Anti-Obesity Effects of Dietary d-Allulose and Medium-Chain Triglycerides in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

d-Allulose, a rare sugar, exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and promoting energy expenditure. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) consist of three medium-chain fatty acids connected by glycerol. MCTs have been extensively investigated for their ability to reduce body fat accumulation. We previously investigated the anti-obesity effects of a combination of dietary d-allulose and MCT (5% - 13%) in rats;however, we could not confirm the anti-obesity effects of MCT or observed synergetic effects between d-allulose and MCT on body fat loss. We speculated that our previous studies were influenced by the excessive amount of MCT in the diets. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of the simultaneous intake of d-allulose and MCT in rats fed an obesity-inducing high-fat diet with a low amount of MCTs (2%). Thirty-two male Wistar rats (3-week-old) were randomly divided into four groups: control, d-allulose, MCT, and d-allulose + MCT groups. Rats in each group were fed ad libitum on a control (no d-Allulose or MCT), 5% d-allulose, 2% MCT, or 5% d-allulose + 2% MCT diets for 16 weeks. Abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly lower in the d-allulose diet group than in the control group, whereas no differences were observed between results of the MCT-supplemented groups. The total body fat mass was significantly lower in the d-allulose and MCT diet groups than in the control group, but no differences were observed between the MCT-supplemented groups. These results suggested that anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose were observed, and the effects of dietary MCTs were weaker than those of d-allulose. Moreover, we confirmed the interaction between dietary d-allulose and MCT on indicators of obesity. Interestingly, their effects were not synergistic, as MCT supplementation offset the anti-obesity effects of dietary d-allulose. However, the specific mechanisms underlying those effects remain unknown, warranting further investigation.

The Ability of Baseline Triglycerides and Total Cholesterol Concentrations to Predict Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Men and Women:A Longitudinal Study in Qingdao, China

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the association between triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC)at baseline,and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)incidence in a general Chinese population.Further,it aimed to evaluate the ability of TG and TC to predict T2DM incidence.Methods Qingdao Diabetes Prevention Program participants recruited between 2006 and 2009 were followed up in 2012–2015.TG,TC,and T2DM status were measured.Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between TG,TC,and T2DM incidence.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the ability of TG and TC to identify T2DM participants.Results The incidence of T2DM significantly increased with TG in women and TC in both men and women(Ptrend<0.05).Univariate Cox regression indicated that higher TG{borderline high TG[hazards ratio(HR):2.05;95%confidence interval(CI):1.40,3.00]and hypertriglyceridemia[HR:2.64;95%CI:1.68,4.15]}and TC[hypercholesterolemia(HR:2.05;95%CI:1.43,2.95)]were significantly associated with increased risk of T2DM incidence in women but not in men.Multivariate Cox regression showed that hypertriglyceridemia in women(HR:1.78,95%CI:1.07,2.97),borderline high TC in men(HR:1.61,95%CI:1.04,2.48),and hypercholesterolemia in women(HR:1.68,95%CI:1.81,2.61)had a higher significant risk of T2DM incidence.The optimal cutoff values of TG were>1.15 and>1.23 mmol/L in men and women,respectively.For TC,they were>5.17 and>5.77 mmol/L in men and women,respectively.The area under the ROCs of TG and TC were 0.54(0.51–0.57)and 0.55(0.52–0.58),respectively,in men,and 0.60(0.58–0.62)and 0.59(0.56–0.61),respectively,in women.Conclusion Elevated TG and TC were risk factors for T2DM incidence.However,no predictive capacity was found for both factors to identify T2DM incidence in Chinese men and women.Hence,TG and TC levels in both Chinese men and women might be used for decreasing the incidence of T2DM but no clinical predictive capacity for T2DM.

Z-SCAN TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES IN BLOOD

The measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood by Z-scan technique is proposed.The nonlinear refractive index of cholesterol and triglycerides was found to vary linearly with concentration.Hence by calculating the nonlinear refractive index it is possible to measure their concentration in the sample.These measured values are found in equivalence with conventional colorimetric method.

