Inhibitory effect of active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F.on human carboxylesterases

OBJECTIVE The inhibitory effect of active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.F.(TWHF)(celastrol,triptolide,triptonide,wilforlide A,wilforgine and wilforine)on human carboxylester⁃ase 1(CES1)and CES2 was detected to investigate the herb-drug interactions(HDIs)of TWHF.METHODS Human liver microsomes catalysed hydrolysis of 2-(2-benzoyl-3-methoxyphenyl)benzothi⁃azole(BMBT)and fluorescein diacetate(FD)were used as the probe reaction to phenotype the activity of CES1 and CES2,respectively.The residual activities of CES1 and CES2 were detected by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)after intervention with celastrol,triptolide,triptonide,wilforlide A,wilforgine and wilforine(100μmol·L^(-1)).Kinetics analysis,involving half inhibitory concentra⁃tion(IC_(50)),inhibition type and kinetic parameter(Ki),and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation(IVIVE),was carried out to predict the HDIs between these compounds and CES-metabolizing drugs.Molecular docking was performed to analyze the ligand-enzyme interaction.RESULTS Out of the six main con⁃stituents of TWHF,only celastrol exhibited strong inhibition towards both CES1 and CES2,with the inhibitory rates of 97.45%(P<0.05)and 95.62%(P<0.05),respectively.The IC_(50)was 9.95 and 4.02 mol·L^(-1),respectively,and the types of inhibition were all non-competitive inhibition.Based on the kinetics analysis,the Ki values were calculated to be 5.10 and 10.55μmol·L^(-1)for the inhibition of celastrol on CES1 and CES2,respectively.IVIVE indicated that celastrol might disturb the metabolic hydrolysis of clinical drugs in vivo by inhibiting CES1.Molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts contributed to the interaction of celastrol and CESs.CONCLUSION The inhibitory effect of celastrol on CES1 and CES2 might cause HDIs with clinical drugs hydrolysed by CESs.

In vitro propagation of a medicinal plant: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.

In this study a reliable protocol was developed for the establishment of commercial in vitro cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.. Juvenile shoots from one-year-old elite plants were used as the source of explants. New axillary shoots were obtained after 30 days of culture on a MS medium supplemented with BAP （2.0 mg.L^-1） and NAA （0.1 mg.L^-1）. The optimal multiplication medium was a modified MS medium supplemented with BAP （1.0 mg.L^-1） and NAA （0.1 mg.L^-1）. This yielded a multiplication rate of 2.4 for each subculture. Slightly more than 92% of shoots rooted when cultured on a modified MS medium containing IBA （0.2 mg.L^-1） and activated charcoal （0.5 mg.L^-1）. Activated charcoal promoted both a strong and a high rooting rate during the rooting phase. Plantlets were transferred to pots for a short acclimatization stage in a greenhouse where 95% of the plantlets survived. This highly reproducible procedure can be adopted for large-scale propagation of T. wilfordii.

Isolation and Purification of Triptolide from the Leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F

Triptolide is an important active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) and possesses anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, male anti-fertility, and anticancer properties. A new method combining different techniques, including solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid partition, column chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) but avoiding the use of chloroform, was developed for the isolation and purification of triptolide from the leaves of TWHF. 48 mg of triptolide at 96.5% purity was obtained from 1 kg of air-dried leaves of TWHF.

Effect of the Multiglycoside of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook f. (Tii) on Cornea Allograft Rejection Model in Rabbit

Purpose:Toexamine the effect of Tii treatment of cornea graft survival in a rab-bit model.Methods:Tii was administrated orally after eccentrical corneal transplantation.Survival times were determined by biomicroscopy.Cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTL)and delayed-type hypersensitivity(DTH)responses to donor alloantigens were assessed at ady 16after heterotopic corneal grafts.Results:Administration of Tii reduced the incidence and prologed the graft sur-vival time.Both CTLand DTH responses to donor alloantigens were severely ed-pressed in hosts treated with Tii.However,combination of Tii and cyclosporine further enhanced the immunosuppressive effects described above.Conclusions:Tii is a potent immunosuppressant with the ability to prolong allo-graft survival in the rabbit penetrating keratoplasty model and may have coordi-native effects with CsA through different mechanisms.Further studies are neces-sary to define any potentially coordinative role in the prevention of allograft rejec-tion in human keratoplasty.Eye Science 1995;11:168-172.

A Novel Diterpenoid,11-O-β-D-glucopyranosylneo-triptophenolide, from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f

A new diterpenoid was isolated from the ethanolic extract of the dried root bark of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. It is the first example of abietane diterpenoid glycoside isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. Its structure was identified to be 11-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl- neotriptophenolide based on spectral methods.

HISTOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF THE MULTIGLYCOSIDES OF TRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDII HOOK.F.(GTW)ON THE TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS OF RATS

SD Twenty adult male rats were equally divided into a contro1 and an experimcntal group.GTW,10 mg/kg per day,was given to the experimental rats through gastric gavage 6 days a week for 8 weeks.To the control rats,the same amount of vehicle was given The animals were sacrificed when they became infertile and the fol1owing parameters of the testis and epididymis were examined:l)DNA(Feulgen′s method),2)RNA(Brachet′s tech-uique),3)LDH-X(Lojda′s method),4)ATPase(Wachstein′s procedure),5)Succinate dehydrc-genase(SDH,Pearson's method),6)Non-specific esterase(NSE,Lojda's technique)and 7)PAS reaction.Routine examination of the epididymal spermatozoa was also carried out.

Efficacy and Safety of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F Versus Acitretin in Moderate to Severe Psoriasis Vulgaris：A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background：Few clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F （TwHF） compared with acitretin in psoriasis.We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of TwHF compared with acitretin in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris.Methods：Adults with Psoriasis Area Severity Index （PASI） score ＞ 10 and psoriasis-affected body surface area ＞ 10％ were randomized into a TwHF （20 mg,3 times a day） or acitretin group （30 mg,once a day）.The treatment course lasted for 8 weeks.Patients were assessed at baseline and at 2,4,and 8 weeks.Laboratory tests were performed at baseline,week 4,and week 8.The data were analyzed using paired samples t-test or analysis of variance （ANOVA）.Results：A total of 115 patients was enrolled （58 TwHF; 57 acitretin）.The median PASI score improved in the TwHF group by 50.4％ and in the acitretin group by 42.7％.There was no significant difference in median PASI improvement between two groups at 2,4,and 8 weeks.There was also no significant difference in PASI 25,PASI 50,PASI 75,and PASI 90 response between the two groups at 2,4,and 8 weeks.There was a significant increase in the level of aspartate transaminase and triglycerides in the TwHF group （P =0.026 and P =0.011,respectively）.In the acitretin group,there was a significant increase in the level of alanine transaminase,cholesterol,and high-density lipoprotein （P =0.030,P ＜ 0.01,and P ＜ 0.01,respectively）.Conclusions：There was no significant difference in treatment efficacy between the TwHF and acitretin groups within 8 weeks,but there were fewer treatment-related adverse events in the TwHF group.

Use of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: progress and future prospects

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F has significant anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and is widely used for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and kidney disease, especially in traditional Chinese medicine. The mechanisms underlying its effects may be diverse but they remain unclear, and its toxicity and side effects limit its wider clinical application. This review summarizes the clinical application of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in recent years, as well as the results of studies into its mechanisms and toxicity, to provide a reference for its future clinical application.

Decreased bone mineral density in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus after long term administration of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F

Objective To investigate the possible bone changes in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) induced by long term administration of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F (TW) Methods 70 female SLE patients were divided into 4 groups accordiog to their drug history: SLE disease control group, corticosteroids treatment group, TW treatment group, and both corticosteroids and TW treatment group Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine 2-4 and biochemical markers of bone turnover were studied Results Long term administration of TW could significantly decrease BMD levels in female SLE patients ( P <0 05) The patients receiving TW for more than 5 years had significantly lower BMD levels compared with those for less than 5 years The degree of decreased BMD induced by TW was less severe compared with that of prednisone No significant differences were observed in the biochemical markers of bone turnover among four groups ( P >0 05) Conclusion Long term administration of TW could decrease BMD levels in women Osteoporosis may be an important problem for SLE patients treated with TW

ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATION ON MACROPHAGE-LYMPHOCYTE INTERACTIONS IN SEMEN FROM TRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDII HOOK.F. TAKERS

Sixty-nine specimens from Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook.f. (TWH) users were investigated by electron microscopy. No macrophages were demonstrated in the 21 specimens collected prior to the administration of TWH. However, it was found in 23 out of the 48 semen specimens obtained following the TWH administration. The macrophages were functionally active as shown by the presence of a large number of cytoplasmic processes and pseudopodia on the surface, and primary and secondary lysosomes in the cytoplasm. The macrophages phagocytized sperm debris and degenerated or dead spermatids with formation of specific phagosomes. Around those macrophages, lymphocytes were commonly noted. The cytoplasmic processes of the two cell types could come into contact or even fuse with each other, leading to tight junction-like structure; in some of the contacts, the plasma membranes were found dissolved so as to form direct cytoplasmic linkage.

