广义竹叶青蛇属Trimeresurus(sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进展

广义的竹叶青蛇属Trimeresurus (sensulato)包含有 4 0多个物种 ,广泛分布在南亚和东南亚国家和地区。目前 ,该类群已经相继被划分为 6个属 :Trimeresurus (sensustricto)、Tropidolaemus、Ovophis、Proto bothrops、Triceratolepidophis、Zhaoermia。本文从形态、细胞以及分子系统学等方面对Trimeresurus (sensulato)

长喙壳Ceratocystis sensu lato真菌引起的杨树病害

该文着重阐述长喙壳属Ceratocystissensu lato中引起杨树溃疡病最重要的病原菌甘薯长喙壳C.fimbriataEll.et Halst.引起的杨树病害的症状、形态学、寄主范围、传播媒介、致病性、寄主的抗病性和病理变化等。

A New Species of the Asian Toad Genus Megophrys sensu lato(Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Guizhou Province, China

We describe a new species of the genus Megophrys sensu lato from Guizhou Province, China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sequences all strongly supported the new species as an independent lineage in Megophrys(Panophrys) clade. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characteristics:(1) small body size with SVL < 38.8 mm in male and SVL < 42.3 mm in female;(2) vomerine teeth absent;(3) tongue not notched behind;(4) a small horn-like tubercle at the edge of each upper eyelid;(5) tympanum distinctly visible, rounded;(6) two metacarpal tubercles in hand;(7) relative finger lengths: II < I < V < III;(8) toes with rudimentary webbing at bases;(9) heels overlapping when thighs are positioned at right angles to the body;(10) tibiotarsal articulation reaching the level between tympanum to eye when leg stretched forward;(11) an internal single subgular vocal sac in male;(12) in breeding male, the nuptial pads with black nuptial spines on the dorsal bases of the first and second fingers.

Interpretation Criteria for Standardized Western Blot for the Predominant Species of Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato in China

Objective Western blotting （WB;immunoblotting） is a widely used tool for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis （LB）,but so far,no generally accepted criteria for its performance and interpretation have been established in China.The present study was designed to determine the criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China,in which WB was produced with strain PD91 as the representative strain attributed to predominant genospecies Borrelia garinii of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.Methods Approximately 13 bands between 14 and 100 kD were differentiated for strain PD91 by using Gel-Pro analysis software.In a study with 631 serum samples （taken from 127 patients with Lyme borreliosis and 504 controls）,all observed bands were documented.To establish criteria for a positive WB result for strain PD91,receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were used.Results The following interpretation criteria were recommended：for IgG,at least one band of P83/100,P58,P39,P30,OspC,P17,P66,and OspA;for IgM,at least one band of P83/100,P58,OspA,P30,OspC,P17 or P41.In addition,syphilis,leptospirosis and other related diseases should be excluded when the positive band is P41 in IgM.For IgG criteria,the sensitivity is 73.2%,the specificity is 99.4% and Youden index is 0.726;for IgM criteria,the sensitivity is 50.6%,the specificity is 93.1% and Youden index is 0.437.Conclusion Standardization of WB assays is necessary for comparison of results from different laboratories.Moreover,the criteria of other genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato should be determined in the future to complete the criteria of WB for the diagnosis of the Lyme disease in China.

Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato :An overview of the infection in humans

Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato(H.heilmannii s.l.)is a group of gastric non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species that are morphologically indistinguishable from each other.H.heilmannii s.l.infect the stomach of several animals and may have zoonotic potential.Although the prevalence of these infections in humans is low,they are associated with gastric pathology,including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma,making them a significant health issue.Here,the taxonomy,epidemiology,microbiology,diagnosis,and treatment of these infections will be reviewed.The gastric pathology associated with H.heilmannii s.l.infections in humans will also be addressed.Finally,the features of the complete bacterial genomes available and studies on species-specific pathogenesis will be reviewed.The understanding of the mechanisms that underlie gastric disease development mediated by the different bacterial species that constitute H.heilmannii s.l.is essential for developing strategies for prevention and treatment of these infections.