The Importance of Systemic Balance in Safeguarding Health: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial on VLDL, Triglycerides, Free T3, Leptin, Ghrelin, Cortisol and Visceral Adipose Tissue

The purpose of this clinical trial was to delineate some of the negative consequences of high BMI on health and explore the possibility of a solution. We analysed the blood test results of nine overweight adults with sedentary lifestyles, and an average BMI of 32.23. Results revealed a statistically significant reduction of visceral adipose tissue, very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides. Testosterone, leptin, IGF-1 and Free T3 increased within the normal range, juxtaposed by cortisol and ghrelin that declined, but without dipping into abnormality. These findings have important implications during the COVID-19 pandemic, where optimal immunity is deemed necessary in limiting susceptibility to the virus. Recent research indicates that weight gain often escalates vulnerability to respiratory track disturbances, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. Consequently, pre-existing conditions increase COVID-19 mortality rates. CVD and diabetes emerge out of hormonal imbalances that involve Free T3, leptin, ghrelin, testosterone, and cortisol. Physical training is decidedly the most acclaimed solution, yet, the least implemented one, due to procrastination, or demoralization after investing constant exhaustive effort with no immediately visible physical change. COVID-19 confinement exacerbates the tendency for inactivity, and promotes stress-eating behaviours. Moreover, strenuous exercise, necessary for visceral fat reduction, results in a negative cortisol/testosterone relationship that provokes caloric consumption and inflammation. Offering an alternative to exercise that effectively improves health, boosts metabolism, and controls appetite, may serve as a proactive, and preventive method that can safeguard health.

Production of mono-, di-, and triglycerides from waste fatty acids through esterification with glycerol

Currently monoglyceride and diglyceride are representing important products, as they have numerous applications such as modifying agents in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the production of these economically value added compounds by estrifying the fatty acids with the glycerol is presented. Effects of various reaction parameters were optimized to obtain high yield of mono, di- and triglycerids. The effects of temperature (180℃ to 260℃), ZnCl2 catalyst concentration (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%), glycerol to fatty acids molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 3:1), agitation speeds (200, 500, 1000 rpm), type of reaction system (opened and closed) and type of fatty acids including oleic and palmatic acids on esterification efficiency of fatty acids were investigated. The optimum conditions of esterification reaction were at temperature 195℃, molar ratio 1:1, amount of catalyst 0.3% Zncl2, and agitation 500 rpm. Analysis of yield showed that at the optimum conditions mondi and triglycerids were produced in high purity, up to 99%. Infrared spectroscopy IR and thin layer chromatograph TLC proved that the final product contains mono, di- and triglycerides.

Fatty Acids and Triglycerides Composition in Uruguayan Cow, Sheep and Goat Cheeses

Adverse health consequences are associated with consumption of so-called trans fatty acids （FAs） generated during chemical hydrogenation processes. Naturally-occurring trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid （TVA） derived from a conjugated isomer of linoleic acid （18：2 cis-9, trans-11）, （CLA） in contrast, are recognized as having potentially beneficial effects on human health. These natural trans FAs are found in fat from dairy products and meat of ruminants, and have distinct effects compared with trans FAs industrially produced. The lipid composition of cheeses depends on the milk used. In this work was determined CLA and TVA content in milk fat of sheep and cow to be 1.4% and 3.2%, respectively, and from goat, 0.7% and 1.8%. Also, differences in CLA and TVA content were found in fat extracted from samples of the same cheese type made from cow＇s milk from the same company but with different production dates during a year. The levels of CLA and TVA found in Uruguayan cheeses were generally higher than levels reported in previous studies with comparable cheeses produced in other countries. Milk fat is well-known to confer specific properties to foods. This in turn will affect the rheology and sensory attributes as food. For this reason, it is of interest to determine the triglyceride （TAG） composition in milk-derived foods. Results show that there are characteristic differences in the TAG composition of the different cheeses. We found minimal differences between cheeses from goat and sheep but found distinct characteristics for TAGs from cow milk-derived cheese.

