Effect of Irrigation System, Tillage System, and Seeding Rates on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>L.) Growth, Grain Yield and Its Water Consumption and Efficiency

A field trial was conducted at a private farm in AL-Hashimiya district Babylon Governorate—the republic of Iraq during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. This study was conducted using two irrigation methods, sprinkler and surface irrigation, for each of them had three Tillage methods (zero-tillage, medium-tillage, deep-tillage) and each tillage system had four seeding rate of wheat yield (120, 180, 240, 300) kg∙ha-1. Results indicated that the consumptive water use was 557.5 and 535.9 mm for surface irrigation and 460.9 and 442.6 mm for sprinkler irrigation in the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons. Sprinkler irrigation significantly increased the flag leaf area with no significant effect on plant height. However, the minimum tillage and seeding rate (240 kg∙ha-1) significantly increased the plant height and flag leaf area in both growing seasons. For the grain yield, the sprinkler irrigation, minimum tillage, and seeding rate (240 kg∙ha-1) also increased the plant height and flag leaf area by 13%, 10, % 11%, 11%, 12%, and 14% in both growing seasons, respectively, through an increased number of spikes/m2, the number of grain spike-1, and 1000-grain weight in both growing seasons, respectively. Interestingly the grain yield was increased by 33% and 32% in both growing seasons under the effects of these three factors altogether, respectively. It can be concluded that these factors act synergistically, resulting in a significant improvement in the wheat grain-yield of, less consumptive water use, and high water use efficiency.

Growth traits and nitrogen assimilation-associated physiological parameters of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under low and high N conditions

In this study, 14 wheat cultivars with contrasting yield and N use efficiency （NUE） were used to investigate the agronomic and NUE-related traits, and the N assimilation-associated enzyme activities under low and high N conditions. Under deficient-N, the cultivars with high N uptake efficiency （UpE） and high N utilization efficiency （UtE） exhibited higher plant biomass, yields, and N contents than those with medium and low NUEs. The high UpE cultivars accumulated more N than other NUE type cultivars. Under sufficient-N, the tested cultivars showed similar patterns in biomass, yield, and N content to those under deficient-N, but the varietal variations in above traits were smaller. In addition, the high UpE cultivars displayed much more of root biomass and larger of root length, surface area, and volume than other NUE type cultivars, indicating that the root morphological traits under N deprivation are closely associated with the plant biomass through its improvement of the N acquisition. The high UtE cultivars showed higher activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NIR）, and gluta- mine synthetase （GS） at stages of seediling, heading and filling than other NUE type cultivars under both low and high N conditions. Moreover, the high UpE and UtE cultivars also displayed higher photosynthetic rate under deficient-N than the medium and low NUE cultivars. Together, our results indicated that the tested wheat cultivars possess dramatically genetic variations in biomass, yield, and NUE. The root morphological traits and the N assimilation enzymatic acitivities play critical roles in regulating N accumulation and internal N translocation under the N-starvation stress, respectively. They can be used as morphological and biochemical references for evaluation of UpE and UtE in wheat.

