Isobutane alkylation with 2-butene to produce high-quality gasoline was catalyzed by Nmethylacetamide(NMA)-AlCl3 based ionic liquid(IL) analog with a NMA/AlCl3 molar ratio of 0.75 and CuCl modification,which was marke...Isobutane alkylation with 2-butene to produce high-quality gasoline was catalyzed by Nmethylacetamide(NMA)-AlCl3 based ionic liquid(IL) analog with a NMA/AlCl3 molar ratio of 0.75 and CuCl modification,which was marked as CuCl-modified 0.75 NMA-1.0 AlCl3.The long-term experiment was carried out in the autoclave operated in continuous mode to investigate the distribution of alkylate under different experimental nodes.The result indicated that the long-term alkylation was divided into three stages:rising,stable,and descending regions.C8 selectivity and molar ratio of trimethylpentanes(TMPs) to dimethylhexanes(DMHs) reached the highest level in the stable region,and research octane number(RON) of alkylate was as high as 97.Anionic Al species([AlbCl7]^-,[A1 CuC15]^-) and cationic Al species([AlCl2 L]^+) from IL analog as two active Lewis acidic species played a catalytic role in the long-term alkylation,whereas the neutral Al species did not participate into the alkylation.Moreover,the structure of CuCl-modified 0.75 NMA-1.0 AlCl3 was destroyed after the deactivation,and CuCl was enriched in the CD2 Cl2-insoluble substance,resulting in a decreasing TMP/DMH ratio.The catalytic lifetime of IL analog was similar with CuCl-modified 0.55 Et3 NHCl-1.0 AlCl3 IL,but IL analog had a lower cost.展开更多
A patent is a kind of technical document to protect intellectual property for individuals or enterprises. Patentable idea generation is a crucial step for patent application and analogy is confirmed to be an effective...A patent is a kind of technical document to protect intellectual property for individuals or enterprises. Patentable idea generation is a crucial step for patent application and analogy is confirmed to be an effective technique to inspire creative ideas. Analogy?based design usually starts from representation of an analogy source and is followed by the retrieval of appropriate analogs, mapping of design knowledge and adaptation of target solution. To diffuse one core idea into other new contexts and achieve more patentable ideas, this paper mainly centered on the first two stages of analogy?based design and proposed a patentable ideation framework. The analogical information of the source system, including source design problems and solution, was mined comprehensively through International Patent Classification analysis and represented in the form of function, behavior and structure. Three heuristics were suggested for searching the set of candidate target systems with a similar design problem, where the source design could be transferred. To systematize the process of source representation, analogs retrieval, idea transfer, and solution generation, an ideation model was put forward. Finally, the bladeless fan was selected as a source design to illustrate the application of this work. The design output shows that the representation and heuristics are beneficial, and this systematic ideation method can help the engineer or designer enhance creativity and discover more patentable opportunities.展开更多
Diseases caused by fungal pathogens account for approximately 50% of all soybean disease losses around the world. Conflicting results of fungal disease resistance QTLs from different populations often occurred. The ob...Diseases caused by fungal pathogens account for approximately 50% of all soybean disease losses around the world. Conflicting results of fungal disease resistance QTLs from different populations often occurred. The objectives of this study were to： （i） evaluate evidence for reported fungal disease resistance QTLs associations in soybean and （ii） extract relatively reliable and useful information from the ＂real＂ QTLs and mine putative genes in soybean. An integrated map of fungal disease resistance QTLs in soybean was established with soymap 2 published in 2004 as a reference map. QTLs of fungal disease resistance developed from each of separate populations in recent 10 years were integrated into a combinative map for gene cloning and marker assisted selection in soybean. 107 QTLs from different maps were integrated and projected to the reference map with the software BioMercator 2.1. A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 23 ＂real＂ QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained from 12 linkage groups （LG）, respectively. Two published R genes were found in these ＂real＂ QTLs intervals. Sequences in the ＂real＂ QTLs intervals were predicted by GENSCAN, and these predicted genes were annotated in Goblet. 228 resistance gene analogs （RGAs） in 12 different terms were mined. The results will lay the foundation for a bioinformatics platform combining abundant QTLs, and offer the basis for marker assisted selection and gene cloning in soybean.展开更多
Conformations of Epristeride（ 17-β-N-t-butylcarboxamide-androst-3,5-diene-3-carboxylic acid） and its analogs were analyzed with the random search method and compared by means of the methods for steroid conformers, ...Conformations of Epristeride（ 17-β-N-t-butylcarboxamide-androst-3,5-diene-3-carboxylic acid） and its analogs were analyzed with the random search method and compared by means of the methods for steroid conformers, Connolly surfaces, dihedral angles, and molecular accessibility probes with protons, hydroxyl and methyl groups contained simultaneously. Analog d is different from others, which is in accordance with the preliminary clinical trial results under double blind conditions.展开更多