A Study of Correlation of Serum Chromium Level with Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), Total Cholesterol and Triglycerides, among Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and it is a major cause of morbidity;several studies indicate that diabetes is a likely under reported cause of death. Chromium’s is important trace element to control diabetes mellitus and metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between serum chromium, with HbA1c, Total cholesterol and Triglycerides among type 2 diabetes patients among diabetic patients. Methodology: This is cross-sectional study done in Jabber Abu Ezz Centre for treatment and care of diabetics in Khartoum—Sudan. Four hundred subjects were enrolled in this study;one hundred subjects were normal healthy as control group, and three hundred subjects diabetic patient type 2 as test group;demographic and biochemical data were collected;serum chromium, Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), Total cholesterol Triglycerides, were determined by using NYCOCARD READER II, spectrophotometer (Biosystem 310) and spectrophotometer 210-VGP. Result: In this study there is significant parameters level means of FBS HbA1c, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Chromium of the test groups when compared with healthy control groups subjects (P = 0.001, 0.018, 0.01, 0.011, 0.004), respectively. Significant negative correlation is between FBS, HbA1c, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Chromium (r = ?0.555, P value = 0.003), (r = ?0.668, P value = 0.002), (r = ?0.335, P value = 0.004) and (r = ?0.774, P value = 0.002) respectively. Conclusion: There was significant correlation between serum Chromium level with fasting blood sugaer, Glycosylated Haemoglobin (HbA1c), Total cholesterol and Triglycerides among type 2 diabetes patients.

Rapid Decrease and Subsequent Increase in the Serum Triglycerides Accompanied by CD36 Transcript Increase in an Acute Stress Mice Model

In this article, we report the changes in serum triglyceride (TG) levels that occurred during repeated tail blood sampling using a mouse restrainer. We used three groups of mice, namely, “PBS-restrained” “PBS-unrestrained” and “mock-restrained”. The mice in the PBS-restrained and PBS-unrestrained groups were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 100 mL PBS and tail blood sampling was performed at 1, 5, 8, 24, and 48 h after i.p. injection. For the mock-restrained group, no i.p. injection was performed whereas the subsequent tail blood sampling was similarly performed. During the tail blood sampling, the mice of the two “restrained” groups were placed inside the restrainer designed from an open-ended 50 mL conical tube. The blood from the mice in the PBS-unrestrained group mice was sampled from the tail held by the operator’s hands while being allowed to move on a stage. Strikingly, in all of the three groups, the serum TG level initially decreased to remarkably low levels (approximately 30 mg/dL) after several blood samplings were performed over 8 h. This decrease was followed by a 2 - 3-fold increase in the levels relative to that in the control mice in the subsequent 24 - 48 h time period. We concluded that the acute stress associated with blood sampling caused alterations in TG levels. Serum levels of free fatty acid showed only modest changes. Changes in TG levels were not associated with serum corticosterone levels but with a dramatic increase in CD36 transcript levels in the liver. The relevance of this finding to the previously reported release of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from white fatty tissue into the plasma during acute stress is also discussed.

Triglycerides Isolated from <i>Streptomyces</i>sp. ZZ035 and Their Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Characters

Streptomyces sp. ZZ035 isolated from a folk medicinal soil sample in China showed remarkable antimicrobial activities. During the isolation of secondary metabolites, a white crystal powder (1) was isolated from the broth of this strain. Its nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectra indicated that it was a complex composed of triglycerides. Next, six C15-17 long- chain fatty acids derived from these triglycerides were respectively identified as n-pentadecanoyl, 12-methyltetradecanoyl, 14-methyl pentadecanoyl, palmitoyl, 15-methyl hexadecanoyl and 14-methyl hexadecanoyl using the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) technology. Finally, the 13C and 1H assignments of 1 were achieved through the analyses of NMR data. Based on above, their detailed NMR spectroscopic elucidation and meticulous 13C, 1H assignments, especially the split peaks and coupling correlation of protons attached on the glycerol carbons, were performed for distinguishing triglycerides from other glycerides and for the identification of the long-chain fatty acids, and which would be helpful to the qualitative and quantitative analyses of tri-, di-and mono-glycerides.