外源茉莉酸甲酯对BNS366雄性育性的影响

为探究外源茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)对小麦温敏雄性不育系BNS366雄性育性的影响,以BNS366及其近等基因系郑麦366为试验材料,在正常秋季播种(2020年10月12日)和晚播(2020年12月2日)条件下,分别于2021年3月22日和3月31日开始至开花期前,设置0(清水,对照)、50、100、200、300、400和500μmol·L^(-1) MeJA(水溶液,喷施)7个处理,比较分析了不同处理间花粉可育率和自交结实率的差异。结果表明:在正常秋季播种条件下,郑麦366花粉可育率、国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率分别为86.31%、70.36%和112.22%,在晚播条件下分别为82.53%、92.53%和166.18%,均正常可育;在正常秋季播种条件下,200μmol·L^(-1) MeJA处理的国际法自交结实率为70.15%,比对照显著降低了42.07个百分点;在晚播条件下,200、300和500μmol·L^(-1) MeJA处理的国内法自交结实率分别为74.71%、74.01%和73.45%,比对照显著降低了17.82、18.52和19.08个百分点;在两个播期下,郑麦366其他浓度MeJA处理的上述3个指标与对照差异均不显著。在正常秋季播种条件下,BNS366花粉可育率为零,达到全不育水平,国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率均为0.24%,100μmol·L^(-1) MeJA处理的花粉可育率为88.25%,达到正常可育水平,国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率分别为56.41%和94.01%,能正常结实,与对照差异达到显著水平;在晚播条件下,BNS366的上述3个指标分别为51.72%、41.23%和93.08%,正常可育,100μmol·L^(-1) MeJA处理的国际法自交结实率为39.72%,比对照显著降低了53.36个百分点;在两个播期下,BNS366其他浓度MeJA处理的上述3个指标与对照差异均不显著。由此说明,在2020-2021年,外源MeJA对郑麦366和BNS366可育植株的雄性育性可能具有降低效应,对BNS366不育植株的雄性不育性具有较强恢复效应。

基于小样本的小麦施氮量预测方法

针对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生长周期施肥试验数据少、使用传统预测方法难以进行有效施肥预测的问题,提出一种基于SBS(SMOTE+Bootstrap)数据扩充方法的XGBoost算法预测模型。基于原始的135条施氮量数据划分训练集(80%)和测试集(20%),使用SMOTE方法对训练集和测试集分别进行均衡化处理,以获取更多的特征信息,然后使用Bootstrap方法对均衡化后的数据进行扩充,最后使用XGBoost预测模型进行训练,并与其他机器学习模型进行对比分析。结果表明,使用SMOTE方法均衡数据,较大程度地提高了SBS-XGBoost模型的预测精度,MSE从原始数据的66.802下降至13.027,MAE从原始数据的6.711下降至2.393,R~2从原始数据的0.390上升至0.912。SBS-XGBoost不仅在研究施氮量的预测中表现出色,还能为其他小样本数据的科学预测提供借鉴与参考。

Physiological basis for the differences of productive capacity among tillers in winter wheat

The quality or structure of a wheat population is significantly affected by the compositions of tillers. Little has been known about the physiological basis for the differences of productive capacity among tillers. Two winter wheat cultivars, Shannong 15（SN15） and Shannong 8355（SN8355）, were used to investigate the differences of productive capacity among tillers and analyze the physiological mechanisms that determine the superior tiller group. Low-position tillers（early initiated tillers） had a higher yield per spike than high-position tillers（late initiated tillers） in both cultivars, which was due to their more grain number per spike, more fertile spikelet per spike, less sterile spikelet per spike and higher grain weight. According to cluster analysis, tillers of SN15 were classified into 2 groups： superior tiller group including main stem（0）, the first primary tiller（I） and the second primary tiller（II）; and inferior tiller group including the third primary tiller（III） and the first secondary tiller（I-p）. Tillers of SN8355 were classified into 3 groups： superior tiller group（0 and I）, intermediate tiller group（II and III） and inferior tiller group（I-p）. In comparison with other tiller groups, the superior tiller group had higher photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, higher antioxidant enzyme（SOD, POD and CAT） activities and lower levels of lipid peroxidation in leaves, higher grain filling rate in both superior and inferior grains during grain filling, higher single-stem biological yield and larger single-stem economic coefficient. Correlation analysis showed that yield per spike was positively and significantly correlated with the flag leaf photosynthetic rate, grain filling rate, the antioxidant enzyme activities and soluble protein content（except for SN15 at 5 days post-anthesis（DPA）） of flag leaf, the single-stem biological yield, and the single-stem economic coefficient. Remarkable negative correlation was also found between yield per spike and MDA content of flag leaf. These results suggested that superior tiller group had stronger leaf photosynthetic capacity, more predominance in terms of grain filling, slower senescence rate, higher biological yield and larger economic coefficient, and therefore, showed greater productive capacity than other tiller groups.