Establishment of Multiple Locus Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis Assay for Genotyping of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Detected in China

Objective Human Lyme Borreliosis （LB）, which is caused by Borrefia burgdorferi sensu lato （B. burgdorferi）, has been identified as a major arthropod-borne infectious disease in China. We aimed to develop a multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat （VNTR） analysis （MLVA） assay for the genotyping of Borrelia burgdorJ：eri strains detected in China. Methods B. garinii PBi complete 904.246 kb chromosome and two plasmids （cp26 and Ip54） were screened by using Tandem Repeats Finder program for getting potential VNTR loci, the potential VNTR loci were analyzed and identified with PCR and the VNTR loci data were analyzed and MLVA clustering tree were constrcted by using the categorical coefficient and the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means （UPGMA）. Results We identified 5 new VNTR loci through analyzing 47 potential VNTR loci. We used the MLVA protocol to analyse 101 B. burgdorferi strains detected in China and finally identified 51 unique genotypes in 4 major clusters including B. burgdorferi sensu stricto （B.b.s.s）, B. garinii, B. a[zelii, and B. valaisiana, consistent with the current MLSA phylogeny studies. The allele numbers of VNTR-1, VNTR-2, VNTR-3, VNTR-4, and VNTR-5 were 7, 3, 9, 7, and 6. The Hunter-Gaston index （HGI） of five VNTR loci were 0.79, 0.22, 0.77, 0.71, and 0.67, respectively. The combined HGI of five VNTR loci was 0.96. Clustering of the strains of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang was confirmed, and this situation was consistent with the close geographical distribution of those provinces. Conclusion The MLVA protocol esytablished in this study is easy and can show strains＇ phylogenetic relationships to distinguish the strains of Borrelia species. It is useful for further phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses of Borrelia strains.

Reevaluation of the Holotype of Odorrana schmackeri Boettger,1892(Amphibia:Anura:Ranidae) and Characterization of One Cryptic Species in O.schmackeri sensu lato through Integrative Approaches

The Odorrana schmackeri sensu la to is a group of cascade frogs that are widely distributed in southern China.However,their taxonomy has long been unresolved and several cryptic species have been reported in the past decade.Previous analyses revealed the existence of three sympatrie species(i.c,O.schmackeri,O.hejiangensis and O.sp2) at the type locality of O.schmackeri(Gaojiayan Town,Yichang City,Hubei Province,China).However,the lack of an original description for the holotype specimen(SMF6241) of O.schmackeri poses a confusing and controversial problem in species nomination within this group.Here,we reevaluate the taxonomic affinities of SMF6241 and examine the distinctness of O.sp2 based on specimens from the type locality.We use integrative approaches that combine morphology with 10 microsatellite loci and bioacoustics.Canonical discriminant analysis of morphological characteristics revealed three distinct groupings(i.e.,O.schmackeri,O.hejiangensis and O.sp2) and attributed SMF6241 to O.schmackeri.Genetic clustering analysis of nuclear DNA also identified three corresponding clusters.In addition,analysis of interspecific variation in morphometrics and acoustics showed divergence between O.sp2 and its sympatric congeners.All lines of evidence from morphological,molecular and bioacoustic approaches suggest the species status of O.sp2,namely Odorrana ichangensis Chen,sp.nov.Overall,this study resolves the taxonomic assignment of the holotype of O.schmackeri and provides an example for species delimitation using integrative approaches.

Combination of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay and Nested PCR for Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Human Serum Samples

A set of universal loop-mediated isothermal amplification （LAMP） primers targeting the flo gene was designed to detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato （B. burgdorferi s.I.） in human samples. The sensitivity of LAMP was 20 copies/reaction, and the assay did not detect false positives among 11 other related bacteria. A positive LAMP result was obtained for 9 of the 24 confirmed cases and for 12 of 94 suspected cases. The positive rate of LAMP was the same as that of nested PCR. The LAMP is a useful diagnostic method that can be developed for rapid detection of B. burgdorferi s.I. in human sera. Combination of the LAMP and nested PCR was more sensitive for detecting B. burgdorferi s.I. in human serum samples.