Effects of medium chain triglycerides on hepatic fatty acid oxidation in clofibrate-fed newborn piglets

To investigate whether increasing tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle activity and ketogenic capacity would augment fatty acid(FA)oxidation induced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha(PPARα)agonist clofibrate,suckling newborn piglets(n=54)were assigned to 8 groups following a 2(±clofibrate)×4(glycerol succinate[SUC],triglycerides of 2-methylpentanoic acid[T2M],valeric acid[TC5]and hexanoic acid[TC6])factorial design.Each group was fed an isocaloric milk formula containing either 0%or 0.35%clofibrate(wt/wt,dry matter basis)with 5%SUC,T2M,TC5 or TC6 for 5 d.Another 6 pigs served as newborn controls.Fatty acid oxidation was examined in fresh homogenates of liver collected on d 6 using[1-^(14)C]palmitic acid(1 mM)as a substrate(0.265μCi/μmol).Measurements were performed in the absence or presence of L-carnitine(1 mM)or inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase(L659699,1.6μM)or acetoacetate-CoA deacylase(iodoacetamide,50μM).Without clofibrate stimulation,^(14)C accumulation in CO_(2) was higher from piglets fed diets containing T2M and TC5 than SUC,but similar to those fed TC6.Under clofibrate stimulation,accumulation also was higher in homogenates from piglets fed TC5 than all other dietary treatments.Interactions between clofibrate and carnitine or the inhibitors were observed(P=0.0004)for acid soluble products(ASP).In vitro addition of carnitine increased^(14)C-ASP(P<0.0001)above all other treatments,regardless of clofibrate treatment.The percentage of^(14)C in CO_(2) was higher(P=0.0023)in TC5 than in the control group.From these results we suggest that dietary supplementation of anaplerotic and ketogenic FA could impact FA oxidation and modify the metabolism of acetyl-CoA(product ofβ-oxidation)via alteration of TCA cycle activity,but the modification has no significant impact on the hepatic FA oxidative capacity induced by PPARα.In addition,the availability of carnitine is a critical element to maintain FA oxidation during the neonatal period.

Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction as an adjuvant treatment for mild/moderately severe hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study

Hypertriglyceridemia is the third leading cause of acute pancreatitis(AP),and its incidence is increasing.Due to its relatively insidious etiology,it is easy to be ignored in the early stages.In China,Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction(CQCQD)has long been employed for treating AP.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of CQCQD in patients diagnosed with mild/moderately severe hypertriglyceridemic AP(HTG-AP).METHODS In this study,the clinical data of 39 patients with HTG-AP admitted from January 2019 to November 2022 were collected.The changes of blood lipids,gastrointestinal symptoms,and abdominal pain before and after treatment were analyzed and compared between the two groups.RESULTS Twenty patients were treated with the conventional HTG-AP regimen,and 19 patients were additionally treated with CQCQD.After receiving treatment,the triglycerides(TG)level of the CQCQD group was lower than that of the CQCQD group(3.14±0.25 mmol/L vs 4.96±0.47 mmol/L,P<0.01).After 3 d of treatment,the patients in the CQCQD group had more bowel movements than the control group(2.51±0.25 times vs 1.00±0.17 times,P=0.01).The gastrointestinal function of most patients returned to normal,and the acute gastrointestinal injury score was significantly lower than that of the control group(0.11±0.07 vs 0.42±0.11,P<0.01).CONCLUSION In patients with HTG-AP,CQCQD can significantly reduce the TG level,shorten the recovery time of defecation,significantly improve the gastrointestinal function.