The method and procedure of realizing parameter statistical correlation analysis ofbipolar analog IC’s are given,and the statistical model of parameter are constructed with doubleparameters(B_F,R_S).Based on the comp...The method and procedure of realizing parameter statistical correlation analysis ofbipolar analog IC’s are given,and the statistical model of parameter are constructed with doubleparameters(B_F,R_S).Based on the comparison and analysis of the circuit characteristics,it isshown that the method can be used for analysis and design of bipolar IC’s.展开更多
Based on mirror-blocks, a totally coded algorithm （TCA） for switched-current （SI） network analysis in frequency domain is presented. The algorithm is simple, available, and suitable for any swltched-current networ...Based on mirror-blocks, a totally coded algorithm （TCA） for switched-current （SI） network analysis in frequency domain is presented. The algorithm is simple, available, and suitable for any swltched-current networks. A basis of analysis and design for switched-current networks via this algorithm is provided.展开更多
In this work a method called “signal flow graph (SFG)” is presented. A signal-flow graph describes a system by its signal flow by directed and weighted graph;the signals are applied to nodes and functions on edges. ...In this work a method called “signal flow graph (SFG)” is presented. A signal-flow graph describes a system by its signal flow by directed and weighted graph;the signals are applied to nodes and functions on edges. The edges of the signal flow graph are small processing units, through which the incoming signals are processed in a certain form. In this case, the result is sent to the outgoing node. The SFG allows a good visual inspection into complex feedback problems. Furthermore such a presentation allows for a clear and unambiguous description of a generating system, for example, a netview. A Signal Flow Graph (SFG) allows a fast and practical network analysis based on a clear data presentation in graphic format of the mathematical linear equations of the circuit. During creation of a SFG the Direct Current-Case (DC-Case) was observed since the correct current and voltage directions was drawn from zero frequency. In addition, the mathematical axioms, which are based on field algebra, are declared. In this work we show you in addition: How we check our SFG whether it is a consistent system or not. A signal flow graph can be verified by generating the identity of the signal flow graph itself, illustrated by the inverse signal flow graph (SFG−1). Two signal flow graphs are always generated from one circuit, so that the signal flow diagram already presented in previous sections corresponds to only half of the solution. The other half of the solution is the so-called identity, which represents the (SFG−1). If these two graphs are superposed with one another, so called 1-edges are created at the node points. In Boolean algebra, these 1-edges are given the value 1, whereas this value can be identified with a zero in the field algebra.展开更多
A common current source, generally used to bias cross-coupled differential amplifiers in a transconductor, controls third harmonic distortion (HD3) poorly. Separate current sources are shown to provide better control ...A common current source, generally used to bias cross-coupled differential amplifiers in a transconductor, controls third harmonic distortion (HD3) poorly. Separate current sources are shown to provide better control on HD3) . In this paper, a detailed design and analysis is presented for a transconductor made using this biasing technique. The transconductor, in addition, is made to offer high Gm, low power dissipation and is designed for linearly tunable Gm with current mode load as one of the applications. The circuit exhibits HD3) of less than –43.7 dB, high current efficiency of 1.18 V-1 and Gm of 390 μS at 1 VGp-p @ 50 MHz. UMC 0.18 μm CMOS process technology is used for simulation at supply voltage of 1.8 V.展开更多
Symbolic analysis has many applications in the design of analog circuits. Existing approaches rely on two forms of symbolic-expression representation: expanded sum-of-product form and arbitrarily nested form. Expanded...Symbolic analysis has many applications in the design of analog circuits. Existing approaches rely on two forms of symbolic-expression representation: expanded sum-of-product form and arbitrarily nested form. Expanded form suffers the problem that the number of product terms grows exponentially with the size of a circuit. Nested form is neither canonical nor amenable to symbolic manipulation. In this paper, we present a new approach to exact and canonical symbolic analysis by exploiting the sparsity and sharing of product terms. This algorithm, called totally coded method (TCM), consists of representing the symbolic determinant of a circuit matrix by code series and performing symbolic analysis by code manipulation. We describe an efficient code-ordering heuristic and prove that it is optimum for ladder-structured circuits. For practical analog circuits, TCM not only covers all advantages of the algorithm via determinant decision diagrams (DDD) but is more simple and efficient than DDD method.展开更多
