Study on the Introduction and Screening of Cut Roses in the Tropical Coastal Area of China

[Objective] This study aimed to select suitable cultivars of cut roses with prominent comprehensive performance which is suitable for the commercial promotion in the tropical region of South Hainan Province,including Sanya and the low-altitude area.[Method] Introduction experiment and production test were designed to observe the agronomic and economic traits of cultivars in a rose resources nursery established in Sanya.[Result] Through observation in the resources garden,18 varieties were chosen to conduct the introduction experiment,of which 8 varieties were selected to accomplish the production test.The results of the production test showed that ＇Vendela＇,＇Golden Emblem＇,＇Samantha＇ and ＇Tineke＇ showed the best adaptability;the cut flower quality of ＇Carola＇,＇Black Magic＇ and ＇Golden Emblem＇ belonged to the first grade;the yield of ＇Movie Star＇,＇Golden Emblem＇ and ＇Black Magic＇ was more than one million per hm2;except ＇Golden Emblem＇,the vase life of the other seven cultivars was more than 10 days;＇Carola＇,＇My Choice＇ and ＇Perfume White＇ had better disease-and insect-resistance;＇Carola＇,＇Vendela＇,＇Rouge Meilland＇,＇Tineke＇,＇Golden Emblem＇,＇Samantha＇,＇Perfume White＇,＇Saiun＇,＇Asagumo＇ and ＇Double Delight＇ were more resistant to blackspot,while ＇Black Magic＇,＇Versilla＇,＇Alec＇s Red＇ and ＇Movie Star＇ were less resistant to blackspot.[Conclusion] Cultivars of cut roses were able to grow and develop normally in the tropical coastal area of Hainan Province,including South Hainan and Sanya,where it was appropriate for the production of cut roses.However,it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of thrips and blackspot.＇Black Magic＇,＇Carola＇,＇Vendela＇,＇Rouge Meilland＇,＇Golden Emblem＇,＇Tineke＇,＇Movie Star＇ and ＇Samantha＇ showed best comprehensive performance,which were thus worthy of large-scale popularization in Hainan Province.

Observation and Evaluation of New Lily Cutflower Varieties Introduced in Tropical Area

[Objective] New lily varieties were introduced and selected to provide ref- erences for choosing lily varieties with the best comprehensive performance and most appropriate for tropical area. [Method] In winter, six lily cultivars including White Express, Concad＇or, Aktiva, Donato, Star Fighter and Serano were planted outdoors in Hainan. Phenophase, morphological traits and cut flower quality of the tested cultivars were observed and compared in order to choose varieties suitable for Hainan. [Result] Their growth period ranged from 96 to 113 d with the mean of 105.3 d. Six cultivars had obvious differences in biological characteristics and cut- flower quality. Compared with the other 4 cultivars, Aktiva and Serano were superior for their bright color and beautiful shape, height uniformity, long florescence and strong growing. According to the comprehensive evaluation system of lily variety, the sequence was Serano 〉 Aktiva 〉 Concad＇or 〉 Star Fighter 〉 Donato 〉 White Ex- press. [Conclusion] The two cultivars of Aktiva and Serano with good characters are selected for further research and extension in Sanya of Hainan.

Research on Landscape Construction of the Tropical Rainforest Scenic Area ——A Case Study of Yanuoda Rainforest Scenic Area in Sanya City, Hainan Province

With its unique attractiveness, abundant natural and tourism resources, tropical rainforest plays a significant role in improving global climatic conditions and protecting the diversity of species, thus how to protect and properly utilize resources in the development of tropical rainforest is the top issue to be discussed. With the study case of Yanuoda Rainforest Scenic Area in Sanya, the landscape design principles and creation techniques of tropical scenic areas are to be discussed in this paper.

Distribution of Soil Nutrients in Arable Land of Tropical Hilly and Mountainous Area

[Objective] The aim was to explore spatial distribution characters of soil nutrients in arable lands of Hainan mountainous areas and provide references for soil nutrient management in tropical mountainous areas. [Method] The research took arable lands in Wuzhishan City as an example by field survey, sampling and lab analysis and investigated soil nutrients and distributions based on analysis of soil nutrient contents. [Result] The soils were dominated by acid soils, with pH of 5.1; soil nutrients were distributed in a non-uniform manner; contents of soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, as well as medium elements kept lower or moderate levels; effective copper and available zinc were rich. Local spe- cial climate, uneven distribution of parent material and non-uniform fertilization con- tributed to acid soils and unbalanced distribution of soil nutrients in Wuzhishan. [Conclusion] It is recommended to facilitate soil nutrient balance by promoting re- turning straws to farmlands and technical specification of balanced fertilization by soil testing as per nutrient distribution of arable lands in Wuzhishan City.