Correlation between TG/HDL-C Ratio and Sarcopenia in Middle-Aged and Elderly People in Southwest China

Objective: To study the correlation between TG/HDL-C ratio and sarcopenia in middle-aged and elderly people in southwest China. Methods: Body mass index (BMI) and serum of middle-aged and elderly people aged 50 - 70 years in Southwest China were collected, grip strength was measured by grip strength meter, muscle mass and fat mass of upper, lower limbs and trunk were measured by body composition analyzer based on bioelectrical impedance method, and TG and HDL-C in serum were determined by enzymatic method. Results: Pearson correlation analysis showed that TG/HDL-C ratio (r = 0.246, p p p > 0.05). Conclusion: TG/HDL-C ratio is a predictor of skeletal muscle mass, and TG/HDL-C ratio is a protective factor for sarcopenia in middle-aged and elderly people in southwest China, and it can be used as a potential evaluation indicator for sarcopenia.

Effect of medium-chain triglycerides on growth performance, nutrient digestibility,plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites and antioxidant capacity in weanling pigs. A total of 160 weanling(Duroc × Landrace x Yorkshire) pigs(age: 21 ± 1 d; body weight: 7.50 ± 0.28 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments, receiving the following diets for 28 d: control diet [containing 3.5%soybean oil(SO)], MCT1 diet(containing 0.7% MCTs and 2.8% SO), MCT2 diet(containing 1.4% MCTs and2.1% SO) and MCT3 diet(containing 2.1% MCTs and 1.4% SO). Dietary inclusion of MCTs improved the average daily gain and feed efficiency(FE) of pigs compared with the control during the first 2 weeks post-weaning(P < 0.05). A similar positive effect was also observed for the overall FE in MCT2 group(P < 0.05). Compared with the control, apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD) of ether extract was improved by MCT2 and MCT3 treatment from day 12-14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In addition, MCT2 treatment also exerted a beneficial effect on the ATTD of dry matter(P < 0.05). The increased total protein concentration and decreased urea nitrogen and malondialdehyde levels of plasma were observed in both MCT2 and MCT3 groups on day 14 post-weaning(P < 0.05). In conclusion, MCTs could improve growth performance, nutrients utilization, and antioxidant ability of weanling piglets.

Triglycerides and ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are better than liver enzymes to identify insulin resistance in urban middle-aged and older non-obese Chinese without diabetes

Background Insulin resistance （IR） plays an important pathophysiological role in the development of diabetes,dyslipidemia,hypertension,and cardiovascular disease.Moreover,IR can occur even in non-obese people without diabetes.However,direct detection of IR is complicated.In order to find a simple surrogate marker of IR early in nonobese people,we investigate the association of commonly-used biochemical markers （liver enzymes and lipid profiles） with IR in urban middle-aged and older non-obese Chinese without diabetes.Methods This cross-sectional study included 1 987 subjects （1 473 women）.Fasting blood samples were collected for measurement of glucose,insulin,liver enzymes,lipid profiles and creatinine.Subjects whose homeostasis model of assessment-IR （HOMA-IR） index values exceeded the 75th percentile （2.67 for women and 2.48 for men） of the population were considered to have IR.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC） was used to compare the power of potential markers in identifying IR.Results Triglycerides （TG） and ratio of TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （TG/HDL-C） discriminated IR better than other indexes for both sexes; areas under the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves （AUC） values were 0.770 （95％ confidence interval 0.733-0.807） and 0.772 （0.736-0.809）,respectively,for women and 0.754 （0.664-0.844）and 0.756 （0.672-0.840）,respectively,for men.To identify IR,the optimal cut-offs for TG and TG/HDL-C ratio were 1.315 mmol/L （sensitivity 74.3％,specificity 71.0％） and 0.873 （sensitivity 70.1％,specificity 73.4％）,respectively,for women,and 1.275 mmol/L （sensitivity 66.7％,specificity 74.4％） and 0.812 （sensitivity 75.8％,specificity 69.2％）,respectively,for men.Conclusion TG and TG/HDL-C ratio could be used to identify IR in urban middle-aged and older non-obese Chinese without diabetes.