According to LN?,theoretical&true elongation of tensile,and by adopting the increasing function of formulas with the derivation and analogy methods,the elongation formula of 0<(1+ε)^1/ε<e&0<ε^1/ε&...According to LN?,theoretical&true elongation of tensile,and by adopting the increasing function of formulas with the derivation and analogy methods,the elongation formula of 0<(1+ε)^1/ε<e&0<ε^1/ε<1&four convergences are deduced too whenε>1 and 0<ε<1.The inequalities of LNε<εand LN(1+ε)<εand LN(1+ε)>LNεare deduced ifε>1 and 0<ε<1 in material dynamics.Finally the conclusions of LNε<εand LNε<LN(1+ε)<εare deduced together ifε>1 and 0<ε<1.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21802047)the Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University(No.600005-Z17Y0073)
文摘Isobutane alkylation with 2-butene to produce high-quality gasoline was catalyzed by Nmethylacetamide(NMA)-AlCl3 based ionic liquid(IL) analog with a NMA/AlCl3 molar ratio of 0.75 and CuCl modification,which was marked as CuCl-modified 0.75 NMA-1.0 AlCl3.The long-term experiment was carried out in the autoclave operated in continuous mode to investigate the distribution of alkylate under different experimental nodes.The result indicated that the long-term alkylation was divided into three stages:rising,stable,and descending regions.C8 selectivity and molar ratio of trimethylpentanes(TMPs) to dimethylhexanes(DMHs) reached the highest level in the stable region,and research octane number(RON) of alkylate was as high as 97.Anionic Al species([AlbCl7]^-,[A1 CuC15]^-) and cationic Al species([AlCl2 L]^+) from IL analog as two active Lewis acidic species played a catalytic role in the long-term alkylation,whereas the neutral Al species did not participate into the alkylation.Moreover,the structure of CuCl-modified 0.75 NMA-1.0 AlCl3 was destroyed after the deactivation,and CuCl was enriched in the CD2 Cl2-insoluble substance,resulting in a decreasing TMP/DMH ratio.The catalytic lifetime of IL analog was similar with CuCl-modified 0.55 Et3 NHCl-1.0 AlCl3 IL,but IL analog had a lower cost.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.51675159)Human Resource and Social Security Project of Hebei Province(No.JRS-2016-3097)
文摘A patent is a kind of technical document to protect intellectual property for individuals or enterprises. Patentable idea generation is a crucial step for patent application and analogy is confirmed to be an effective technique to inspire creative ideas. Analogy?based design usually starts from representation of an analogy source and is followed by the retrieval of appropriate analogs, mapping of design knowledge and adaptation of target solution. To diffuse one core idea into other new contexts and achieve more patentable ideas, this paper mainly centered on the first two stages of analogy?based design and proposed a patentable ideation framework. The analogical information of the source system, including source design problems and solution, was mined comprehensively through International Patent Classification analysis and represented in the form of function, behavior and structure. Three heuristics were suggested for searching the set of candidate target systems with a similar design problem, where the source design could be transferred. To systematize the process of source representation, analogs retrieval, idea transfer, and solution generation, an ideation model was put forward. Finally, the bladeless fan was selected as a source design to illustrate the application of this work. The design output shows that the representation and heuristics are beneficial, and this systematic ideation method can help the engineer or designer enhance creativity and discover more patentable opportunities.
基金supported by the funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30971809)the National 973 Program of China(2004CB 117203-5)+2 种基金the National 948 Project of China[(2006-G1(A)]the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 Program, 2006AA100104-3)the Heilongjiang Foundation for University Key Teachers,China(1152G007)
文摘Diseases caused by fungal pathogens account for approximately 50% of all soybean disease losses around the world. Conflicting results of fungal disease resistance QTLs from different populations often occurred. The objectives of this study were to： （i） evaluate evidence for reported fungal disease resistance QTLs associations in soybean and （ii） extract relatively reliable and useful information from the ＂real＂ QTLs and mine putative genes in soybean. An integrated map of fungal disease resistance QTLs in soybean was established with soymap 2 published in 2004 as a reference map. QTLs of fungal disease resistance developed from each of separate populations in recent 10 years were integrated into a combinative map for gene cloning and marker assisted selection in soybean. 107 QTLs from different maps were integrated and projected to the reference map with the software BioMercator 2.1. A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 23 ＂real＂ QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained from 12 linkage groups （LG）, respectively. Two published R genes were found in these ＂real＂ QTLs intervals. Sequences in the ＂real＂ QTLs intervals were predicted by GENSCAN, and these predicted genes were annotated in Goblet. 228 resistance gene analogs （RGAs） in 12 different terms were mined. The results will lay the foundation for a bioinformatics platform combining abundant QTLs, and offer the basis for marker assisted selection and gene cloning in soybean.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 30170808) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guang-dong Province(No. 010418).
