The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the br...The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the breakthroughs and properties of quantum calculators which make vulnerable existing cryptosystems. In this paper, we propose a random number generation model based on evaluation of the thermal noise power of the volume elements of an electronic system with a volume of 58.83 cm<sup>3</sup>. We prove through the sampling of the temperature of each volume element that it is difficult for an attacker to carry out an exploit. In 12 seconds, we generate for 7 volume elements, a stream of randomly generated keys of 187 digits that will be transmitted from source to destination through the properties of quantum cryptography.展开更多
Superlattices in chaotic state can be used as a key part of a true random number generator. The chaotic characteristics of the signal generated in the superlattice are mostly affected by the parameters of the superlat...Superlattices in chaotic state can be used as a key part of a true random number generator. The chaotic characteristics of the signal generated in the superlattice are mostly affected by the parameters of the superlattice and the applied voltage, while the latter is easier to adjust. In this paper, the model of the superlattice is first established. Then, based on this model, the chaotic characteristics of the generated signal are studied under different voltages. The results demonstrate that the onset of chaos in the superlattice is typically accompanied by the mergence of multistability, and there are voltage intervals in each of which the generated signal is chaotic.展开更多
In real-time applications,unpredictable random numbers play a major role in providing cryptographic and encryption processes.Most of the existing random number generators are embedded with the complex nature of an amp...In real-time applications,unpredictable random numbers play a major role in providing cryptographic and encryption processes.Most of the existing random number generators are embedded with the complex nature of an amplifier,ring oscillators,or comparators.Hence,this research focused more on implementing a Hybrid Nature of a New Random Number Generator.The key objective of the proposed methodology relies on the utilization of True random number generators.The randomness is unpredictable.The additions of programmable delay lines will reduce the processing time and maintain the quality of randomizing.The performance comparisons are carried out with power,delay,and lookup table.The proposed architecture was executed and verified using Xilinx.The Hybrid TRNG is evaluated under simulation and the obtained results outperform the results of the conventional random generators based on Slices,area and Lookup Tables.The experimental observations show that the proposed Hybrid True Random Number Generator(HTRNG)offers high operating speed and low power consumption.展开更多
A new type of superconductive true random number generator (TRNG) based on a negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is proposed. The entropy harnessed to generate random numbers comes...A new type of superconductive true random number generator (TRNG) based on a negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is proposed. The entropy harnessed to generate random numbers comes from the phenomenon of symmetry breaking in the nSQUID. The experimental circuit is fabricated by the Nb-based lift-off process. Low-temperature tests of the circuit verify the basic function of the proposed TRNG. The frequency characteristics of the TRNG have been analyzed by simulation. The generation rate of random numbers is expected to achieve hundreds of megahertz to tens of gigahertz.展开更多
Random numbers generated by pseudo-random and true random number generators (TRNG) are used in a wide variety of important applications. A TRNG relies on a non-deterministic source to sample random numbers. In this pa...Random numbers generated by pseudo-random and true random number generators (TRNG) are used in a wide variety of important applications. A TRNG relies on a non-deterministic source to sample random numbers. In this paper, we improve the post-processing stage of TRNGs using a heuristic evolutionary algorithm. Our post-processing algorithm decomposes the problem of improving the quality of random numbers into two phases: (i) Exact Histogram Equalization: it modifies the random numbers distribution with a specified output distribution;(ii) Stationarity Enforcement: using genetic algorithms, the output of (ii) is permuted until the random numbers meet wide-sense stationarity. We ensure that the quality of the numbers generated from the genetic algorithm is within a specified level of error defined by the user. We parallelize the genetic algorithm for improved performance. The post-processing is based on the power spectral density of the generated numbers used as a metric. We propose guideline parameters for the evolutionary algorithm to ensure fast convergence, within the first 100 generations, with a standard deviation over the specified quality level of less than 0.45. We also include a TestU01 evaluation over the random numbers generated.展开更多
The intrinsic variability of memristor switching behavior can be used as a natural source of randomness,this variability is valuable for safe applications in hardware,such as the true random number generator(TRNG).How...The intrinsic variability of memristor switching behavior can be used as a natural source of randomness,this variability is valuable for safe applications in hardware,such as the true random number generator(TRNG).However,the speed of TRNG is still be further improved.Here,we propose a reliable Ag/SiNx/n-Si volatile memristor,which exhibits a typical threshold switching device with stable repeat ability and fast switching speed.This volatile-memristor-based TRNG is combined with nonlinear feedback shift register(NFSR)to form a new type of high-speed dual output TRNG.Interestingly,the bit generation rate reaches a high speed of 112 kb/s.In addition,this new TRNG passed all 15 National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)randomness tests without post-processing steps,proving its performance as a hardware security application.This work shows that the SiNx-based volatile memristor can realize TRNG and has great potential in hardware network security.展开更多