Cultural Practices for Edible Roses in the Open Field in Tropical Areas

The edible rose was planted on trial in Hainan under the tropical oceanic climate environment according to its botanic characteristics and growth habit. A set of cultural practices suitable for the edible rose planted in Hainan was summarized, including land selection, land preparation, variety selection, planting requirements, field management, pruning, flowering regulation, and control of pests and diseases.

Observation Research of the Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Sensible Heat and Latent Heat over the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area

This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.

Characteristics of change in the Antarctic sea ice area and its relation to SST in the tropical Pacific

In this paper, the characteristics of change in the Antarctic sea ice area are analysed by using the observed data from 1973 1986. The analysed results show that the monthly and annual change of the Antarctic sea ice area is obvious, the biggest change value is in 160°E 120°W and 60°W 100°E, the smallest value is in 110°E 160°E and 120°W 60°W. The relation between the Antarctic sea ice area and the Sea Surface Temperature(SST) in tropical Pacific is close, and the relation between the Antarctic sea ice area in each longitude belt and SST in tropical Pacific shows a clear difference. It is obvious that the Antarctic sea ice areas in 0° 90°E and 100°E 110°W have a different feedbacking relation with SST in the tropical Pacific. The notable relationship occurs in the 3 4 and 41 45 months, that quite tallies with the occurrence of El Nino.

Characteristics of change of the SST in the tropical western Pa-cific and the tropical Indian Ocean and its response to thechange of the Antarctic ice area

In this paper, by using ocean surface temperature data(COADS), the study is made of the characteristics of the monthly and annual changes of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, which have important influences on the climate change of the whole globe and the relation between ENSO(El Nio Southern Oscillation) and the Antarctic ice area is also discussed. The result indicates that in the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans the change of Sea Surface Temperture(SST) is conspicuous both monthly and annaully, and shows different change tendency between them. This result may be due to different relation in the vibration period of SST between the two Oceans. The better corresponding relationship is obvious in the annual change of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean with the occurrence El Nio and La Nia. The change of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and the tropical Indian Oceans has a close relation to the Antarctic ice area, especially to the ice areas in the eastern south Pole and Ross Sea, and its notable correlative relationship appears in 16 months when the SST of the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans lag back the Antarctic ice area.

Evaluating Infrared Thermal Image’s Color Palettes in Hot Tropical Area

The use of Infrared Thermal Scanners proved to be very useful in lots of applications. Using different color palettes, temperatures can be well-represented in the resulting image. However, most color palettes in hot tropical places like the Philippines are unsuitable since the ambient temperature is almost the same as the scanned object or person. This study evaluates twelve (12) known and used color palettes in the market to determine the most suitable for tropical places using the edge/border tracing algorithms Sobel-Feldman and Laplacian. The result shows that color palettes with the most colors produce more noise, making it difficult to distinguish the object scanned from the background. On the other hand, color palettes with three or fewer contrasting colors produce crisp and more detailed results. This study helps developers and researchers efficiently use color combinations suitable for hot weather for an effective thermal scanning and image representation.

Adult Onset Still’s Disease in Tropical Area: Illustration of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Difficulties from 3 Senegaleses Observations

