体进行包埋法制得固定化菌球(PSC-SM3),优化固定化菌球制备条件,对其性能进行表征测定,并评价其投加于不同水体中对三唑酮的实际去除效果。结果表明:c(PVA)为6%,c(SA)为1.5%,c(AC)为2.5%,c(CaCl_(2))为1.5%,包菌量为0.02g·mL^(-1)时,PSC-SM3对三唑酮的去除效果最佳;扫描电镜、傅立叶红外光谱、机械强度、弹性系数和储存稳定性的测定结果均表明固定化菌球PSC-SM3具备良好的性能;在供试浓度1、2、5和10 g·mL^(-1)的三唑酮污染水体中作用14 d后,PSC-SM3在工业废水中对三唑酮的降解率在50.08%~54.07%之间,在生活污水中对三唑酮的降解率在40.94%~57.55%之间,在农田灌溉水中对三唑酮的降解率在44.83%~57.02%之间。相比于游离菌株,PSC-SM3的修复效果更具有实际应用意义。

Effects of Different Application Rates of Pesticides and Chemical Fertilizers on Wheat Stripe Rust and Wheat Yield

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the effects of different application rates of pesticides and fertilizers on wheat stripe rust and wheat yield.[Methods]Two-factor split block design was adopted.[Results]Different application rates of pesticides and chemical fertilizers would affect the incidence of wheat stripe rust,and further affect the yield of wheat.Triadimefon had no significant effect on wheat yield,and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer had significant effect on wheat yield,while their interaction had no significant effect on wheat yield.There were significant differences in wheat yield among the 15 treatment combinations,which may be due to the fact that the application rate of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer had extremely significant effect on wheat yield.[Conclusions]Under the wheat/green manure/maize zonal rotation system in Bijie,the sowing width of wheat is guaranteed to be 0.5 m under the 1.65 m zonal cropping system,and the sowing rate of wheat is arranged according to the basic seedling of 1.2 million plants/hm^(2).In the early stage of wheat stripe rust,15%triadimefon WP can be sprayed evenly at the dose of 1050 g/hm^(2)by a high-power sprayer in a sunny day.

农产品加工副产物对水体三唑酮的去除作用

农产品加工副产物直接堆砌会造成严重的环境污染问题,该研究采用单因素优化方法阐明了农产品加工副产物米糠、稻壳、麦麸和酒糟作为水体农药三唑酮污染修复剂的潜质。结果表明,米糠对三唑酮的去除效果最好,稻壳最不适合作为三唑酮去除剂。其中,材料质量和粒径是影响三唑酮去除率的最重要因素,米糠去除水体三唑酮的最优条件为粒径60目、质量5 g、处理温度40℃、处理时间5 min。改变材料质量会显著影响材料对水体三唑酮的吸附容量,通过等温吸附建模发现,30℃时,改变材料质量仅有酒糟处理组同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,其他3种材料应用Freundlich模拟效果更好,说明吸附过程属于多分子层的非均质吸附。除7 g米糠处理组外均未观察到三唑酮对映体的选择性去除作用,但从等温吸附建模来看,4种材料对S-(+)-三唑酮吸附潜力更高。该研究结果可为低成本农产品加工副产物修复水体三唑酮污染提供一定的理论依据。

一种可同时检测多效唑、三唑酮、三唑醇的胶体金试纸条研制及应用

农药残留一直是我国亟待解决的重点问题。多效唑、三唑酮及三唑醇是三唑类农药,经常用于果蔬中的病害防治,对人体有一定毒性,可通过血液循环进入人体的神经肌肉处,对神经细胞造成严重损害,进而降低人体脏器的免疫力,引发多种慢性疾病。本文自主研发的快检方法具有快速、靶向、灵敏度高等特点,在检测实际样品时均达到《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2021)的检测要求,适用于对大批量果蔬中这3种农药的快速筛查。

农药与化肥不同施用量对小麦条锈病及产量的影响

为了探讨农药与化肥不同施用量对小麦条锈病病情和产量产量的影响,采取二因素裂区设计试验。农药与化肥不同施用量,会影响小麦条锈病的发病情况,从而导致对小麦产量的影响。三唑酮施用量对产量的影响不显著,硫酸钾复合肥施用量对产量的影响极显著,其交互作用对产量的影响不显著。15个处理组合的小麦产量差异极显著,可能是由于硫酸钾复合肥的施用量对小麦产量影响差异的极显著所致。在毕节市小麦//绿肥+玉米分带轮作的耕作制度下,以1.65 m分带的种植,小麦播幅保证0.5 m,按基本苗120万株/hm^(2)安排小麦播种量,采取精量施肥,施用硫酸钾复合肥180 kg/hm^(2)作基肥最佳;在小麦条锈病发病初期,以1050 g/hm^(2)的剂量,采用大功率喷雾器,选准晴好的天气均匀喷施最好。

三唑酮与乙蒜素混剂对鹅掌柴插穗生长的影响

用三唑酮＋乙蒜素（1：15）混合配制160-1600mg/L10种不同浓度的药剂，分别对鹅掌柴插穗浸泡处理后扦插。结果表明，最佳处理的插穗生根数、根长、新枝长的平均值和最高成活率分别为39．7条、18．67mm、47．25mm、100％，分别比对照高出7．3条、2．54mm、17．15mm、46．67％，所测指标均与对照的差异显著（P〈0．05）；在160-400mg/L，处理浓度与以上各指标的关系均符合二次曲线模型（R^2〉0．96）；根径、小叶数、生枝数与对照差异不显著。