Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution

A novel utilization way of the sludge from wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization （FGD） processes has been developed in this paper. This study focused on the conversion of the FGD gypsum into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate by a hydrothermal salt solution method at atmospheric pressure. Experimental study has been carried out in a batch reactor. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made by DSC/TG thermal analysis, SEM, XRD, metalloscope and chemical analysis. The experimental results showed that the modification of FGD gypsum was controlled by the dissolution and recrystallization mechanisms. With the introduction of FGD gypsum the salt solution was supersaturated, then crystal nucleus of α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate were produced in the solution. With the submicroscopic structure of FGD gypsum crystal changed, the crystal nucleus grew up into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate crystals. Thus ,the modification of FGD gypsum was fulfilled.

Anion type-dependent confinement effect on glass transitions of solutions of LiTFSI and LiFSI

We present findings on the effect of nanometer-sized silica-based pores on the glass transition of aqueous solutions of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide(LiTFSI)and lithium difluorosulfimide(LiFSI),respectively.Our experimental results demonstrate a clear dependence of the confinement effect on the anion type,particularly for water-rich solutions,in which the precipitation of crystalized ice under cooling process induces the formation of freeze-concentrated phase confined between pore wall and core ice.As this liquid layer becomes thinner,the freeze-concentrated phase experiences glass transition at increasingly higher temperatures in solutions of LiTFSI.However,differently,for solutions of LiFSI and LiCl,this secondary confinement has a negligible effect on the glass transition of solutions confined wherein.These different behaviors emphasize the obvious difference in the dynamic properties’response of LiTFSI and LiFSI solutions to spatial confinement and particularly to the presence of the hydrophilic pore wall.

Performance of Concrete Subjected to Severe Multiple Actions of Composite Salts Solution under Wet-Dry Cycles and Flexural Loading in Lab

Several action regimes were employed, namely, those exposed to solutions containing single and/or composite chloride and sulfate salts, and under wet-dry cycles and/or flexural loading. The variations in dynamic modulus of elasticity（Erd values） were monitored, as well as the key factor impacting on the chloride ingress when concrete subjected to multiple action regimes was identified by the method of Grey Relation Analysis（GRA）. The changes in micro-structures and mineral products of interior concrete after different action regimes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, mercury intrusion technique（MIP）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The test results showed that the cyclic wet-dry accelerated the deterioration of OPC concrete more than the action of 35% flexural loading based on the results of Erd values and the GEA. The analyses from micro-structures could give certain explanations to the change in Erd values under different action regimes.

A robust predictive tool for estimating CO2 solubility in potassium based amino acid salt solutions

The acid gas absorption in four potassium based amino acid salt solutions was predicted using artificial neural network(ANN). Two hundred fifty-five experimental data points for CO_2 absorption in the four potassium based amino acid salt solutions containing potassium lysinate, potassium prolinate, potassium glycinate, and potassium taurate were used in this modeling. Amine salt solution's type, temperature, equilibrium partial pressure of acid gas, the molar concentration of the solution, molecular weight, and the boiling point were considered as inputs to ANN to prognosticate the capacity of amino acid salt solution to absorb acid gas. Regression analysis was employed to assess the performance of the network. Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation algorithm was used to train the optimal ANN with 5:12:1 architecture. The model findings indicated that the proposed ANN has the capability to predict precisely the absorption of acid gases in various amino acid salt solutions with Mean Square Error(MSE) value of 0.0011, the Average Absolute Relative Deviation(AARD) percent of 5.54%,and the correlation coefficient(R^2) of 0.9828.

Molten-salt synthesis and composition-dependent luminescent properties of barium tungsto-molybdate-based solid solution phosphors

Pr^（3＋）-activated barium tungsto-molybdate solid solution phosphor Ba（Mo_（1-z）W_z）O_4：Pr^（3＋）is successfully fabricated via a facile molten-salt approach. The as-synthesized microcrystal is of truncated octahedron and exhibits deep-red-emitting upon blue light excitation. Powder x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques are utilized to investigate the formation of solid solution phosphor. The luminescence behaviors depend on the resulting composition of the microcrystals with fixed Pr^（3＋）-doping concentration, while the host lattices remain in a scheelite structure. The forming solid solution via the substitution of [WO_4] for [MoO_4] can significantly enhance its luminescence, which may be due to the fact that Ba（Mo_（1-z）W_z）O_4：Pr^（3＋）owns well-defined facets and uniform morphologies. Owing to its properties of high phase purity,well-defined facets, highly uniform morphologies, exceptional chemical and thermal stabilities, and stronger emission intensity, the resulting solid solution phosphor is expected to find potential applications in phosphor-converted white lightemitting diodes（LEDs）.