This paper proposes a well-performing hybrid-type truly quantum random number generator based on the time interval between two independent single-photon detection signals, which is practical and intuitive, and generat...This paper proposes a well-performing hybrid-type truly quantum random number generator based on the time interval between two independent single-photon detection signals, which is practical and intuitive, and generates the initial random number sources from a combination of multiple existing random number sources. A time-to-amplitude converter and multichannel analyzer are used for qualitative analysis to demonstrate that each and every step is random. Furthermore, a carefully designed data acquisition system is used to obtain a high-quality random sequence. Our scheme is simple and proves that the random number bit rate can be dramatically increased to satisfy practical requirements.展开更多
Unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys are required to modulate security-related information in secure communication systems.True random number generators(TRNGs)rather than pseudorandom number generators(PRNGs)...Unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys are required to modulate security-related information in secure communication systems.True random number generators(TRNGs)rather than pseudorandom number generators(PRNGs)are required for the highest level of security.TRNG is a significant component in the digital security realm for extracting unpredictable binary bitstreams.Presently,most TRNGs extract high-quality“noise”from unpredictable physical random phenomena.Thus,these applications must be equipped with external hardware for collecting entropy and converting them into a random digital sequence.This study introduces a lightweight and efficient true random number generator(LETRNG)that uses the inherent randomness of a central processing unit(CPU)and an operating system(OS)as the source of entropy.We then utilize a lightweight post-processing method based on XOR and fair coin operation to generate an unbiased random binary sequence.Evaluations based on two famous test suites(NIST and ENT)show that LETRNG is perfectly capable of generating high-quality random numbers suitable for various GNU/Linux systems.展开更多
Lightweight Cryptography(LWC)is widely used to provide integrity,secrecy and authentication for the sensitive applications.However,the LWC is vulnerable to various constraints such as high-power consumption,time consu...Lightweight Cryptography(LWC)is widely used to provide integrity,secrecy and authentication for the sensitive applications.However,the LWC is vulnerable to various constraints such as high-power consumption,time consumption,and hardware utilization and susceptible to the malicious attackers.In order to overcome this,a lightweight block cipher namely PRESENT architecture is proposed to provide the security against malicious attacks.The True Random Number Generator-Pseudo Random Number Generator(TRNG-PRNG)based key generation is proposed to generate the unpredictable keys,being highly difficult to predict by the hackers.Moreover,the hardware utilization of PRESENT architecture is optimized using the Dual port Read Only Memory(DROM).The proposed PRESENT-TRNGPRNG architecture supports the 64-bit input with 80-bit of key value.The performance of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is evaluated by means of number of slice registers,flip flops,number of slices Look Up Table(LUT),number of logical elements,slices,bonded input/output block(IOB),frequency,power and delay.The input retrieval performances analyzed in this PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture are Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Mean-Square Error(MSE).The PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is compared with three different existing PRESENT architectures such as PRESENT On-TheFly(PERSENT-OTF),PRESENT Self-Test Structure(PRESENT-STS)and PRESENT-Round Keys(PRESENT-RK).The operating frequency of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG is 612.208 MHz for Virtex 5,which is high as compared to the PRESENT-RK.展开更多
Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them suscept...Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them susceptible to various kinds of security threats.These edge devices rely on cryptographic techniques to encrypt the pre-processed data collected from the sensors deployed in the field.In this regard,block cipher has been one of the most reliable options through which data security is accomplished.The strength of block encryption algorithms against different attacks is dependent on its nonlinear primitive which is called Substitution Boxes.For the design of S-boxes mainly algebraic and chaos-based techniques are used but researchers also found various weaknesses in these techniques.On the other side,literature endorse the true random numbers for information security due to the reason that,true random numbers are purely non-deterministic.In this paper firstly a natural dynamical phenomenon is utilized for the generation of true random numbers based S-boxes.Secondly,a systematic literature review was conducted to know which metaheuristic optimization technique is highly adopted in the current decade for the optimization of S-boxes.Based on the outcome of Systematic Literature Review(SLR),genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization of s-boxes.The results of our method validate that the proposed dynamic S-boxes are effective for the block ciphers.Moreover,our results showed that the proposed substitution boxes achieve better cryptographic strength as compared with state-of-the-art techniques.展开更多