Introduction: The Adult Onset Still’s Disease (ASD) is a systemic auto-inflammatory affection of unknown cause seldom described in sub-Saharan Africa. We report 3 observations of ASD illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this affection in our areas. Observation 1: Our first patient is a 56 years old schoolteacher presenting an ASD in its chronic articular form. She had been followed for an inflammatory arthralgia for 10 years and of the pharyngal pains without exact diagnosis. She presented ASD’s criteria of Yamaguchi and of Fautrel. The prednisone was begun at the dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day with fast appearance of a progressive muscular weakness. Use of methotrexate at a rate of 15 mg per week, associated with low dose of prednisone was effective in long-term without any flare of the disease so far. Observation 2: Our second patient is a 30 years old dressmaker presenting an ASD in its complicated systemic form of lymphohistiocytic activation syndrome. She validated the criteria of Yamaguchi and Fautrel for ASD. She also presented resistance to corticosteroid therapy. The evolution was marked by a hospital-acquired septicemia and a multi-organ failure leading to death. The diagnosis was retrospectively confirmed after that, with the low level of the glycosylated ferritin serum value. Observation 3: The third patient is a 22 years old Guinean student who presented prolonged fever and inflammatory polyarthralgia without articular deformation. He had been misdiagnosed for ASD with diagnostic wandering of several months. He was treated successfully with prednisone after set up of ASD diagnosis according common criteria. Corticosteroid therapy was stopped after 8 months without any relapse noted so far. Conclusion: Caring for ASD is difficult in our context mainly because of high cost of several explorations needed to set up its exact diagnosis while making differential one. Evolution under corticosteroid therapy is usually favorable but diagnostic delay may lead to severe complications and death.

Ecological Function Value of Tropical Forests in the Central Mountainous Areas of Hainan Island

The integrated value of the ecological function of tropical forests in the central mountainous areas of Hainan Island was 33.064 8 billion yuan/a in 2010(soil improvement,soil consolidation,soil nutrient maintenance,water storage and moisture regulation,water purification,carbon sequestration,oxygen releasing,air purification,biodiversity conservation,eco-tourism),equivalent to 16.1%of GDP in Hainan Province this year(205.212 billion yuan).The tropical forests in the central mountainous areas of Hainan Island make great contribution to Hainan Island's ecology,and play an important role in maintaining the stability of the ecological environment in Hainan Island.Through the understanding of major ecological function value of tropical forests,it is necessary to make people cherish the tropical forests in the central ecological function conservation areas of Hainan Province,and spontaneously throw themselves into the ecological environment protection and construction,to promote the rapid and sustainable development of construction in Hainan Province as an international tourism island.

The Influence of Land-Use on Water Quality in a Tropical Coastal Area: Case Study of the Keta Lagoon Complex, Ghana, West Africa

The Keta Lagoon and its catchment areas in Ghana are influenced by intensive agriculture and the use of agro-chemicals. It has therefore, become necessary to assess the quality of water in the lagoon and the surrounding fresh water aquifers. In this study, a water quality index (WQI), indicating the water quality has been adopted. The WQI was determined on a basis of various physico-chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrates, ammonium and sodium. The index was used both for tracking changes at one site over time, and for comparisons among sites. The WQI was also employed to wells used for irrigation on farms along the Keta Sand Spit as well as that of the Keta Lagoon Complex and its surrounding floodplains, in order to ascertain the quality of water for public and livestock consumption, irrigation, recreation and other purposes. The WQI of the wells, Keta lagoon and its floodplains showed various degrees of poor water quality and therefore considered unsuitable for drinking and recreation. By WHO standards, this calls for intensive physical and chemical treatment of the water for human consumption.

Risk Assessment of Tropical Cyclones to Wind Farm Operation in Northern Costal Areas of Jiangsu Province

[Objectivel The study aimed to assess the risk of tropical cyclones to wind farm operation in northem costal areas of Jiangsu Province. [Metbod] Based on tropical cyclone data during 1951 -2011 from nine national basic weather stations as well as wind data during 2005 -2007 de- termined by six gradient wind measurement towers in northern costal areas of Jiangsu Province, the spatial and temporal distribution of tropical cy- clones influencing northern coastal areas of Jiangsu Province were discussed firstly, and then the possible effects of tropical cyclones on wind farms in the northern costal areas were assessed, finally some suggestions about type selection and parameter design of wind turbines were proposed. Restult Annual average number of tropical cyclones influencing northern coastal areas of Jiangsu Province was 1.7, and the first two kinds of tropical cyclones were dominant in quantity, accounting for about 73% for total quantity. The quantity of tropical cyclones bringing substantial economic benefits to wind farms accounted for 87.7% of total quantity, with annual average quantity of 1.5. Maximum wind speed appearing every 50 years did not exceed 37.5 m/s, in accord with the national Grade-Ill standard for safe operation of wind turbines. 2.1% -3.8% of turbulence intensity ei- genvalues at a height of 70 m exceeded the maximum anti-turbulence intensity designed by IEC （0.16）, and it is suggested that anti-turbulence in- tensity parameter of wind turbines in northem costal areas of East China should be changed to 0.31 -0.41. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for design and choice of wind turbines as well as operation and management of wind farms in the study region in future.