PROSTATE CANCER BONE-METASTASIS IS INHIBITEDBY CELASTROL, AN ACTIVE CONSTITUENT OF TRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDII HOOK.F.(雷公藤)

Prostate cancer(PCa)is one of the most common malignant tumours and a leading cause of cancer deaths.Treatment failure of PCa is often due to bone-metastasis.Celastrol,an active constituent of the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii,has shown antitumour effects in previous studies in accordance with its use in TCM.Here we report for the first time an in-depth study of the effects of celastrol on

Combination of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F With Antiretroviral Therapy Delayed Viral Rebound in A Patient of Acute HIV-1 Infection

Prolonged antiretroviral therapy(ART)-free remission post-treatment has been observed and reported in human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)infection.The primary factors for such achievement have been linked to the transcriptional inactivation of HIV-1 DNA and immune recovery.Here,we reported a patient with acute HIV-1 infection who immediately received intensified quadruple ART.At month 9(M9),an old CFDA-approved immuno-suppressive herbal medicine,Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F(TwHF),was used in addition to ART.The patient was closely monitored.Virological and immunological tests as well as transcriptome analysis were carried out at each visit.The results showed that TwHF reduced serum IP-10 level and inhibited T cell activation.Both ART and TwHF were discontinued in M24,and levels of peripheral blood HIV-1 RNA and DNA remained suppressed for consecutive 12months.With transcriptome analysis,we found pattern changes linking immuno-activation and amino acid metabolism with viral suppression and rebound.This indicates that the intentional suppression of immuno-activation is a promising approach for a functional cure of HIV-1 infection.

HPLC法测定雷公藤及其片剂中雷公藤红素

目的建立雷公藤及其片剂中雷公藤红素的HPLC测定方法.方法 HPLC外标法.Agilent Zorbax SC-C18柱为色谱柱,甲醇-1%醋酸溶液(87:13)为流动相,检测波长为425 nm,体积流量为1.0 mL/min.结果雷公藤红素线性范围为40.96～204.8μg/mL(r=0.999 6),药材的平均回收率为98.37%,RSD为1.01%(n=9),制剂的平均回收率为98.59%,RSD为1.18%(n=9).结论本方法操作简便、准确,可作为雷公藤类药物中雷公藤红素的定量分析方法.

“五子四物瓜石汤”对雷公藤多苷所致雄性大鼠生殖系统毒性的对抗作用及其机制研究

目的 研究自拟中药复方“五子四物瓜石汤”(WT)对雷公藤多苷 (GTW)所致雄性大鼠生殖系统毒性的对抗作用及其机制。方法 雄性大鼠分别 ig大、中、小剂量的 WT与固定剂量的 GTW,连续给药 80 d,以单独 igGTW或 NS为对照 ,观察各组雄性大鼠睾丸脏器指数、精子数、精子活率、睾丸病理结构的变化 ,并用免疫放射分析法 (IRMA)测定各组雄性大鼠血清性激素水平。结果 与单用 GTW组比较 ,大或中剂量 WT可使睾丸重量明显增加 ,精子数明显升高 ,精子活率显著提高 ,其中大剂量 WT可完全对抗 GTW对生殖上皮的损害 ,使睾丸结构完全正常 ,血清睾酮维持于正常水平。结论 “五子四物瓜石汤”能显著对抗雷公藤多苷对雄性大鼠生殖系统的毒性作用 ,其对抗作用与 WT保护睾丸生精上皮免受 GTW的损害 。

雷公藤总生物碱分离及杀虫活性研究

提取、分离了雷公藤 (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook)根皮中总生物碱 ,并对其杀虫活性和作用方式进行了系统的生物测定。结果表明 ,雷公藤总生物碱对 5龄菜青虫有很强的麻醉、拒食和毒杀作用 ;拒食中浓度AFC5 0 为 2 75 .5 3m g/L,毒杀中浓度 L C5 0 为 77.86 m g/L,麻醉中量 ND5 0 为 2 .2 9μg/g;雷公藤总生物碱无触杀和熏蒸作用。试虫中毒症状主要为幼虫表皮出现黑斑 ,形成黑斑部分不能脱去旧表皮 。

雷公藤生物碱制品对小菜蛾和菜青虫的控制效果

测定了雷公藤总生物碱对小菜蛾和菜青虫的室内毒力,以及0.1%雷公藤生物碱乳油对两种害虫的田间防效。结果表明,雷公藤总生物碱对小菜蛾3龄幼虫48和72 h的LC50值分别为228.28和136.67 m g/L,对菜青虫5龄幼虫48和72 h的LC50值分别为307.61和238.18 m g/L;1.0%雷公藤生物碱乳油对小菜蛾的毒杀作用较强,其48和72 h的LC50值分别为69.62和20.35 m g/L,对菜青虫48和72 h的LC50值分别为93.18和44.62 m g/L。250倍稀释的雷公藤生物碱乳油(有效含量为40 m g/L)田间喷雾处理对小菜蛾和菜青虫均具有较好的防治效果,施药后7 d的防治效果分别为82.93%和82.71%,在本试验剂量范围内对作物安全。可见,雷公藤生物碱制品对两种蔬菜害虫控制效果显著。