This paper presents a wide supply voltage range, high speed true random number generator(TRNG) based on ring oscillators, which have different prime number of inverters. And a simple Von Neumann corrector as post pr...This paper presents a wide supply voltage range, high speed true random number generator(TRNG) based on ring oscillators, which have different prime number of inverters. And a simple Von Neumann corrector as post processing is also realized to improve data randomness. Prototypes have been implemented and fabricated in 0.18 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS) technology with a wide range of supply voltage from 1.8 V to 3.6 V. The circuit occupies 4 500 μm2, and dissipates minimum 160 μW of power with sampling frequency of 20 MHz. Output bit rate range is from 100 kbit/s to 20 Mbit/s. Statistical test results, which were achieved from the die Hard battery of tests, demonstrate that output random numbers have a well characteristic of randomness.展开更多
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) document is a list of fifteen tests for estimating the probability of signal randomness degree. <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Test number ...The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) document is a list of fifteen tests for estimating the probability of signal randomness degree. <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Test number six in the NIST document is the Discrete Fourier Transform</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (DFT) test suitable for stationary incoming sequences. But, for cases where the input sequence is not stationary, the DFT test provides inaccurate results. For these cases, test number seven and eight (the Non-overlapping Template Matching Test and the Overlapping Template Matching Test) of the NIST document were designed to classify those non-stationary sequences. But, even with test number seven and eight of the NIST document, the results are not always accurate. Thus, the NIST test does not give a proper answer for the non-stationary input sequence case. In this paper, we offer a new algorithm </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">or test, which may replace the NIST tests number six, seven and eight. The</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">proposed test is applicable also for non-stationary sequences and supplies</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> more </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">accurate results than the existing tests (NIST tests number six, seven and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> eight), for non-stationary sequences. The new proposed test is based on the Wigner function and on the Generalized Gaussian Distribution (GGD). In addition, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this new proposed algorithm alarms and indicates on suspicious places of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cyclic </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sections in the tested sequence. Thus, it gives us the option to repair or to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> remove the suspicious places of cyclic sections</span><span><span><span><span></span><span></span><b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span></span><span></span> </span></b></span></span></span><span><span><span><span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(this part is beyond the scope </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of this paper), so that after that, the repaired or the shortened sequence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (origi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nal sequence with removed sections) will result as a sequence with high</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> probability of random degree.</span></span></span></span></span>展开更多
Implementing hardware primitives into cryptosystem has become a new trend in electronic community.Memristor,with intrinsic stochastic characteristics including the switching voltages,times and energies,as well as the ...Implementing hardware primitives into cryptosystem has become a new trend in electronic community.Memristor,with intrinsic stochastic characteristics including the switching voltages,times and energies,as well as the fluctuations of the resistance state over time,could be a naturally good entropy source for cryptographic key generation.In this study,based on kinetic Monte Carlo Simula-tion,multiple Artificial Intelligence techniques,as well as kernel density map and time constant analysis,memristive spatiotemporal variability within graphene based conductive bridging RAM(CBRAM)have been synergistically analyzed to verify the inher-ent randomness of the memristive stochasticity.Moreover,the ran-dom number based on hardware primitives passed the Hamming Distance calculation with high randomness and uniqueness,and has been integrated into a Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)cryptosystem.The security of the holistic cryptosystem relies both the modular arithmetic algorithm and the intrinsic randomness of the hardware primitive(to be more reliable,the random num-ber could be as large as possible,better larger than 2048 bits as NIST suggested).The spatiotemporal-variability-based random number is highly random,physically unpredictable and machinelearningattack resilient,improving the robustness of the entire cryptosystem.展开更多
文摘The advent of quantum computers and algorithms challenges the semantic security of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Thus, the implementation of new cryptographic primitives is essential. They must follow the breakthroughs and properties of quantum calculators which make vulnerable existing cryptosystems. In this paper, we propose a random number generation model based on evaluation of the thermal noise power of the volume elements of an electronic system with a volume of 58.83 cm<sup>3</sup>. We prove through the sampling of the temperature of each volume element that it is difficult for an attacker to carry out an exploit. In 12 seconds, we generate for 7 volume elements, a stream of randomly generated keys of 187 digits that will be transmitted from source to destination through the properties of quantum cryptography.
