A Mechanical Model for Three-phase Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Mixture under Repeated Load

On basis of the Burgers model, a new model consisting of modified dashpot and Van Der Poel model was derived from rheological and viscoelastic theory. Subsequently, triaxial repeated load permanent deformation tests of AC16 asphalt mixtures were conducted to validate this new developed model. Parameters of new developed model were obtained by a nonlinear regression analysis of test data, and then permanent strains and flow number of each mixture were calculated. The experimental results prove that the new developed model can well describe three phases permanent deformation of asphalt mixture under repeated load and it can be used for pavement mechanical analysis and rutting prediction.

Experimental study on permanent deformation characteristics of coarse-grained soil under repeated dynamic loading

Practical assessment of subgrade settlement induced by train operation requires developing suitable models capable of describing permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade filling under repeated dynamic loading.In this paper,repeated load triaxial tests were performed on coarse-grained soil(CGS),and the axial permanent strain of CGS under different confining pressures and dynamic stress amplitudes was analysed.Permanent deformation behaviors of CGS were categorized based on the variation trend of permanent strain rate with accumulated permanent strain and the shakedown theory.A prediction model of permanent deformation considering stress state and number of load cycles was established,and the ranges of parameters for different types of dynamic behaviors were also divided.The results indicated that the variational trend of permanent strain rate with accumulated permanent strain can be used as a basis for classifying dynamic behaviors of CGS.The stress state(confining pressure and dynamic stress amplitude)has significant effects on the permanent strain rate.The accumulative characteristics of permanent deformation of CGS with the number of load cycles can be described by a power function,and the model parameters can reflect the influence of confining pressure and dynamic stress amplitude.The study’s results could help deepen understanding of the permanent deformation characteristics of CGS.

Evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different loading cycles and stress paths

Surrounding rocks at different locations are generally subjected to different stress paths during the process of deep hard rock excavation.In this study,to reveal the mechanical parameters of deep surrounding rock under different stress paths,a new cyclic loading and unloading test method for controlled true triaxial loading and unloading and principal stress direction interchange was proposed,and the evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different stress paths was studied,including the deformation modulus,elastic deformation increment ratios,fracture degree,cohesion and internal friction angle.Additionally,stress path coefficient was defined to characterize different stress paths,and the functional relationships among the stress path coefficient,rock fracture degree difference coefficient,cohesion and internal friction angle were obtained.The results show that during the true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading process,the deformation modulus and cohesion gradually decrease,while the internal friction angle gradually increases with increasing equivalent crack strain.The stress path coefficient is exponentially related to the rock fracture degree difference coefficient.As the stress path coefficient increases,the degrees of cohesion weakening and internal friction angle strengthening decrease linearly.During cyclic loading and unloading under true triaxial principal stress direction interchange,the direction of crack development changes,and the deformation modulus increases,while the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease slightly,indicating that the principal stress direction interchange has a strengthening effect on the surrounding rocks.Finally,the influences of the principal stress interchange direction on the stabilities of deep engineering excavation projects are discussed.

Viscoelastic model for asphalt mixture under repeated haversine load

The series-wound dashpot of the Burgers model is modified by introducing the strain hardening parameter, and the new model is considered as a combination of the modified dashpot and the Van Der Poel model. The cyclical pulse load consisting of a haversine load time and a rest period is adopted to simulate the actual vehicle load, and the permanent strain model under the repeated load is derived from the rheological and viscoelastic theories. Subsequently, the model is validated by the results of uniaxial repeated load permanent deformation tests of three asphalt mixtures. It is indicated that the proportion of residual viscoelastic strain to permanent strain decreases gradually with the load cycles, and only accounts for 2% to 3% during most of the loading period. If the rest period is long, the residual viscoelastic strain is little. The rest period of the actual vehicle load may be long enough, so the residual viscoelasticity can be ignored and the simplified model can be obtained. The proposed model can well describe the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures under repeated load.