Determination of triglycerides in human serum by near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using silver mirror as a substrate

Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(NIRDRS) has gained wide attention due to its convenience for rapid quantitative analysis of complex samples. A method for rapid analysis of triglycerides in human serum using NIRDRS with silver mirror as the substrate is developed. Due to the even and high reflectance of the silver mirror, the spectral response is enhanced and the background interference is reduced.Furthermore, both linear and nonlinear modeling strategies were investigated adopting the partial least squares(PLS) and least squares support vector regression(LS-SVR), continuous wavelet transform(CWT)was used for spectral preprocessing, and variable selection was tried using Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination(MC-UVE), randomization test(RT) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS) for optimization the models. The results show that the determination coefficient(R) between the predicted and reference concentration is 0.9624 and the root mean squared error of prediction(RMSEP) is 0.21. The maximum deviation of the prediction results is as low as 0.473 mmol/L. The proposed method may provide an alternative method for routine analysis of serum triglycerides in clinical applications.

Assessment of the triglyceride glucose index in adult patients with chronic diarrhea and constipation

BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance(IR).However,the link between two of the most prevalent bowel disorders,chronic diarrhea and constipation,and the triglyceride glucose(TyG)index,a marker of IR,has not yet been investigated.AIM To investigate the potential association between TyG and the incidence of chronic diarrhea and constipation.METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 2400 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database from 2009-2010.TyG was used as an exposure variable,with chronic diarrhea and constipation as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale used as the outcome variables.A demographic investigation based on TyG quartile subgroups was performed.The application of multivariate logistic regression models and weighted generalized additive models revealed potential correlations between TyG,chronic diarrhea,and constipation.Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the stability of any potential associations.RESULTS In the chosen sample,chronic diarrhea had a prevalence of 8.00%,while chronic constipation had a prevalence of 8.04%.In multiple logistic regression,a more prominent positive association was found between TyG and chronic diarrhea,particularly in model 1(OR=1.45;95%CI:1.17-1.79,P=0.0007)and model 2(OR=1.40;95%CI:1.12-1.76,P=0.0033).No definite association was observed between the TyG levels and chronic constipation.The weighted generalized additive model findings suggested a more substantial positive association with chronic diarrhea when TyG was less than 9.63(OR=1.89;95%CI:1.05-3.41,P=0.0344),and another positive association with chronic constipation when it was greater than 8.2(OR=1.74;95%CI:1.02-2.95,P=0.0415).The results of the subgroup analyses further strengthen the extrapolation of these results to a wide range of populations.CONCLUSION Higher TyG levels were positively associated with abnormal bowel health.

On the Impairment of Stress-Induced Changes in Triglyceride Levels via a Sub-Toxic Dose of Unmethylated Cytidine Phosphate Guanosine Oligodinucleotide (a Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ligand)

Changes in lipid metabolism have been implicated in protection against infectious diseases. In the first experiment of this study, we measured clinical lipid parameters in a murine model where the unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotide (ODN1826), a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist was administered in combination with D-galactosamine (GalN) that caused relatively liver-specific inflammation and toxicity. In the control mice group injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (acute psychological stress model associated with blood sampling), the serum triglyceride (TG) levels showed a rapid decrease followed by a rebound at 24 h as we have recently reported. However, such a TG rebound was impaired in the CpG/GalN- and solely CpG-treated groups of mice despite an absence of liver injury based on serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the latter group. Thus, the stress-associated serum TG rebound was abrogated by the injection of a sub-hepatotoxic CpG dose. In the second experiment, we simply measured the hepatic CD36 and SACRB1 (the gene for scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1)) transcripts after the i.p. administration of PBS, CpG or CpG/GalN. There was a remarkable elevation of hepatic CD36 transcript expression in both the CpG- and CpG/GalN-treated mice at 8 h post-CpG injection whereas the increase in the PBS-treated mice was slower than the former two groups, suggesting that hepatic CD36 transcript expression is more pronounced in the combined stress models than under psychological stress alone. The individual mice data showed that the increase in CD36 expression was accompanied by a reduction in SCARB1 mRNA, showing reciprocal regulation between these two genes. Together with our previously reported findings, these data suggest that, in a murine model combining psychological stress with TLR-triggered hepatic inflammation, the psychological stress facilitates liver uptake of plasma TG (and its components fatty acids), but the subsequent re-esterification and/or release of TG-rich lipoproteins from the liver is impaired due to the concomitant TLR-signaling. We hypothesize that lipid metabolism during acute stress shifts toward an elevated hepatic uptake of lipids due to concomitant TLR signaling, facilitating the clearance of bacterial lipids by the liver.