基金Project supported by the Fund from Xi’an High-tech Institute,China
文摘Superlattices in chaotic state can be used as a key part of a true random number generator. The chaotic characteristics of the signal generated in the superlattice are mostly affected by the parameters of the superlattice and the applied voltage, while the latter is easier to adjust. In this paper, the model of the superlattice is first established. Then, based on this model, the chaotic characteristics of the generated signal are studied under different voltages. The results demonstrate that the onset of chaos in the superlattice is typically accompanied by the mergence of multistability, and there are voltage intervals in each of which the generated signal is chaotic.
文摘In real-time applications,unpredictable random numbers play a major role in providing cryptographic and encryption processes.Most of the existing random number generators are embedded with the complex nature of an amplifier,ring oscillators,or comparators.Hence,this research focused more on implementing a Hybrid Nature of a New Random Number Generator.The key objective of the proposed methodology relies on the utilization of True random number generators.The randomness is unpredictable.The additions of programmable delay lines will reduce the processing time and maintain the quality of randomizing.The performance comparisons are carried out with power,delay,and lookup table.The proposed architecture was executed and verified using Xilinx.The Hybrid TRNG is evaluated under simulation and the obtained results outperform the results of the conventional random generators based on Slices,area and Lookup Tables.The experimental observations show that the proposed Hybrid True Random Number Generator(HTRNG)offers high operating speed and low power consumption.
基金Supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China under Grant No 2011CBA00304the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 60836001the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program under Grant No 20131089314
文摘A new type of superconductive true random number generator (TRNG) based on a negative-inductance superconducting quantum interference device (nSQUID) is proposed. The entropy harnessed to generate random numbers comes from the phenomenon of symmetry breaking in the nSQUID. The experimental circuit is fabricated by the Nb-based lift-off process. Low-temperature tests of the circuit verify the basic function of the proposed TRNG. The frequency characteristics of the TRNG have been analyzed by simulation. The generation rate of random numbers is expected to achieve hundreds of megahertz to tens of gigahertz.
文摘Random numbers generated by pseudo-random and true random number generators (TRNG) are used in a wide variety of important applications. A TRNG relies on a non-deterministic source to sample random numbers. In this paper, we improve the post-processing stage of TRNGs using a heuristic evolutionary algorithm. Our post-processing algorithm decomposes the problem of improving the quality of random numbers into two phases: (i) Exact Histogram Equalization: it modifies the random numbers distribution with a specified output distribution;(ii) Stationarity Enforcement: using genetic algorithms, the output of (ii) is permuted until the random numbers meet wide-sense stationarity. We ensure that the quality of the numbers generated from the genetic algorithm is within a specified level of error defined by the user. We parallelize the genetic algorithm for improved performance. The post-processing is based on the power spectral density of the generated numbers used as a metric. We propose guideline parameters for the evolutionary algorithm to ensure fast convergence, within the first 100 generations, with a standard deviation over the specified quality level of less than 0.45. We also include a TestU01 evaluation over the random numbers generated.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan“Nano Frontier”Key Special Project(Grant No.2021YFA1200502)Cultivation Projects of National Major R&D Project(Grant No.92164109)+12 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61874158,62004056,and 62104058)the Special Project of Strategic Leading Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB44000000-7)Key R&D Plan Projects in Hebei Province(Grant No.22311101D)Hebei Basic Research Special Key Project(Grant No.F2021201045)the Support Program for the Top Young Talents of Hebei Province(Grant No.70280011807)the Supporting Plan for 100 Excellent Innovative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Hebei Province(Grant No.SLRC2019018)the Interdisciplinary Research Program of Natural Science of Hebei University(No.DXK202101)the Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development(No.521100311)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.F2022201054 and F2021201022)the Outstanding Young Scientific Research and Innovation Team of Hebei University(Grant No.605020521001)the Special Support Funds for National High Level Talents(Grant No.041500120001)the Advanced Talents Incubation Program of the Hebei University(Grant Nos.521000981426,521100221071,and 521000981363)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(Grant Nos.QN2020178 and QN2021026).