A simple permanent deformation model of rockfill materials

Existing experimental results have shown that using a semi-log linear relationship between the permanent volumetric strain and cyclic number underestimates the volumetric deformation of rockfill materials with a large cyclic number, and that the error increases with the confining pressure. The existing permanent deformation models are not suitable for the seismic safety analysis of high dams during strong earthquakes. In this study, a series of large-scale triaxial cyclic loading tests of rockfill materials were performed, and a new permanent deformation model of rockfill materials was developed and validated with three kinds of rockfill materials. The results show that the proposed model can properly reflect the general features of the permanent deformation of rockfill materials. The main features of the model are as follows:(1) relations between the cyclic number and permanent volumetric/shear strain are described by hyperbolic functions, which can avoid underestimating the volumetric deformation occurring during strong earthquakes;(2) the model can capture the effect of the mean effective stress on the permanent volumetric strain, with greater confining pressure correlating to greater permanent volumetric deformation, and the permanent volumetric strain under low confining pressure near the dam crest can be well represented; and(3) the model can reflect the effect of the consolidation stress ratio on the permanent shear strain.

New shakedown criterion and permanent deformation properties of unbound granular materials

Unbound granular material specifications for road pavements in Australia are primarily based on physical material specification rather than mechanical characterisation. This simplified approach does not reflect the actual material performance under repeated dynamic traffic loads. There is a little information available on the influence of the local crushed rock properties and compacted layer properties on permanent deformation (PD). This study aims to characterise the local unbound granular materials in Victoria according to their PD behaviour under repeated loads and to develop a suitable shakedown criterion that could describe the PD of the tested materials to simplify the flexible pavement design. Repeated-load triaxial tests were conducted over several samples with a range of moisture contents, gradations, densities, and stress conditions. The laboratory test results showed that PD behaviour was influenced by several factors. In addition, the tested subbase-specified unbound granular materials reflect high PD resistance that is almost equivalent to basequality unbound granular materials. This may indicate that current requirements for the subbase-quality unbound granular materials are over-prescribe. Moreover, as the existing shakedown criterion was not applicable for the multi-stage repeated-load triaxial test and the local tested materials, a new shakedown criterion and new boundaries are proposed based on the PD behaviour. In the proposed criterion, the shakedown ranges are identified based on the curve angle of the PD vs. logarithm of the number of loading cycles, and this new criterion was validated using several materials from existing literature. The local tested base and subbase materials can be assigned as Range A when PD\1%, Range B when 1%\PD\3%, and Range C when PD[3%. The proposed criterion could provide a useful and quick approach to assess the PD of the unbound granular materials with both single and multistages of stresses.

Neural network-based model for prediction of permanent deformation of unbound granular materials

Several available mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods fail to include predictive model for permanent deformation(PD)of unbound granular materials(UGMs),which make these methods more conservative.In addition,there are limited regression models capable of predicting the PD under multistress levels,and these models have regression limitations and generally fail to cover the complexity of UGM behaviour.Recent researches are focused on using new methods of computational intelligence systems to address the problems,such as artificial neural network(ANN).In this context,we aim to develop an artificial neural model to predict the PD of UGMs exposed to repeated loads.Extensive repeated load triaxial tests(RLTTs)were conducted on base and subbase materials locally available in Victoria,Australia to investigate the PD properties of the tested materials and to prepare the database of the neural networks.Specimens were prepared over different moisture contents and gradations to cover a wide testing matrix.The ANN model consists of one input layer with five neurons,one hidden layer with twelve neurons,and one output layer with one neuron.The five inputs were the number of load cycles,deviatoric stress,moisture content,coefficient of uniformity,and coefficient of curvature.The sensitivity analysis showed that the most important indicator that impacts PD is the number of load cycles with influence factor of 41%.It shows that the ANN method is rapid and efficient to predict the PD,which could be implemented in the Austroads pavement design method.

间歇性循环荷载下冻融风积土变形特性及分数阶预测模型

列车运营对路基的长期作用由振动加载、荷载间歇交替组成,已往研究多只考虑振动加载周期对路基土体强度和变形特性的影响,而忽略了间歇期的影响。为研究间歇性循环荷载作用下风积土路基变形特性,利用GDS DYNTTS冻土动三轴仪,开展不同有效固结围压σ_(3c)、冻融循环次数FT、动应力幅值σ_(d)^(ampl)和振动频率f的间歇性循环荷载下风积土动三轴试验,研究间歇性循环荷载下冻融风积土变形特性及其影响因素。试验结果表明:间歇性循环荷载作用下风积土累积塑性应变曲线呈稳定型、发展型和破坏型三种形态。间歇阶段能够在较大程度上削弱土体的应变累积,从而使其较连续荷载作用下变形减小。基于极差方法,确定动应力幅值是影响风积土累积塑性应变的最重要因素,其余依次为有效固结围压、冻融循环次数、振动频率。采用双Abel黏壶建立考虑间歇性循环荷载作用的冻融风积土分数阶累积塑性应变预测模型,并与试验结果进行了对比分析,二者吻合度较高,说明该文建立的分数阶累积塑性应变数学模型可合理预测间歇性循环荷载作用下风积土路基长期变形特性。研究成果可为季节性冻土地区路基工程设计和灾害防治提供科学依据。