Codon Usage of Chloroplast Gene rbcL in Laurencia sensu lato(Rhodophyta)species

Recent advances in molecular biology make it possible to sequence not only genes or genomes,but also to understand codon dynamics.For the organelle genes of these organisms,a small set of preferred codons are used for encoding proteins.For the first time,this paper treats the divergence of synonymous codon usage and its bias in the rbcL gene within the Laurencia complex of red algae.We observed that the synonymous codon preference biases in rbcL are large and differ among species.A clear distinction in codon usage between genera is evident:the genera Dasya and Delesseria use a set that fluctuated between 53 and 58 codons.Whereas,in the genera Ceramium,Chondrophycus,Chlamydomonas,Chlorella,Laurencia s.s,Osmundea,and Palisada codon usage indicates a higher restriction fluctuating between 40 to 51 codons.Laurencia complex genera and other representative algae showed a defined composition pattern,with lower percentage values of NNC/G(7-24.9%).Dasya and Delesseria showed a selective pattern tendency because of high percentage values of NNC/G(54-55%).The estimated codon bias parameters were tested to infer systematic relationships and match suitable codons with the NNC/G codon percentages.Cluster analysis based on Codon Usage supports phylogenetic relationships between Chondrophycus,Palisada,Laurencia,Osmundea,and Yuzurua species.

盅口属Cyathostomum Molin,1861,sensu lato(线虫纲Nematoda,毛线科Trichonematidae)的分类修订

盅口属Cyathostomum Molin,1861,not Cyathostoma Blanchard,1849已经拥有相当多的种,对于这个广义的属的进一步分类,迄今还没有一致的意见,不同作者、不同国家常常各自采用不同的分类系统。为此。

基于质体基因组学方法研究广义玄参科的系统发育

该研究利用GenBank数据库已公开发表的玄参科及相关类群的107属129个物种的质体基因组数据对广义玄参科的系统发育关系进行了分析。该文利用蛋白质编码基因构建了矩阵,并采用最大似然法及贝叶斯推断重建系统发育树。基于两种分析方法获得的系统发育树的拓扑结构完全一致且分辨率及支持率较高。在ML树中,总分支数为129个,其中支持率≥70%的分支数目为123个。结果表明:(1)广义玄参科不是一个单系类群,隶属于广义玄参科的51个物种(37属)分散于列当科、泡桐科、美丽桐科、通泉草科、母草科、狭义玄参科和车前科。(2)狭义玄参科为单系类群,除原隶属于广义玄参科的Bontia、Calamphoreus、Diocirea、Eremophila、Glycocystis、Leucophyllum、玄参属和毛蕊花属外,还包括了原隶属于马钱科的醉鱼草属和原隶属于苦槛蓝科的苦槛蓝属。(3)唇形目为一个单系,目下共形成了14个支持率高的单系分支,对应于14个科(其中美丽桐科和胡麻科仅包括一个物种,不包括在内),科间关系得到较好的解决,木犀科为最早分化出来的类群,其余的类群共同组成核心唇形目。在核心唇形目中,类群分化的次序依次为苦苣苔科、车前科、玄参科和母草科,其余的科聚成两个大的分支。其中,一个大分支包括5个科,紫葳科、马鞭草科和胡麻科形成中等支持率的一个亚支,其中紫葳科、马鞭草科为姐妹群;爵床科和狸藻科亦形成中等支持率的一个亚支;另一个大分支包括了6个科,类群分化的次序依次为唇形科、通泉草科、美丽桐科+透骨草科,泡桐科和列当科为姐妹群,为较进化的类群。该研究结果表明,传统意义上的玄参科不是一个自然类群,包括的种属分散于唇形目;质体基因组适用于解决广义玄参科的系统发育关系,有待于扩大样本进一步研究。