文摘The intrinsic variability of memristor switching behavior can be used as a natural source of randomness,this variability is valuable for safe applications in hardware,such as the true random number generator(TRNG).However,the speed of TRNG is still be further improved.Here,we propose a reliable Ag/SiNx/n-Si volatile memristor,which exhibits a typical threshold switching device with stable repeat ability and fast switching speed.This volatile-memristor-based TRNG is combined with nonlinear feedback shift register(NFSR)to form a new type of high-speed dual output TRNG.Interestingly,the bit generation rate reaches a high speed of 112 kb/s.In addition,this new TRNG passed all 15 National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)randomness tests without post-processing steps,proving its performance as a hardware security application.This work shows that the SiNx-based volatile memristor can realize TRNG and has great potential in hardware network security.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61178010 and 11374042)the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications(Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications),Chinathe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant No.bupt2014TS01)
文摘This paper proposes a well-performing hybrid-type truly quantum random number generator based on the time interval between two independent single-photon detection signals, which is practical and intuitive, and generates the initial random number sources from a combination of multiple existing random number sources. A time-to-amplitude converter and multichannel analyzer are used for qualitative analysis to demonstrate that each and every step is random. Furthermore, a carefully designed data acquisition system is used to obtain a high-quality random sequence. Our scheme is simple and proves that the random number bit rate can be dramatically increased to satisfy practical requirements.
基金This work was partially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC0832500)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.lzujbky-2021-sp47,lzujbky-2020-sp02,lzujbky-2019-kb51,and lzujbky2018-k12)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61402210).We also gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Jetson-TX1 used for this research.
文摘Unpredictable and irreproducible digital keys are required to modulate security-related information in secure communication systems.True random number generators(TRNGs)rather than pseudorandom number generators(PRNGs)are required for the highest level of security.TRNG is a significant component in the digital security realm for extracting unpredictable binary bitstreams.Presently,most TRNGs extract high-quality“noise”from unpredictable physical random phenomena.Thus,these applications must be equipped with external hardware for collecting entropy and converting them into a random digital sequence.This study introduces a lightweight and efficient true random number generator(LETRNG)that uses the inherent randomness of a central processing unit(CPU)and an operating system(OS)as the source of entropy.We then utilize a lightweight post-processing method based on XOR and fair coin operation to generate an unbiased random binary sequence.Evaluations based on two famous test suites(NIST and ENT)show that LETRNG is perfectly capable of generating high-quality random numbers suitable for various GNU/Linux systems.
基金supported by the Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund(XMUMRF)(Grant No:XMUMRF/2019-C3/IECE/0007).
文摘Lightweight Cryptography(LWC)is widely used to provide integrity,secrecy and authentication for the sensitive applications.However,the LWC is vulnerable to various constraints such as high-power consumption,time consumption,and hardware utilization and susceptible to the malicious attackers.In order to overcome this,a lightweight block cipher namely PRESENT architecture is proposed to provide the security against malicious attacks.The True Random Number Generator-Pseudo Random Number Generator(TRNG-PRNG)based key generation is proposed to generate the unpredictable keys,being highly difficult to predict by the hackers.Moreover,the hardware utilization of PRESENT architecture is optimized using the Dual port Read Only Memory(DROM).The proposed PRESENT-TRNGPRNG architecture supports the 64-bit input with 80-bit of key value.The performance of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is evaluated by means of number of slice registers,flip flops,number of slices Look Up Table(LUT),number of logical elements,slices,bonded input/output block(IOB),frequency,power and delay.The input retrieval performances analyzed in this PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture are Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Mean-Square Error(MSE).The PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG architecture is compared with three different existing PRESENT architectures such as PRESENT On-TheFly(PERSENT-OTF),PRESENT Self-Test Structure(PRESENT-STS)and PRESENT-Round Keys(PRESENT-RK).The operating frequency of the PRESENT-TRNG-PRNG is 612.208 MHz for Virtex 5,which is high as compared to the PRESENT-RK.