循环荷载作用下土工格栅加筋黄土动力特性研究

【目的】由于黄土所具有的结构疏松、抗剪性低,以及对水、力及震动都十分敏感等工程特性,故探究采用双向土工格栅对西宁地区黄土加筋前后土体动力性能的改善效果。【方法】采用GDS双向动三轴测试系统开展不同加筋层间距、不同围压、不同动应力幅值工况条件下加筋黄土的动三轴试验,分析循环荷载作用下加筋层间距对黄土动强度、动剪切模量、阻尼比等动力响应特性的影响,探讨分析加筋黄土动力响应特性的演化规律。【结果】结果显示:黄土动应变随着动应力的增大而增大,骨干曲线呈现应变强化型,并且骨干曲线随加筋层间距的减小逐渐由曲线型过渡为直线型;随着加筋层间距的减小,黄土强度随之增大,随着围压和加筋层间距的增加,黄土幅值剪应力明显增大,动剪应变减小,阻尼比明显减小。【结论】结果表明:围压和加筋层间距对加筋黄土的动力特性具有显著的增强作用,且存在一个最优加筋层间距。研究成果可为西宁地区加筋黄土道路设计提供参考依据。

随机应力循环加卸载三轴试验土的变形稳定状态初探

为研究土在随机应力幅值循环加卸载条件下的应力-应变关系,基于土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,以福建标准砂和硅微粉为研究对象进行一系列三轴试验。据此分析土样在不同随机应力循环加卸载过程的应力-应变行为,判断其是否达到变形稳定状态,同时与等应力幅值循环加卸载和阶梯应力幅值循环加卸载试验进行对比。结果表明:无论是恒定应力幅值、阶梯应力幅值还是随机应力幅值加卸载循环,当循环次数超过一定次数后,土样逐渐趋于变形稳定状态,且变形稳定状态对应的循环次数值不同;土在受到超过历史最大应力幅值时,应力-应变关系会回到初次单调加载的应力-应变曲线;在最大应力值小于破坏应力的条件下,应力加卸载时间过程幅值的随机特征,如幅值大小和分布对土的应力-应变行为,包括变形稳定状态没有影响。

循环荷载作用下含水合物粉细砂的残余变形

本文针对不同饱和度和不同围压水平的含水合物粉细砂进行了一系列不排水循环三轴剪切试验,研究了轴向应变和孔隙水压力的发展,分析了影响含水合物粉细砂残余应变的主要因素:循环应力比、有效围压和水合物饱和度。在Monismith公式的基础上,提出了一种新的经验公式,能够预测循环荷载作用下含水合物粉细砂的残余变形,预测结果与实验结果的对比表明该经验公式具有良好的适用性。

Effect of vertical stress rest period on deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials:Experimental and numerical investigations

Repeated load triaxial test is used to assess the deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials(UGMs) in flexible road pavements. Repeated load pulse characteristics(i.e. shape, loading period and rest period) are the stress configurations used in the experimental set-up to simulate the passing axle loads. Some researchers and standard testing protocols suggest a rest period of varying durations after a loading phase. A thorough review of existing literature and practises has revealed that there is no agreement about the effect of the rest period of vertical stress pulse on the deformation behaviour of the UGMs. Therefore,the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of repeated stress rest period on the deformation behaviour of UGMs experimentally. Experiments are conducted, both with and without rest period, using basalt and granite crushed rocks from Victoria, Australia. Furthermore, in order to gain insight into the effect of the rest period, finite element modelling is also developed. Both the experimental and modelling results show that the rest period has a noticeable effect on both resilient and permanent deformation behaviours of UGMs. It is, therefore, recommended to take extra precautions while adopting a particular standard testing protocol and to supplement the results by additional tests with different loading configurations.