Progress of Triglyceride Glucose Index in Lesion Severity and Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Background: In response to the escalating burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) worldwide, exacerbated by lifestyle changes and socioeconomic shifts, acute coronary syndromes (ACS) stand out as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The pivotal role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, independent of traditional risk factors, has garnered significant interest. Objective: This review aims to synthesize the recent advancements in the utilization of the triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) as a biomarker for assessing the severity and predicting the prognosis of ACS lesions. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, incorporating keywords such as “triglyceride glucose index”, “TyG index”, “acute coronary syndrome”, “cardiovascular disease”, “insulin resistance”, “coronary artery calcification”, “SYNTAX score”, “Gensini score”, and “major adverse cardiac events”. Studies were included from the inception of each database up to July 2024. Selection criteria encompassed observational studies, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials, with a particular emphasis on evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic value of the TyG index in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Ultimately, 46 publications met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed in accordance with established guidelines. Results: Evidence suggests that the TyG index, reflecting insulin resistance, blood glucose, and lipid levels, is significantly associated with lesion severity in ACS, including coronary artery calcification, SYNTAX score, and Gensini score. Moreover, it demonstrates predictive power for major adverse cardiovascular events, underscoring its potential as a valuable tool in clinical decision-making. Conclusion: The review highlights the emerging role of the TyG index in the assessment and prognosis of ACS, advocating for its incorporation into clinical practice as a complement to existing diagnostic modalities. However, the establishment of standardized reference ranges and further validation across diverse populations are warranted to refine its applicability in personalized medicine. The interdisciplinary approach is essential to advance our understanding of the complex interplay between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, paving the way for the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Coaggregating tendencies of the culprits of arteriosclerosis, the triglycerides and cholesterols. Is there a "chain-foldability" effect?

Arteriosclerosis is an extremely complicated multicausal phenomenon.yet a chemist calfstill choose to address a much simpler question that is pertinent to this phenomenon.Thequestion is:“Do culprit molecules of arteriosclerosis possess a measurable inherent propertyWhich is of relevance to their ability to cause arteriosclerosis?”We suggest that the coaggre-gating tendency might be such a property and have developed a methodology for measuringit.This paper also reports a surprising new observation,i.e., the coaggregating tendencymight be greatly affected by the "foldability" of the hydrocarbon chain.

Ultrasonographic Findings of Selected Liver Parameters and Their Correlation to Lipidaemia in a Nigerian Population

Introduction: This study was conducted in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, with the sample analysis conducted in HMG Hospital private laboratory in Rivers State. Methodology: A random sampling technique was employed to select the respondents, while the Taro-Yamene formula was used to calculate the sample size and data analysed with SPSS version 20. Results: The respondents were mainly aged 30 - 39 years, 12 (40.00%), mainly females, 20 (66.67%) and obese, 16 (53.33%). They were also mainly Christians, 25 (83.33%), of Ijaw descent 20 (66.67%) and civil/public servants, 13 (43.33%). The total cholesterol was the highest, 18 (60.00%), normal for triglyceride, 24 (80.00%), low for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, 22 (73.33%) and high for low density lipoprotein cholesterol, 14 (46.67%). Maximum liver span was statistically significant to triglyceride concentration;p-value (0.001) but not for total cholesterol;p-value (0.084), high density lipoprotein cholesterol;p-value (0.477) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol;p-value (0.317). Conclusion: Liver span is a predictive tool for the probable diagnosis of dyslipidaemia.