文摘Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them susceptible to various kinds of security threats.These edge devices rely on cryptographic techniques to encrypt the pre-processed data collected from the sensors deployed in the field.In this regard,block cipher has been one of the most reliable options through which data security is accomplished.The strength of block encryption algorithms against different attacks is dependent on its nonlinear primitive which is called Substitution Boxes.For the design of S-boxes mainly algebraic and chaos-based techniques are used but researchers also found various weaknesses in these techniques.On the other side,literature endorse the true random numbers for information security due to the reason that,true random numbers are purely non-deterministic.In this paper firstly a natural dynamical phenomenon is utilized for the generation of true random numbers based S-boxes.Secondly,a systematic literature review was conducted to know which metaheuristic optimization technique is highly adopted in the current decade for the optimization of S-boxes.Based on the outcome of Systematic Literature Review(SLR),genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization of s-boxes.The results of our method validate that the proposed dynamic S-boxes are effective for the block ciphers.Moreover,our results showed that the proposed substitution boxes achieve better cryptographic strength as compared with state-of-the-art techniques.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61376031)
文摘This paper presents a wide supply voltage range, high speed true random number generator(TRNG) based on ring oscillators, which have different prime number of inverters. And a simple Von Neumann corrector as post processing is also realized to improve data randomness. Prototypes have been implemented and fabricated in 0.18 μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS) technology with a wide range of supply voltage from 1.8 V to 3.6 V. The circuit occupies 4 500 μm2, and dissipates minimum 160 μW of power with sampling frequency of 20 MHz. Output bit rate range is from 100 kbit/s to 20 Mbit/s. Statistical test results, which were achieved from the die Hard battery of tests, demonstrate that output random numbers have a well characteristic of randomness.
文摘The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) document is a list of fifteen tests for estimating the probability of signal randomness degree. <span style="font-family:Verdana;">Test number six in the NIST document is the Discrete Fourier Transform</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (DFT) test suitable for stationary incoming sequences. But, for cases where the input sequence is not stationary, the DFT test provides inaccurate results. For these cases, test number seven and eight (the Non-overlapping Template Matching Test and the Overlapping Template Matching Test) of the NIST document were designed to classify those non-stationary sequences. But, even with test number seven and eight of the NIST document, the results are not always accurate. Thus, the NIST test does not give a proper answer for the non-stationary input sequence case. In this paper, we offer a new algorithm </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">or test, which may replace the NIST tests number six, seven and eight. The</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">proposed test is applicable also for non-stationary sequences and supplies</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> more </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">accurate results than the existing tests (NIST tests number six, seven and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> eight), for non-stationary sequences. The new proposed test is based on the Wigner function and on the Generalized Gaussian Distribution (GGD). In addition, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">this new proposed algorithm alarms and indicates on suspicious places of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cyclic </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sections in the tested sequence. Thus, it gives us the option to repair or to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> remove the suspicious places of cyclic sections</span><span><span><span><span></span><span></span><b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span></span><span></span> </span></b></span></span></span><span><span><span><span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span></span><span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(this part is beyond the scope </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of this paper), so that after that, the repaired or the shortened sequence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (origi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nal sequence with removed sections) will result as a sequence with high</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> probability of random degree.</span></span></span></span></span>
基金This study was supported by grants from National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(62174008)Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KZ202110005001)+1 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan,China(MOST 111-2119-M-492-002-MBK,MOST 111-2622-8-182-001-TS1,MOST 109-2221-E-182-013-MY3,and MOST 110-2221-E-182-043-MY3)the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital(CORPD2J0073).
文摘Implementing hardware primitives into cryptosystem has become a new trend in electronic community.Memristor,with intrinsic stochastic characteristics including the switching voltages,times and energies,as well as the fluctuations of the resistance state over time,could be a naturally good entropy source for cryptographic key generation.In this study,based on kinetic Monte Carlo Simula-tion,multiple Artificial Intelligence techniques,as well as kernel density map and time constant analysis,memristive spatiotemporal variability within graphene based conductive bridging RAM(CBRAM)have been synergistically analyzed to verify the inher-ent randomness of the memristive stochasticity.Moreover,the ran-dom number based on hardware primitives passed the Hamming Distance calculation with high randomness and uniqueness,and has been integrated into a Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)cryptosystem.The security of the holistic cryptosystem relies both the modular arithmetic algorithm and the intrinsic randomness of the hardware primitive(to be more reliable,the random num-ber could be as large as possible,better larger than 2048 bits as NIST suggested).The spatiotemporal-variability-based random number is highly random,physically unpredictable and machinelearningattack resilient,improving the robustness of the entire cryptosystem.