Addressing the permanent deformation behavior of hot mix asphalt by triaxial cyclic compression testing with cyclic confining pressure

Rutting or permanent deformation is one of the major distress modes of hot mix asphalt in the field. Triaxial cycle compression testing （TCCT） is a standardized and scientifically accepted test method to address this distress mode in the lab and to characterize the resistance to permanent deformation. In most labs and according to EN 12697-25, standard TGCTs are carried out with cyclic axial loading and a constant confining pressure. In road pavements on the other hand, dynamic traffic loading due to passing wheels leads to cyclic confining pressure. In order to bring the TCCT closer to reality, the radial reaction and its phase lag to axial loading in standard TCCTs are analyzed and an enhanced TCCT with cyclic confining pressure is introduced. The cyclic confining pressure takes into account the viscoelastic material response by the radial phase lag to axial phase loading. In a subsequent test program, TCCTs with different confining pressure amplitudes were carried out on two hot mix asphalts. Results from standard and enhanced TCCTs were analyzed, compared and discussed. It is shown that the resistance to permanent deformation in- creases significantly when the viscoelastic material response is taken into account in the TCCT by introducing cyclic confining pressure.

Cyclic deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay under different stress paths

Characteristic of cyclic loading due to passing wheels is associated with one-way loading without stress reversal,which includes a simultaneous cyclic variation of vertical normal stress and horizontal normal stress lasting for a long period of time and generally takes place in partially-drained conditions.Therefore,it is of great practical relevance to study the deformation behaviour according to the characteristic of traffic loading.In this work,a series of one-way stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests with a simultaneous variation of the vertical and horizontal stress components during cyclic loading were conducted to investigate the deformation behaviour of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay in partially-drained conditions.Test results demonstrate that not only the deviator part of the stress rules accumulation but also the volumetric part significantly contributes.While the deviator part of the stress amplitude is held constant,the increase amplitude of cyclic confining pressure will promote the development of both permanent volumetric strain and axial strain significantly.Furthermore,the effects of cyclic confining pressure on the deformation of natural K_0-consolidated soft clay was quantified.Finally,an empirical formula for permanent axial strain considering the effects of cyclic confining pressure was proposed which can be used for feasibility studies or for the preliminary design of foundations on K_0-consolidated soft clay subjected to traffic loading.

Crushed rocks stabilized with organosilane and lignosulfonate in pavement unbound layers:Repeated load triaxial tests

The creation of the new“Ferry-Free Coastal Highway Route E39”in southwest Norway entails the production of a remarkable quantity of crushed rocks.These resources could be beneficially employed as aggregates in the unbound courses of the highway itself or other road pavements present nearby.Two innovative stabilizing agents,organosilane and lignosulfonate,can significantly enhance the key properties,namely,resilient modulus and resistance against permanent deformation,of the aggregates that are excessively weak in their natural state.The beneficial effect offered by the additives was thoroughly evaluated by performing repeated load triaxial tests.The study adopted the most common numerical models to describe these two key mechanical properties.The increase in the resilient modulus and reduction in the accumulated vertical permanent deformation show the beneficial impact of the additives.Furthermore,a finite element model was created to simulate the repeated load triaxial test by implementing nonlinear elastic and plastic constitutive relationships.

循环荷载作用下昆明泥炭质土累积变形试验研究

通过DDS-70型动三轴试验对昆明泥炭质土在不同动应力幅值、固结比、围压和加载频率条件下的累积变形进行研究。研究结果表明:泥炭质土累积变形总体发展规律与一般软黏土的变形总体发展规律相同,即当动应力幅值越大、围压和加载频率越小时,累积变形越大,发展越快。当固结比K_c≤1.50时,累积变形随固结比增大而增大。泥炭质土的累积变形发展模式主要由动应力幅值和固结比共同决定,是外部动荷载和地基土静偏应力水平的综合反映。相比于一般软黏土,泥炭质土的初期累积变形增长速度更快,且达到累积变形破坏时的临界动应力小得多,泥炭质土的累积变形破坏更具有易发性和突发性。对于下卧土层为泥炭质土的地铁工程,当K_c≤1.50,且动应力σ_d≥60 kPa时,泥炭质土累积变形为破坏发散型,为保证其长期服役性能,应避免使泥炭质土处于这种不利的受力状态。