Effects of Multi-Stage Continuous Drought on Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

A drought event can cause entire crops to fail or yield loss.In order to study the effects of continuous drought on photosynthetic characteristics,yield,and water use efficiency(WUE)of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),the winter wheat variety“Aikang 58”was selected as test material with controlling the water of the pot-planted winter wheat under a mobile rainout shelter.Based on foot planting and safe wintering,winter wheat was evaluated under different drought conditions,including light,moderate and severe drought at the jointing(B),heading(C),and filling(G)stages.The soil water content was controlled in a range of 60%to 70%,50%to 60%,and 40%to 50%of the field capacity,respectively.In the experiment,there were 9 single-stage droughts,3 three-stage droughts,and 1 test control(totaling 13 trials).The results are as follows:Under a single-stage drought,the change of net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and stomatal conductance(Gs)have similar trends,and they both decrease significantly with the severity of the drought.Under three-stage continuous droughts,the change curve of Gs shows a constant downward trend;the change curve of Pn showed a“valley shape,”and the minimum value of Pn appeared at the heading stage.All droughts will reduce the yield of winter wheat.Under the three-stage continuous drought conditions,except for light drought,moderate drought and severe drought will cause significant yield reduction,mainly due to lack of water at the jointing and heading stages.Continuous drought will reduce the WUE,and the difference will reach a significant level under moderate and severe drought.The present results suggested that when water resources are scarce,it is a better irrigation model to save water and achieve high grain yield by applying appropriate water stress(60%–70%FC)during the critical growth period of winter wheat.

不同施氮量对小麦DUS测试性状表达的影响

基于探究不同肥力水平对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)性状表达的影响,为小麦DUS测试工作提供参考,以4份普通小麦品种为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理,对32个DUS测试性状的表达进行分析。结果表明,不同施氮水平对芒长的表达影响较大,表现出2个代码差异,而质量性状、假质量性状及其他目测型数量性状的表达无差异或相差1个代码;方差分析结果显示,施氮量对不同测量型性状在品种间的影响程度不同,各性状在不同肥力下均表现出显著差异(P<0.05),其中旗叶长、旗叶宽和穗长的表达受施氮量的影响较大,株高、小穗数、穗粒数等性状的表达受影响程度较小,不育小穗数的表达基本无影响。

12个不同基因型冬小麦的光合能力

研究了 12个不同基因型冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum )品种 (其中两个为北京本地品种 )的光合能力。结果表明 :小偃 2 2、陕麦 897和 890 7- 11- 5三个品种的净光合速率超过 2 0 μmol CO2 · m- 2 · s- 1 ,均比其它实验品种高 ,其PS 总的光化学量子产额 (Yield)、光化学荧光猝灭系数 (q P)和水分利用效率 (WU E)也较高 ;而其暗呼吸速率和非光化学荧光猝灭系数 (q N)较低 ,表现出具有良好的光合生理功能 ,而且这些参数具有连锁相关的趋势。因此 ,北京地区要引种外地具有优良光合生理功能的冬小麦作为栽培品种或育种亲本时 ,在所实验的 10个外地品种中 ,上述 3个品种应为首选品种。

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下，研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明，在相同土壤含水量下，小麦旗叶SPAD值、光合速率、Fv／Fo和Fv／Fm均表现为随着施氮量的增加而升高；增加施氮量有利于提高穗数，但过多（300kg／hm^2）或过少（150kg/hm^2）施氮均不利于穗粒数和干粒重的提高，而导致减产。在相同施氮量下，均表现为花后土壤含水量60％～70％处理的旗叶SPAD值、光合速率、Fv／Fo和Fv／Fm最高，40％～50％处理最低，80％～90％处理居中，花后土壤含水量过高（80％～90％）或过低（40％-50％）导致穗粒数减少，千粒重降低，最终使产量降低。表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均影响小麦旗叶的光合特性降低，而适当增施氮肥可以改善旗叶的光合特性，增加粒重，提高产量。