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF STRUCTURE IN MOLTEN SALT SOLUTION NaF-CaF_2

The NaF-CaF_2 system has been studied by molecular dynamics simulation.The pair correlation functions between cations and anions and the bond angle distributions of cation and anion triplets have been obtained.The bridging and complexing in the system are discussed based on the pair correlation functions and bond angle distributions.The results simulated show that the F^- ions around a Ca^(2+)ion do not form tetrahedron coordination,so some of small complexing clusters such as CaF_4^(2-)are hardly found.A possible structure of F^- ions around Ca^(2+)ions is that three Ca^(2+)ions constitute an equilateral triangle through three Ca-F-Ca bridges and two F^- ions are located over and under the center of the right triangle,respectively.Meanwhile,on the outside of the triangle,every Ca^(2+)ion has other two F^- ions as its neighbors.

Nonmetal-Metal Transition in Solutions of Metals in Molten Salts

Solutions of metals in molten salts present a rich phenomenology: localisatlon of electrons in disordered ionic media, activated electron transport increasing with metal concentration towards a nonmetal-metal (NM-M) transition, and liquid-liquid phase separation. A brief review of progress in the study of these systems is given in this article, with main focus on the NM-M transition. After recalling the known NM-M behaviour of the component elements in the case of expanded fluid alkali metals and mercury and of solid halogens under pressure, the article focuses on liquid metal-molten salt solutions and traces the different NM-M behaviours of the alkalis in their halides and of metals added to polyvalent metal halides.

Determination of Salt Impurities in MDEA Solution Used in Desulfurization of Highly Sulphurous Natural Gas

The foaming phenomenon of N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA) solution used in desulfurization process occurs frequently in the natural-gas purification plant. The foaming phenomenon has a strong impact on operation of the process unit. The salt impurities are the main reason for causing the foaming of MDEA solution, so the full analysis of salt impurities is necessary. A method for comprehensive analysis of salt impurities in MDEA solution used in desulfurization process was established. Anions and non-metallic cations of MDEA solution were determined by different conditions of ion chromatograph, respectively. Metallic cations of the solution were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer with the N2O-C2H2 flame absorption. The analytical results of salt impurities in the desulfurization solution can provide a theoretical basis for an accurate analysis of the factors affecting the foaming of MDEA to unveil further control measures.

SWELLING EQUILIBRIUM OF NONIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE HYDROGEL IN AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS

A series of nonionic polyacrylamide hydrogels, using acrylamide as monomer and N,N’-methylene diacrylamide as crosslinking agent, were prepared by the free radical polymerization in aqueous solution. Swelling equilibria for the gels were carried out in aqueous solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, Na2HPO4 and K2HPO4 with concentration ranging from 10-3 to 5mol/kgH2O at 25℃. Experimental results revealed that the chlorides and phosphates cause a different behavior at higher salt concentration. The swelling ratio increases with increasing concentration of chlorides salts, while decreases with the increased phosphates salt concentration. The phenomena seem to be related to the different interactions of chloride and hydrogen phosphate ions with the network groups. Furthermore, the effects of different concentration of crosslinking agent and total monomers on gel swelling performance were also investigated.

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Playa——A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly, the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer （salt deposit） in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory. The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented, which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake. And secondly, with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference, a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system （salt deposits） was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile, the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarhan Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarhan Salt Lake.

Mechanisms and field test of solution mining by self-resonating cavitating water jets

Rapid solution mining is the key to cavern construction in salt formations. Rapid solution mining technology with self-resonating cavitating water jets is described in this paper. It can generate three main physical effects： helical flow dissolution, self-resonating cavitating jet erosion, and ultrasonic waves. A self-resonating cavitating nozzle was also designed with the principles based on theory of fluid transients and hydro-acoustics. Under ambient pressure, the experimental results show that the impulse amplitude of pressure reaches a peak at a standoff distance of 5-13 times the nozzle outlet diameter and the cutting ability of self-resonating cavitating jets is twice that of conventional jets under the same conditions. Compared with the conventional mining method, the field test indicates that rapid solution mining technology with self-resonating cavitating jets can speed the construction by more than 2 times at the pocket stage of cavern development.