干湿循环和动载作用下粉砂土累积变形研究

研究目的:粉砂土分布地区路基在干湿循环及行车荷载往复作用下累积变形特性更加复杂,影响路基在服役期间的耐久性。本文通过室内GDS动三轴试验测试围压、含水率、动应力幅值、压实度以及干湿循环次数对粉砂土在动载作用下的累积变形特性规律,并基于Monismith模型对试验结果进行回归,分析粉砂土在不同因素影响下累积塑性应变模型的参数值变化规律。研究结论:(1)粉砂土累积塑性应变与荷载振动次数呈现非线性关系,均表现出先快速增长后缓慢增长,最终趋于稳定;(2)累积塑性应变的大小与压实度、围压呈负相关性,而与动应力幅值、干湿循环次数呈正相关性,随着含水率的增长,累积塑性应变先减小后增大;(3)试样经过1次干湿循环后,其累积塑性应变增长幅度最为显著;(4)根据Monismith模型得到的预测值与试验值拟合度较高,模型参数a/c值大小在一定程度上可以反映不同因素影响下粉砂土累积塑性应变变化规律;(5)本研究结论可为粉砂土地区路基在动载和干湿循环作用下的动力特性研究提供参考和借鉴。

间歇循环荷载作用下饱和砂土累积塑性变形及孔压特性研究

长期列车荷载作用会引起砂土地基和填料的强度衰减、累积沉降过大甚至沉陷等病害问题,严重者危及行车安全。揭示病害机制需探明间歇荷载作用下饱和砂土累积塑性变形及孔压特性。对此开展了不同围压、动力幅值下连续加载与间歇加载的动三轴试验,试验结果表明:(1)饱和砂土累积塑性变形-振次曲线呈现锯齿状发展。间歇效应导致卸荷回弹,并显著降低了后加载阶段砂土累积塑性变形,可使连续加载条件下的破坏型“转换”为稳定型。(2)对于塑性安定和塑性蠕变型,孔压-振次关系曲线呈台阶状,第1加载阶段的孔压随振次迅速累积增长,而间歇阶段排水,孔压消散接近或降至0,土体趋密实;在后续加载阶段,孔压累积幅值大幅降低。对于增量破坏型,孔压在第1加载阶段快速增大,试样破坏。(3)建立了表征间歇加载下砂土累积塑性应变两阶段发展特征的预测模型,预测效果良好。(4)间歇效应提高了砂土抵抗塑性变形的能力,连续加载会高估砂土累积塑性应变和低估其动强度。该研究结果对深刻认识间歇循环荷载下饱和砂土的累积变形特性和机制具有重要参考价值。

复合多聚磷酸改性沥青混合料高温蠕变特性与本构关系研究

为了研究复合多聚磷酸(PPA)改性沥青混合料的高温蠕变特性,采用三轴重复蠕变恢复试验,根据竖向永久变形、应变速率和流动指数指标,对比分析了不同条件下SBS改性沥青混合料与PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料高温蠕变特性;综合运用黏弹塑性力学和损伤力学理论,建立了重复荷载作用下沥青混合料竖向永久变形的蠕变损伤力学模型。研究结果表明:在不同温度和应力水平下,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料竖向永久变形和应变速率均小于SBS改性沥青混合料,但其流动指数却远大于SBS改性沥青混合料;将Burgers模型中串联的黏壶替换为黏塑性元件所形成的损伤本构模型,可以全面反映沥青混合料三阶段的竖向永久变形特性。

级配碎石基层填料回弹模量特性及预估模型研究

采用基于颗粒堆积理论提出的石砂比设计不同的透水性级配以及用于对比的常规骨架密实型级配,通过控制剪应力比设计不同水平的围压和循环偏应力组合,开展不同应力路径下的重复加载三轴试验,研究级配和应力状态共同影响下级配碎石基层填料回弹模量的变化规律;针对60组室内重复加载三轴试验数据,对比分析14种回弹模量预估模型的预测效果,进而提出可同时考虑级配和应力状态影响的回弹模量预估模型,并验证模型的准确性。研究结果表明:同时考虑级配和应力状态影响的回弹模量预估模型的准确性较高,对级配碎石基层填料回弹模量的预测精度更高,可为透水性基床级配碎石填料的高效利用和可持续推广提供理论依据和技术参考。