氮素水平对藁城8901和山农1391籽粒品质的调控效应

选用强筋小麦品种藁城8901(GC8901)和弱筋小麦品种山农1391(SN1391),在池栽条件下,分别施纯氮12、24和36 gm-2,研究了氮素水平对小麦籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,氮素水平对2个类型小麦品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质性状和加工品质有较大影响。与12 gm-2处理相比,24 gm-2处理明显提高籽粒支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量和直支比,促进淀粉积累,改善淀粉的糊化特性。当氮素水平增加至36 gm-2时,籽粒的支链淀粉含量降低,直链淀粉含量提高,淀粉积累量降低。随氮素水平提高,GC8901籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白含量和蛋白质产量提高,而醇溶蛋白含量降低。SN1391以24 gm-2处理的醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量最低;随氮素水平提高球蛋白含量提高,而清蛋白含量降低。适量施氮能提高籽粒硬度,但过量施氮则使其降低。籽粒容重随氮素水平提高而降低。增施氮肥能提高GC8901面粉白度,但SN1391以12 gm-2处理最高,24 gm-2处理最低。氮素水平从12 gm-2增加到24 gm-2,GC8901面筋含量、质量提高,面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和延伸度增加,这有利于提高强筋专用品质;SN1391面团形成时间和稳定时间显著降低,筋力变弱,拉伸面积减小,弱筋专用品质得以改善。当氮素水平增加至36 gm-2时,2个品种加工品质有变劣的趋势。表明改变淀粉、蛋白质及其各组分含量,是氮素水平影响小麦加工品质的重要途径。

砷对小麦生长和光合作用特性的影响

研究了水培条件下砷对小麦根系和地上部分生长速率、光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响。结果表明,随着营养液中砷浓度的提高,小麦根长生长量和地上部分生长量较对照减少;鲜重和砷的浓度呈显著负相关。在0～90mg/L砷处理内,Pn、Gs、Tr都随砷的浓度的提高而降低;Ci呈先降低,后升高的变化。在As≤30mg/L时Ci逐渐降低,气孔限制值Ls升高,使Pn下降,造成气孔性限制;而As>30mg/L时,Ci升高,气孔限制值Ls下降,Pn降低,造成了非气孔性限制。叶片水分利用效率WUE和气孔限制值Ls在As≤30mg/L时变化一致,都有所升高;但是当As>60mg/L时,小麦趋于死亡,水分利用率降低。叶绿素含量在0～10mg/LAs处理内,差异不显著,在较高砷浓度(As>30mg/L)时叶绿素显著下降。这说明较低浓度的砷不会抑制小麦叶绿素的合成。砷主要是毒害小麦根系生长,造成植株体光合作用的气孔性限制和非气孔性限制出现,最终影响小麦的生长和发育。

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老及粒重的影响

在防雨池栽培条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老和粒重的影响.结果表明:各氮肥处理下,小麦旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和光合速率(Pn)均表现为:花后土壤含水量60%～70%处理>80%～90%处理>40%～50%处理,小麦旗叶丙二醛(MDA)含量表现为:花后土壤含水量40%～50%处理>80%～90%处理>60%～70%处理,表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均可导致小麦旗叶早衰,影响籽粒灌浆,降低粒重.在花后相同土壤含水量条件下,旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、CAT活性和Pn均随施氮量的增加而升高,MDA含量随施氮量的增加而降低,表明增施氮肥可以延缓小麦旗叶衰老,但过量施用氮肥则不利于小麦粒重的提高,尤其是在花后土壤缺水的情况下,施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降.在小麦生产中可以将施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量相结合,延缓小麦植株衰老,提高粒重.