A novel fixed-combination timolol-netarsudillatanoprost ophthalmic solution for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension

Currently commercial fixed-concomitant three agents have multiple problems such as multiple dosing administration,poor efficacy and side effects.Once-daily fixed-combination timolol-netarsudil-latanoprost ophthalmic solution(FC-TNL)has the ability to treat glaucoma by lowering the intraocular pressure(IOP)with great efficacy and improving patient compliance.However,the commercialized netarsudil dimesylate precipitated when the p H of the solution was above 5.4,or when maleic acid,the salt of commercial timolol maleate,was mixed with netarsudil dimesylate.Consequently,the homologous salt engineering strategy was used to make netarsudil dimesylate soluble in p H 4.8–5.2 solution by synthesizing timolol mesylate.Next,the morphology of timolol mesylate was observed by scanning electron microscopy,differential scanning calorimetry,thermogravimetric analysis,and powder X-ray diffraction.The prepared FC-TNL showed good stability during refrigeration storage.Additionally,FC-TNL exerted no influence on the intraocular penetration of each active compounds in the pharmacokinetic study.Importantly,oncedaily FC-TNL exerted potent IOP-lowering effect and protective effect on retinal ganglion cells.The FC-TNL was stable,safe and effective,being a promising glaucoma therapeutic.

Microstructure and corrosion mechanism of as-cast Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca in Hank's solution

An Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy with high Zn content was fabricated by vacuum melting.The as-cast microstructure was investigated using XRD,SEM and EDS.It was shown that the alloy was composed of α-Mg,strip-like Ca2Mg6Zn3 and a few Mncontaining phases.Most of the Ca2Mg6Zn3 phase was distributed at grain boundaries while Mn-containing particles were deposited within grains.The as-cast samples were immersed in a Hank's balanced salt solution(HBSS) up to 24 h.The corroded surface morphology and cross-section microstructure were analyzed after different time of immersion so as to understand the corrosion behavior of the alloy.During immersion in the HBSS,the alloy corroded homogeneously at the very beginning and then localized corrosion occurred.The secondary phases protruded on the surface due to the dissolution of α-Mg,suggesting microgalvanic corrosion occurred with secondary phases acting as the cathode and α-Mg as the anode.Micro-cracks were formed at the interfaces between Ca2Mg6Zn3 and α-Mg,indicating an undermining tendency of the secondary phases.

Mineralogy,microstructures and geomechanics of rock salt for underground gas storage

Rock salt has excellent properties for its use as underground leak‐proof containers for the storage of renewable energy.Salt solution mining has long been used for salt mining,and can now be employed in the construction of underground salt caverns for the storage of hydrogen gas.This paper presents a wide range of methods to study the mineralogy,geochemistry,microstructure and geomechanical characteristics of rock salt,which are important in the engineering of safe underground storage rock salt caverns.The mineralogical composition of rock salt varies and is linked to its depositional environment and diagenetic alterations.The microstructure in rock salt is related to cataclastic deformation,diffusive mass transfer and intracrystalline plastic deformation,which can then be associated with the macrostructural geomechanical behavior.Compared to other types of rock,rock salt exhibits creep at lower temperatures.This behavior can be divided into three phases based on the changes in strain with time.However,at very low effective confining pressure and high deviatoric stress,rock salt can exhibit dilatant behavior,where brittle deformation could compromise the safety of underground gas storage in rock salt caverns.The proposed review presents the impact of purity,geochemistry and water content of rock salt on its geomechanical behavior,and thus,on the safety of the caverns.

盐浸-干湿-冻融耦合作用下混凝土坝强震开裂机理

为探究混凝土坝在盐浸侵蚀、干湿循环、冻融循环因素影响下的强震破坏规律,通过材料劣化试验和数值模拟方法开展大坝强震开裂机理研究。针对坝体不同位置开展盐溶液侵蚀、干湿循环以及冻融循环劣化试验,基于材料试验结果,构建混凝土重力坝扩展有限元模型,模拟混凝土材料劣化前及劣化后混凝土坝强震开裂破坏情况。结果表明:多因素耦合作用导致混凝土材料劣化,强震作用下会降低大坝承载能力,增加大坝倒塌破坏风险。考虑混凝土多种劣化因素影响,所得结论可用于高寒地区混凝土坝的抗震设计。