中国20个省、区、市动物莱姆病初步调查研究

目的：广泛调查我国动物莱姆病分布情况。方法：血清流行病学和病原学研究。结果：１９８７～１９９７年间，牛、羊、狗、野兔和８种野鼠有莱姆病的感染存在，其中牛、羊、狗和野鼠的感染率分别为１８．１８％～３２．６１％、１７．１２％～６１．２１％、３８．５％～６０．００％和４１．１８％～８６．０５％；从黑线姬鼠和白腹巨鼠的胎鼠分离到莱姆病螺旋体，证实莱姆病螺旋体可通过胎盘垂直传播。９种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体，带菌率以全沟硬蜱、二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱为高，分别为２０．００％～４５．００％、１６．００％～４０．００％和２４．００％。从华南兔、８种野鼠和８种蜱分离出１２８株莱姆病螺旋体。证实黑线姬鼠和棕背是中国莱姆病螺旋体的重要储存宿主；多种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体，我国北方林区莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱，南方林区二棘血蜱和粒形硬蜱是重要的生物媒介。

睡莲类植物ITS nrDNA序列的分子系统发育分析

睡莲类植物是目前植物分子系统学与进化研究的一个重要类群 .核基因组的ITS区是核核糖体 (nrDNA)转录单位的一部分 .测定和分析了 5个属的 7种睡莲类植物的核核糖体ITS序列 ,并与GenBank中提取的相关序列进行了组合分析 ,初步获得了睡莲类植物的 2个ITS系统树 ,结果也支持现有分子系统学研究中有关金鱼藻处于较原始位置的观点 .

吉林林区动物莱姆病螺旋体感染的调查研究

目的了解吉林珲春林区的蜱、野鼠及牛、绵羊感染莱姆病的情况。方法对蜱和野鼠进行莱姆病螺旋体的PCR扩增,阳性标本RFLP分型,应用间接免疫荧光法检测家畜血清中的IgG抗体。结果PCR检测全沟硬蜱和森林革蜱的带菌率为36.0%和30.9%;在五种鼠中检测到莱姆病螺旋体的特异性片段,带菌率分别为14.0%、8.3%、13.0%、25.0%和33.3%。阳性标本RFLP分型结果属于B.garinii和B.afzelii型;牛、羊血清学检测阳性率为27.5%和31.5%。结论野鼠、蜱和牛羊中都检测到伯氏疏螺旋体的感染,证实吉林珲春林区存在莱姆病的自然疫源地。

安徽省万佛山地区虫草资源的初步调查

通过对万佛山自然保护区的多次野外采集和调查,研究发现万佛山地区分布的虫草分属6个种,分别为丝虫草Ophiocordyceps filiformis、珊瑚虫草Cordyceps martialis、粉被虫草C.pruinosa、下垂虫草O.nutans、亚黄蜂虫草O.oxycephala和莲状虫草C.nelumboides。其中下垂虫草和丝虫草最多,分别占总数的28%和23%。虫草的寄主涉及到鳞翅目的幼虫和茧、蜂的成虫、蜘蛛和蝽象,而主要寄主为鳞翅目的幼虫,占总数的58%。莲状虫草为中国大陆新记录种,此前仅在日本和中国台湾省有过报道。

木材变色和变色菌的研究现状

长喙壳属真菌不仅是引起木材变色的主要真菌,而且也是重要的植物病原菌。文中对木材变色的原因、木材变色对木材性质的影响、主要变色菌的种类、寄主范围、传播媒介等作了简述。