^(12)C^(6+)注入小麦种子胚乳引起M_1代的变化

通过控制单核能大小 ,将 1 2 C离子注入小麦种子胚乳 ,结果引起 M1 代植株的较大变化。这些变化包括 :生物学性状的变异 ;根尖细胞染色体畸变率和微核率的显著提高 ;POD酶活性显著提高和 CAT酶活性、MDA含量和蛋白质含量的较大程度的下降等。

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对优质强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对优质强筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在同一施氮量条件下,表现为花后土壤含水量过高（80%～90%）或过低（40%～50%）导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低。在同一土壤含水量下,表现为增加施氮量有利于提高穗数,但过多（300kg/hm^2）或过少（150kg/hm^2）施氮均不利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高,而导致减产。在同一土壤含水量下,总蛋白质、醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白含量及谷/醇比随着施氮量的增加而增加。在同一施氮量条件下,总蛋白质及各组分均随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,同时谷/醇比也降低。在同一施氮量下,花后土壤含水量过高（80%～90%）或过低（40%～50%）均不利于淀粉及其组分含量的提高。在同一土壤含水量下,过高（300kg/hm^2）或过低（150kg/hm^2）施用氮肥均不利于淀粉及其组分含量的提高。只有保持适宜的花后土壤含水量和施适宜的氮肥才有利于支/直比的提高。适量增施氮肥或花后土壤含水量适宜可提高小麦的加工品质。这说明在小麦生产中可以通过施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量技术,调控小麦品质和产量的形成,从而实现优质高产。

N-(1-萘乙酰基)-N'-(4-氨替吡啉基)硫脲(NAT)对小麦生理活性影响的初步研究

以新合成的NAT配制成不同浓度(0.1、1.0、10.50mg·L^(-1))的水溶液,对小麦进行漫种、水培幼苗和大田灌浆期叶面喷洒处理,以与NAT相同浓度的NAA作对比,研究了喷后一定时期小麦叶片生理活性和收割时籽粒千粒重。结果表明,NAT使小麦在不同生长发育时期叶片中的叶绿素含量均增加;幼苗叶片呼吸速率下降;幼苗期低浓度处理NR活性增高,高浓度显著抑制,灌浆期则随处理浓度的升高而显著增加;籽粒千粒重明显高于对照。不论对叶片生理活性还是对籽粒千粒重的影响,NAT的总体效果均明显优于NAA,其中以1 mg·L^(-1)左右浓度的NAT处理效果最佳。

不同小麦雄性不育类型光合速率的影响因子分析

【目的】对K、T、V、CHA型不育系及其保持系净光合速率(Pn)与相关生理、环境因子间的关系及变化趋势进行分析研究,以探讨影响不同小麦雄性不育类型光合速率的生理、环境因子。【方法】利用CIRAS-Ⅰ型光合仪对供试材料4个生育时期的旗叶净光合速率及其相关的生理和环境参数(气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、水分利用率WUE、光量子通量密度PFD、细胞间隙CO2浓度Ci、大气CO2浓度Ca、叶片温度Ti、大气温度Ta和气孔限制值Ls)进行测定,并采用SAS软件对试验数据进行相关分析、通径分析和回归分析。【结果】Pn、Gs与Tr均在开花期达到最大值,Pn与Gs、Tr的r=0.9305～0.9677、0.8081～0.9068,呈显著(r0.05=0.754)或极显著(r0.01=0.874)正相关。K、T、V型不育胞质对Pn、Gs和WUE产生了不同程度的负向效应,CHA明显降低了Tr,而对WUE无不良影响。从开花期到灌浆期,各不育类型Pn与Gs、Ci的变化趋势相同,与Ls相反,表明其Pn的变化主要受气孔因素限制。K、T、V、CHA不育类型的Pn与其影响因子Gs的通径分析(直接通径系数=0.4943～0.6774)显著,与各因子的回归关系因类型的不同而异,R2=0.965～0.975,经F检验达显著水平。在相同胞质背景下,冀5418的Pn较太911289显著提高1.875～2.703 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,而在质核间存在不同程度的交互效应。【结论】K、T、V、CHA不育类型Pn最主要的直接影响因子是Gs,Tr、PFD和Ta对K、T型不育系Pn也有较大影响,PFD和Ca对V型不育系Pn的影响显著。Ci是限制CHA型不育系旗叶Pn的另一主要因子,利用构建的回归模型可有效地预测净光合速率的变化。