拉曼积分球光谱仪对盐水溶液中B(OH)_(3)的定量分析

不同溶液体系中硼的赋存形态及其化学分布规律一直以来是研究者关注的重点,它对深入开展硼酸盐溶液结构化学、过饱和非平衡态以及硼酸盐矿物沉积机制等研究具有重要的指导意义。针对目前拉曼光谱仪对溶液中硼氧配阴离子官能团响应信号弱、灵敏度低,不利于定量化视角阐述硼氧配阴离子间的作用机理等问题,研究了拉曼积分球光谱仪对硼酸溶液的定量分析方法,运用DOE部分因子实验设计,阐述了NaCl、MgCl_(2)、KCl和MgSO_(4)等共存盐类之间的交互作用对B(OH)_(3)拉曼定量分析的影响规律,建立了盐水溶液中B(OH)_(3)的Raman回归模型。结果表明,拉曼积分球光谱仪可显著增大硼酸溶液的拉曼光谱强度,提高信噪比,检出限为常规拉曼光谱的70倍,在0~6 g·L^(-1)硼酸线性范围内相关系数为0.9991,测定相对误差为-2.5%;盐水溶液中B(OH)_(3)含量经回归方程校正后相对误差绝对值小于3%,可用于低浓度硼酸的准确定量分析,也为定量化探究盐卤复杂体系中多硼物种化学形态分布规律提供一定借鉴。

盐渍土在蒸发过程中的水盐相变行为研究

伴随蒸发过程,盐渍土孔隙内的溶液会产生汽化及结晶现象,且两种不同的相变间存在相互依赖性。为了揭示蒸发过程中的水盐相变特性,对盐渍土在蒸发过程中的汽化和盐结晶行为进行了理论和试验研究。首先,从热力学理论出发,通过考虑相间化学势平衡和Young-Laplace方程给出了起始结晶半径的理论表达,并分析了起始结晶半径与温度和相对湿度的关系。结合Van Genuchten土水特征曲线模型,建立了孔隙溶液浓度在不同状态下盐的溶解-结晶模型,并分析了温度和初始含盐量对盐结晶行为的影响规律。最后,通过开展控制温度和初始含盐量的蒸发试验结果对理论模型进行了验证。结果表明:环境湿度降低的过程中,土体温度以及初始含盐量对孔隙溶液中的水分和盐分相变有着显著的影响,土体温度越高,孔隙溶液中水分蒸发越快,液相最终饱和度越低;随着初始含盐量的增加,液相最终饱和度下降,盐晶体体积比增加。初始含盐量还会改变盐的盐析湿度,并且盐晶体的产生会抑制水分的蒸发。

盐溶液饱和岩土的本构理论及在黏土中的应用

盐溶液中离子的化学活性会改变饱和岩土的力学性质,诱发其工程性能出现劣化甚至失效等岩土工程问题。为了研究化学活性对饱和岩土水力与变形特性的影响,基于混合物理论与热力学溶液理论,建立了盐溶液饱和岩土材料的本构理论框架。与以往研究不同,该理论将固相应变分解为孔隙率变化引起的骨架应变、固相材料变形引起的基质应变以及化学反应等物质交换引起的质量交换应变,用以凸显孔隙率在水-力-化学多场耦合机制中的关键作用;采用溶质的现时质量分数作为化学状态变量来反映化学活性的影响;利用自由能和耗散势分别建立弹性和塑性本构关系。根据该理论框架建立了NaCl溶液饱和黏土的固相、流相本构关系以及溶质的渗流-扩散方程,并得到了已有试验数据的验证,表明该框架可以指导盐溶液饱和岩土的本构建模工作。

饱和溶液电导率法在滨海高盐土壤水盐运移规律分析中的应用

分析海涂围垦区土壤水盐运移规律对改良滨海区域盐碱地有着重要意义。而在高盐土壤中实现含水率和可溶解盐分浓度的连续测量是掌握海涂围垦区土壤水盐运移规律的关键,因此以江苏如东海涂围垦试验区内的重度盐土为研究对象,利用耐盐度较好的土壤水分—盐分传感器连续监测土壤含水率、表观电导率变化,以土壤饱和溶液电导率(E_(C_(sat)))为盐分当量指标,分析受降雨、蒸发影响的水盐运移规律。结果表明,E_(C_(sat))可用以指示土壤中最大可溶解盐分含量。此外,土壤盐分在年内呈显著的季节性变化,即在冬季土壤中盐分较高,春季土壤脱盐,夏季土壤盐分波动剧烈,秋季土壤积盐明显。在蒸发和降雨过程中,E_(C_(sat))可有效指示不同埋深处土壤盐分的变化特征,结合土壤水分运移规律可直观佐证“盐随水走”的运移特征。