文摘Conformations of Epristeride（ 17-β-N-t-butylcarboxamide-androst-3,5-diene-3-carboxylic acid） and its analogs were analyzed with the random search method and compared by means of the methods for steroid conformers, Connolly surfaces, dihedral angles, and molecular accessibility probes with protons, hydroxyl and methyl groups contained simultaneously. Analog d is different from others, which is in accordance with the preliminary clinical trial results under double blind conditions.
文摘The method and procedure of realizing parameter statistical correlation analysis ofbipolar analog IC’s are given,and the statistical model of parameter are constructed with doubleparameters(B_F,R_S).Based on the comparison and analysis of the circuit characteristics,it isshown that the method can be used for analysis and design of bipolar IC’s.
文摘Based on mirror-blocks, a totally coded algorithm （TCA） for switched-current （SI） network analysis in frequency domain is presented. The algorithm is simple, available, and suitable for any swltched-current networks. A basis of analysis and design for switched-current networks via this algorithm is provided.
文摘In this work a method called “signal flow graph (SFG)” is presented. A signal-flow graph describes a system by its signal flow by directed and weighted graph;the signals are applied to nodes and functions on edges. The edges of the signal flow graph are small processing units, through which the incoming signals are processed in a certain form. In this case, the result is sent to the outgoing node. The SFG allows a good visual inspection into complex feedback problems. Furthermore such a presentation allows for a clear and unambiguous description of a generating system, for example, a netview. A Signal Flow Graph (SFG) allows a fast and practical network analysis based on a clear data presentation in graphic format of the mathematical linear equations of the circuit. During creation of a SFG the Direct Current-Case (DC-Case) was observed since the correct current and voltage directions was drawn from zero frequency. In addition, the mathematical axioms, which are based on field algebra, are declared. In this work we show you in addition: How we check our SFG whether it is a consistent system or not. A signal flow graph can be verified by generating the identity of the signal flow graph itself, illustrated by the inverse signal flow graph (SFG−1). Two signal flow graphs are always generated from one circuit, so that the signal flow diagram already presented in previous sections corresponds to only half of the solution. The other half of the solution is the so-called identity, which represents the (SFG−1). If these two graphs are superposed with one another, so called 1-edges are created at the node points. In Boolean algebra, these 1-edges are given the value 1, whereas this value can be identified with a zero in the field algebra.
文摘A common current source, generally used to bias cross-coupled differential amplifiers in a transconductor, controls third harmonic distortion (HD3) poorly. Separate current sources are shown to provide better control on HD3) . In this paper, a detailed design and analysis is presented for a transconductor made using this biasing technique. The transconductor, in addition, is made to offer high Gm, low power dissipation and is designed for linearly tunable Gm with current mode load as one of the applications. The circuit exhibits HD3) of less than –43.7 dB, high current efficiency of 1.18 V-1 and Gm of 390 μS at 1 VGp-p @ 50 MHz. UMC 0.18 μm CMOS process technology is used for simulation at supply voltage of 1.8 V.
文摘Symbolic analysis has many applications in the design of analog circuits. Existing approaches rely on two forms of symbolic-expression representation: expanded sum-of-product form and arbitrarily nested form. Expanded form suffers the problem that the number of product terms grows exponentially with the size of a circuit. Nested form is neither canonical nor amenable to symbolic manipulation. In this paper, we present a new approach to exact and canonical symbolic analysis by exploiting the sparsity and sharing of product terms. This algorithm, called totally coded method (TCM), consists of representing the symbolic determinant of a circuit matrix by code series and performing symbolic analysis by code manipulation. We describe an efficient code-ordering heuristic and prove that it is optimum for ladder-structured circuits. For practical analog circuits, TCM not only covers all advantages of the algorithm via determinant decision diagrams (DDD) but is more simple and efficient than DDD method.
基金KNRF(the Korea of National Research Foundation)under the Specified base program 96-0300-11-01-3.
文摘According to LN?,theoretical&true elongation of tensile,and by adopting the increasing function of formulas with the derivation and analogy methods,the elongation formula of 0<(1+ε)^1/ε<e&0<ε^1/ε<1&four convergences are deduced too whenε>1 and 0<ε<1.The inequalities of LNε<εand LN(1+ε)<εand LN(1+ε)>LNεare deduced ifε>1 and 0<ε<1 in material dynamics.Finally the conclusions of LNε<εand LNε<LN(1+ε)<εare deduced together ifε>1 and 0<ε<1.