普通小麦和华山新麦草衍生系H9021对全蚀病抗性的遗传分析

为了解普通小麦和华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashanica,2n=14,NN)衍生系H9021对全蚀病抗性的遗传特点,利用IECM算法对H9021×96(15)F2分离群体的抗病性进行了估算[96(15)为感病材料]。结果表明,H9021对全蚀病抗性的遗传模型为B-1,即抗性由两对主基因+多基因控制,主基因表现为加性-显性-上位性模型,两个重复中F2群体控制抗性的主基因遗传率分别为96.7%和94.6%。

黄淮海平原玉米施氮量对后茬小麦土壤剖面硝态氮和产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式下,玉米品种“郑单958”（植株密度9株/m^2）和小麦品种“93-9”（基本苗704株/m^2）,冬小麦基施144kg N/hm^2,研究了玉米5个施N量（0、90、180、270和360kg/hm^2）对后茬小麦期间土壤剖面硝态氮含量、无机氮总量,以及小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响.结果表明：（1）与不施氮相比,玉米施氮显著增加小麦季0～200cm土壤硝态氮含量;自拔节起,0～40cm、0～130cm和0～200cm硝态氮含量均随施氮量增加而递增,在硝态氮含量较高的小区增幅也大.（2）轮作一周期后,不施氮和施氮360kg/hm^2显著影响0～130cm和0～200cm无机氮总量,但在90～270 kg/hm^2之间,施氮量的影响不明显.（3）施氮小于180kg/hm^2时,成熟期小麦植株氮素和籽粒氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均随施氮量增加而递增,但不明显.（4）与不施氮相比,施氮90kg/hm^2的小麦产量和麦玉轮作总产均增加但不明显,施氮180 kg/hm^2均显著增加,施氮270kg/hm^2与180kg/hm^2无明显差异.本试验条件下,夏玉米施氮90～180 kg/hm^2是适宜的.

高产冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的研究

对冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力在供应速率 (包括光合作用和蔗糖合成的速率 )和供应持续期两个方面进行了研究 ,结果表明 :与鲁麦 14相比 ,鲁麦 2 2旗叶光合速率 ,灌浆中后期旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶 ( SPS)活性高 ,表明鲁麦 2 2旗叶光合产物供应速率高 ;鲁麦 2 2旗叶叶绿素含量高于鲁麦 14 ,超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)、过氧化氢酶 ( CAT)活性高 ,而丙二醛 ( MDA)含量低于鲁麦 14 ,即光合产物供应持续期长 .因而鲁麦 2

大气CO_2浓度升高对小麦旗叶衰老和产量的影响

通过对不同大气CO2浓度水平下的小麦观测试验，研究了大气CO2增加对小麦旗叶衰老过程中丙二醛、光合色素、净光合速率的影响以及产量构成的变化。结果表明，在大气CO2含量为550和750μmol／mol时，与大气CO2背景浓度相比，小麦灌浆过程中旗叶MDA含量分别下降了6．4％～15．0％和14．1％～18．9％，叶绿素含量则平均增加11．6％和16．7％，类胡萝卜素含量也同步增加10．1％和16．9％，同时高浓度CO2促进了净光合速率的提高，平均提高幅度分别为14．9％和22．1％，明显延缓了旗叶衰老进程。CO2含量增加提高了小麦小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，产量分别增加13．3％和21．7％。