基于叶绿体trnL-F序列对广义披碱草属物种的系统进化研究

广义披碱草属包括了披碱草属、鹅观草属、猬草属、裂颖草属和仲彬草属。为深入研究这5个小麦族多年生属的系统地位、母本来源及St染色体组的来源和分化等问题,本研究根据叶绿体DNAtrnL-F序列构建了系统树和网状结构图。结果表明,1)广义披碱草属物种的母本不完全来源于拟鹅观草属的St染色体组,其中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草的母本染色体组为P染色体组,Hystrix duthiei及长芒猬草的母本染色体组为Ns染色体组;2)系统树中反映了P、W和St染色体组之间具有较近的亲缘关系,它们与H和Ns染色体组的关系较远;3)仲彬草属中黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的二倍体物种聚类在一起,表明黑药仲彬草和梭罗仲彬草与冰草属的关系较近;猬草属中猬草聚在St支中,而H.duthiei和长芒猬草包括在Ns支中,表明它们具有不同的染色体组组成;4)5个不同地理分布的具有St染色体组的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种没有形成一个单系组,表明St染色体组在二倍体物种中存在一定程度的分化;在异源多倍体物种中,其St染色体组的质体序列构成了不同的分支,表明St染色体组在多倍体物种中也具有分化;5)亚洲分布的拟鹅观草属二倍体物种可能参与了大部分欧亚物种的起源,北美分布物种的St染色体组可能来源于北美的拟鹅观草属物种;有些物种在多倍化起源过程中可能发生了重复杂交过程。

全沟硬蜱是我国北方地区莱姆病螺旋体的主要传播媒介

研究我国北方地区莱姆病螺旋体的生物媒介—蜱的种类、带菌状况及在传播莱姆病中的作用。用布旗法和动物诱捕法在山林地区采集蜱，分类鉴定，直接荧光抗体染色法查蜱中肠带菌率，ＢＳＫ培养基分离病原体，单克隆抗体鉴定菌株。调查蜱叮咬率与人群莱姆病感染率、患病率以及蜱的季节消长与莱姆病慢性游走性红斑（ＥＣＭ）病例发生的季节性关系。在北方１０省（市、区）共采集到１００００多只蜱，分属为２科７属１１种，以全沟硬蜱为优势种，占８０％～９５％。４种蜱的中肠携带莱姆病螺旋体，全沟硬蜱的带菌率高达２０．００％～４５．００％。从４种蜱分离到９８株莱姆病螺旋体，其中９０％以上是从全沟硬蜱分离的。全沟硬蜱叮咬率高的人群，莱姆病的感染率和患病率也高。全沟硬蜱的季节消长与ＥＣＭ发生的季节性相一致。证实我国北方地区至少有４种蜱的中肠内携带莱姆病螺旋体，莱姆病螺旋体的主要生物媒介是全沟硬蜱。

亚鳞木属及其相关属的分支系统学研究

亚鳞木属被视为中国晚泥盆世的标志性植物大化石之一。分支系统学研究表明 ,亚鳞木属不宜归入传统所认为的原始鳞木目 ,因为它与系统发育上进化的封印木科、鳞木科和奇木科中成员的近共裔性状相似。作者提出该属的新分类系统 :亚鳞木属隶属于亚鳞木科 ,归入广义的水韭目。在当前的分支图中 ,亚鳞木科的系统发育位置处于封印木科和薄皮木科之间 ,这种分支式样表明系统发育上比较进化的木本石松植物并不是在石炭纪突然出现的 ,而是在晚泥盆世 (法门期 )就已经演化。亚鳞木属可能代表了系统发育上比较高级的木本石松的成员或鳞木科 (或奇木科 )的祖先类群之一。

中国广义当归属及其相关类群的叶柄结构研究

对中国38种广义当归属及其相关类群植物的叶柄进行了比较解剖学研究,考察了其横切面形状、髓腔的有无、周缘变化、厚角组织的形状和数目,以及维管束的数目和排列等基本特征,为该类群的分类鉴定和系统进化研究提供解剖学依据。结果表明:上述特征呈现出丰富的多样性和良好的种内稳定性,说明叶柄解剖学特征具有重要的分类学意义。综合上述特征,将广义当归属植物及其相关类群的叶柄划分为4个类型:中空环状类型(Ⅰ)、Φ形维管束型(Ⅱ)、U/V形维管束型(Ⅲ)、同心圆形维管束型(Ⅳ)。依据各类型的结构特点,认为该类群叶柄结构可能的演化关系为:实心叶柄是次生类型,中空环形叶柄(单轮环形维管束)相对原始,Φ形维管束型叶柄是过渡类型,而U/V形维管束型和同心圆形维管束型叶柄是相对高级的演化类型。