Quantitative Evaluation of Bitterlich Sampling for Estimating Basal Area in Sparse Boreal Forests and Dense Tropical Forests

Bitterlich sampling is an extensively used technique in worldwide forest inventories. Although it has been proved that estimates of basal area from Bitterlich sampling are mathematically unbiased, its precision for individual forest stands may be fairly poor. An extension of validation efforts to different forest biomes could therefore provide more comprehensive assessment and understanding of the Bitterlich sampling technique. In this study, this technique was quantitatively evaluated by using simulated sparse boreal forests and dense tropical forests from an empirical forest structure model (EFSM). Theoretical estimation of basal areas and practical estimation influenced by the hidden-tree effect were both compared with true basal areas of the simulated forests. The evaluation results indicated that: 1) Bitterlich sampling can yield acceptable accuracy and precision when the count number (CN) of trees was set to 10 for the studied boreal and tropical forests with distinct characteristics, 2) the theoretical estimation of basal area can be improved by increasing the CN values for both forests, and 3) when the hidden-tree effect is encountered, the accuracy for tropical forests will be decreased by increasing the CN values, whereas the accuracy for boreal forests can still be improved. Accordingly, a relatively high CN, at a reasonable cost, is recommended for sparse boreal forests to improve the accuracy of basal area estimation. In contrast, for dense tropical forests, a CN of ten is appropriate to mitigate the hidden-tree effect.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IMPACTING A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN SOUTHERN FUJIAN AND ESTIMATE OF MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE

Based on tropical cyclone (TC) data for the period 1949 to 2008 and following the Gumbe-Imethod, Pearson-Ⅲ method and determinacy method, this article estimates the possible minimum centralpressure of TCs affecting southern Fujian where a nuclear power will be located. Results show that theobserved minimum central pressure of TCs agrees well with the results determined with the methods aboveand there is little difference between them (the minimum central pressure is 867.4 hPa and 868.1 hPa,respectively, in a 1,000-yr return period). Established with the theory of atmospheric dynamics, thedeterminacy method yields a result of 867.28 hPa/1000 years, only a little smaller than the result of theprobability method. Because of randomicity in parameter adjustment with the Pearson-Ⅲ method whereasthe determinacy method is theoretically solid and its estimates are the smallest of the three methods, it istherefore reasonable, for security and conservative concerns, to adopt the result determined with thedeterminacy method as the possible maximum intensity of TC (with the central pressure being 867.28 hPa ina 1,000-yr return period).

Epidemiological characteristics of 168 cases of COVID-19 in Hainan Island, tropical China: A descriptive study

Objective:To understand the epidemic characters of COVID-19 epidemic in Hainan province of tropical China and provid evidences for the prevention and control of the epidemic.Methods:Data on the COVID-19 epidemic collected from Health Commission of Hainan Province were analyzed by using the methods of retrospective descriptive epidemiology.Results:From January 22nd to February 21st,2020,COVID-19 was diagnosed in 168 confirmed cases(including 8 severe cases)in Hainan Province with the temporary fatality rate of 2.38%of 4 deaths,and 96 cases discharged from hospital,with the cure rate of 57.14%.The cases were distributed in altogether 15 cities and counties in Hainan Province,among which 121 cases were distributed in Sanya,Haikou,Danzhou and Wanning,accounting for 72.02%of the total number of cases.Cases in Sanya City were mainly found in Tianya district and Jiyang district,accounting for 69.81%of the total number of cases in Sanya.Cases in Haikou City were mainly found in Qiongshan district and Xiuying district,accounting for 72.5%of the total number of cases in Haikou.Among the patients,there were 81 males and 87 females,with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1;the youngest age was 3 months,the oldest was 79 years old,80%of the patients were in the age group of 30 to 69 years old,and the number of children and adolescents under 20 years old were relatively low.Conclusion:The daily number of new confirmed cases showed a gradual downward trend in Hainan province,and the epidemic situation was in transition from imported to local renewal,mainly in close contact between family members.With the increase of personnel mobility such as the resumption of work by enterprises and the return of migrant workers to the island,there is a risk of agglomeration epidemic.Prevention and control work in urban and rural areas should take a two-pronged approach.Amid preventing imported cases,more proactive measures should be taken to prevent and control the spread of local cases.