系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎的新疗法——雷公藤多甙新治疗方案的疗效观察

目的：应用双倍剂量雷公藤多甙（ＴⅡ）继以间歇用药维持治疗方案治疗不同临床病理类型的原发性系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎，前瞻性观察其疗效及副反应，确定此一新疗法的临床价值。方法：７９例无氮质血症的原发性系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎患者（ＩｇＡＮ４７例，ＩｇＭＮ１５例，ＭｓＰＧＮ１７例）在连续服用ＴⅡ２ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）４周后改为间歇疗法，每日２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，服２周停２周，交替进行，平均随访１９．３周，观察蛋白尿、血尿变化及副反应。结果：４７例尿检异常型ＩｇＡＮ患者中，１９例达临床缓解（４０．５％），５例改善（１０．６％），２３例无效（４８．９％）。其中表现为单纯蛋白尿者疗效最佳，其次为单纯血尿者，蛋白尿伴血尿者疗效最差。１７例ＭｓＰＧＮ患者中，１１例达临床缓解（６４．７％），６例无效（３５．３％）。同样以单纯蛋白尿者疗效最佳，其次为蛋白尿伴血尿者，单纯血尿疗效最差。１５例ＩｇＭＮ患者中，８例达临床缓解（５３．３％），３例改善（２０％），４例无效（２６．７％）。１９例以往曾用足量激素治疗无效的患者中有１２例（６３．２％）经双倍剂量ＴⅡ治疗后获缓解。临床缓解的３８例患者中，缓解时间在４周以内者２６例（６８．４％），６周内者３２例（?

雷公藤有效成分制备的研究进展

简要介绍了近年来有关中药雷公藤有效成分的制备方法及研究进展 。

双倍剂量雷公藤多甙治疗原发性肾病综合征的近期疗效

目的：首次应用双倍剂量雷公藤多甙（ＴⅡ）治疗原发性肾病综合征，前瞻性观察其疗效。方法：１８例单纯肾病综合征患者（８例ＩｇＡＮ，４例ＩｇＭＮ，６例ＭｓＰＧＮ）均服用ＴⅡ２ｍｇ／（ｋｇ．ｄ）４周，观察蛋白尿变化及副反应。结果：１５例肾病综合征获得完全缓解，总缓解率达８３３％，其中ＩｇＡＮ（７例），ＩｇＭＮ（３例），ＭｓＰＧＮ（５例）的缓解率分别为８７５％，８３３％，７５０％。１５例中１２例在服药２周内获得缓解，部分对皮质激素不敏感者双倍剂量ＴⅡ仍然有效，无效仅２例。尿蛋白平板电泳分析标明对ＴⅡ敏感者尿蛋白呈高度选择性，而对ＴⅡ不敏感者含有较多大分子及小分子量蛋白质。所有患者均能耐受双倍剂量ＴⅡ，消化道反应及对肝细胞的损伤作用轻微，无一例出现严重白细胞减少。分别有２例患者在ＴⅡ迅速减量及继发上呼吸道感染后肾病综合征复发，但重新采用大剂量ＴⅡ或延长治疗时间仍有效。结论：双倍剂量ＴⅡ对临床表现为单纯肾病综合征，组织学病变为系膜增生的多种肾小球疾病具有良好的疗效。

雷公藤与昆明山海棠采样调查报告

目的:通过采样调查,获取雷公藤与昆明山海棠野生资源现状、种植、商品流通等方面的资料。方法:在全国13个样地采集样品,比较雷公藤和昆明山海棠的形态特征与生长习性的差异;调查雷公藤与昆明山海棠的野生资源现状、种植信息、民间混淆种及不同市售药材的商品特征。结果:(1)雷公藤和昆明山海棠主要采集于林下或林地边缘,光照和水分对雷公藤属植物的分布有一定的影响;(2)雷公藤与昆明山海棠的野生资源量正在萎缩,两种植物种植历史较短,种植技术水平较低;(3)雷公藤的采收加工尚缺乏规范,市售药材将雷公藤属植物的根、根茎、茎均作商品药材销售,饮片规格多样。结论:雷公藤与昆明山海棠的野生资源正在萎缩,人工种植、采收加工及市售药材的管理等方面的研究尚需规范深入的开展。