OPERATIONAL FORECAST OF RAINFALL INDUCED BY LANDFALLING TROPICAL CYCLONES ALONG GUANGDONG COAST

Following previous studies of the rainfall forecast in Shenzhen owing to landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs),a nonparametric statistical scheme based on the classification of the landfalling TCs is applied to analyze and forecast the rainfall induced by landfalling TCs in the coastal area of Guangdong province,China.All the TCs landfalling with the distance less than 700 kilometers to the 8 coastal stations in Guangdong province during 1950—2013 are categorized according to their landfalling position and intensity.The daily rainfall records of all the 8 meteorological stations are obtained and analyzed.The maximum daily rainfall and the maximum 3 days’accumulated rainfall at the 8 coastal stations induced by each category of TCs during the TC landfall period(a couple of days before and after TC landfalling time)from 1950 to 2013 are computed by the percentile estimation and illustrated by boxplots.These boxplots can be used to estimate the rainfall induced by landfalling TC of the same category in the future.The statistical boxplot scheme is further coupled with the model outputs from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)to predict the rainfall induced by landfalling TCs along the coastal area.The TCs landfalling in south China from 2014 to 2017 and the corresponding rainfall at the 8 stations area are used to evaluate the performance of these boxplots and coupled boxplots schemes.Results show that the statistical boxplots scheme and coupled boxplots scheme can perform better than ECMWF model in the operational rainfall forecast along the coastal area in south China.

Demonstration on the Tropic of Cancer Passing through Fujian of China

The Tropic of Cancer is an ecological line closely touching with mankind,and takes 23°26'17″ N as the standard. Its passing provincial territory certainly includes the administered land,island and sea area. In view of that relative southern latitude of the provincial territory passed by the Tropic of Cancer must be smaller than 23°26'17″ N,by measuring map of Fujian sea area and integrating related arguments,the sea area administered by Fujian Province is between 23°31' and 23°09' N from the north to the south. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the sea area administered by Zhao'an County and Dongshan County of Zhangzhou City,Fujian Province,which verifies that the Tropic of Cancer passes through Fujian Province. It is ocean century in the 21^(st) century. Under the new international normal,by analysis and demonstration on the Tropic of Cancer passing through Fujian Province,it makes us concern the Tropic of Cancer in sea area besides that on the land. Only so,it could systematically and fully discuss,recognize and manage the Tropic of Cancer.

Impacts of forest management on liana diversity and community structure in a tropical forest in Ghana:implications for conservation

We studied the impacts of liana cutting as a forest management tool on liana diversity （species richness, Shannon diversity index） and community structure （diam- eter distribution, basal area, species dominance） in the Asenanyo Forest Reserve, Ghana. Two types of silvicul- turally treated forests were studied： Logging treated （LT） and Tropical Shelterwood System （TSS） treated forests. An untreated primary forest was included as a control, result- ing in three forest management systems. Lianas with diameter 〉2 cm were identified in ten 40 × 40 m2 plots within each management system. Liana cutting signifi- cantly reduced liana species richness, Shannon diversity index, and basal area in the LT forest after two decades. However, liana species richness and basal area werecomparable in the TSS treated and untreated forests, indi- cating significant recovery in the former after over six decades. Sφrensen similarity index of liana species com- position between the untreated forest and each of the treated forests was moderate. Our findings suggest that liana cutting most likely influenced the dominance of some liana species. In view of the adverse impact of blanket liana cutting on liana diversity, selective liana cutting is rec- ommended as a means of controlling liana numbers while maintaining liana diversity.

Western Tropical North Pacific: A Climatology

Sea surface temperature data have shown that the area of highest temperatures of the North Pacific, always in the western tropics, increases in spring and summer by expanding northward. Thirty years of ship-injection temperatures are used here to document the year to year SST fluctuations for a given month and the month to month variations for a given year of the large surface area of the western tropics during the warming seasons. Some of the fluctuations are significantly large and may therefore be real. Thus the previously hypothesized exportation of warm surface water northward out of the western tropics at the end of every summer may deliver variable amounts of oceanic heat to mid- and higher latitudes from one year to another. A possible connection with mid-latitude weather changes on time scales of months to years is briefly stated.