Experimental investigation on damage evolution behaviour of a granitic rock under loading and unloading

In-situ rock failures can result from stress changes due to pure loading and/or unloading. Understanding of the damage evolution behavior in brittle rocks during loading and unloading is imperative for the designs of rock structures. In this paper, we investigate the damage evolution characteristics of a granitic rock during loading and unloading after a series of triaxial experiments performed at different confining pressures. The axial stress-axial strain variations of the tested specimens revealed that the specimens undergoing unloading fail with a lower axial strain compared to the specimens failed purely by loading. Higher confining pressures were observed to exacerbate the difference. Volumetric strain versus axial strain curves indicated that the curves reverse the trend with the beginning of major damage of specimens. We suggest here a new form of equation to describe the secant modulus variation of brittle rocks against the axial stress for the unloading process. Failure mechanisms of tested specimens showed two distinct patterns, namely, specimens under pure loading failed with a single distinct shear fracture while for the unloading case specimens displayed multiple intersecting fractures. In addition, analysis of the evolution of dissipation and elastic energy during deformation of the specimens under loading and unloading conditions showed differentiable characteristics. Moreover, we evaluated the variations of two damage indices defined based on the energy dissipation and secant modulus evolution during deformation and observed that both of them satisfactorily distinguish key stages of damage evolution.

Evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different loading cycles and stress paths

Surrounding rocks at different locations are generally subjected to different stress paths during the process of deep hard rock excavation.In this study,to reveal the mechanical parameters of deep surrounding rock under different stress paths,a new cyclic loading and unloading test method for controlled true triaxial loading and unloading and principal stress direction interchange was proposed,and the evolution of mechanical parameters of Shuangjiangkou granite under different stress paths was studied,including the deformation modulus,elastic deformation increment ratios,fracture degree,cohesion and internal friction angle.Additionally,stress path coefficient was defined to characterize different stress paths,and the functional relationships among the stress path coefficient,rock fracture degree difference coefficient,cohesion and internal friction angle were obtained.The results show that during the true triaxial cyclic loading and unloading process,the deformation modulus and cohesion gradually decrease,while the internal friction angle gradually increases with increasing equivalent crack strain.The stress path coefficient is exponentially related to the rock fracture degree difference coefficient.As the stress path coefficient increases,the degrees of cohesion weakening and internal friction angle strengthening decrease linearly.During cyclic loading and unloading under true triaxial principal stress direction interchange,the direction of crack development changes,and the deformation modulus increases,while the cohesion and internal friction angle decrease slightly,indicating that the principal stress direction interchange has a strengthening effect on the surrounding rocks.Finally,the influences of the principal stress interchange direction on the stabilities of deep engineering excavation projects are discussed.

New artificial neural networks for true triaxial stress state analysis and demonstration of intermediate principal stress effects on intact rock strength

Simulations are conducted using five new artificial neural networks developed herein to demonstrate and investigate the behavior of rock material under polyaxial loading. The effects of the intermediate principal stress on the intact rock strength are investigated and compared with laboratory results from the literature. To normalize differences in laboratory testing conditions, the stress state is used as the objective parameter in the artificial neural network model predictions. The variations of major principal stress of rock material with intermediate principal stress, minor principal stress and stress state are investigated. The artificial neural network simulations show that for the rock types examined, none were independent of intermediate principal stress effects. In addition, the results of the artificial neural network models, in general agreement with observations made by others, show （a） a general trend of strength increasing and reaching a peak at some intermediate stress state factor, followed by a decline in strength for most rock types; （b） a post-peak strength behavior dependent on the minor principal stress, with respect to rock type; （c） sensitivity to the stress state, and to the interaction between the stress state and uniaxial compressive strength of the test data by the artificial neural networks models （two-way analysis of variance; 95% confidence interval）. Artificial neural network modeling, a self-learning approach to polyaxial stress simulation, can thus complement the commonly observed difficult task of conducting true triaxial laboratory tests, and/or other methods that attempt to improve two-dimensional （2D） failure criteria by incorporating intermediate principal stress effects.

Experimental Study on Excavation Characteristics of Rockmass by Triaxial Test

Applying MTS rock stiffness test machine, tests under triaxial condition were carried out for rockmass under loading and unloading. By measuring and analyzing such mechanical properties as stress, strain, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio and elastic wave velocity during the whole test process, the differences of mechanical characteristics under loading and unloading conditions were revealed, to provide some useful references for excavation.

NMR-based damage characterisation of backfill material in host rock under dynamic loading

It is not uncommon that backfill material used in underground mining being exposed to repetitive dynamic stresses induced by blasting operations or rockburst events. Understanding the strength and fracture evolution of backfilled stopes is critical to maintain the long-term stope stability and ensure safe mining activities. This paper aims to study the damage evolution of the backfill material and its host rock behaviour under three-dimensional(3D) dynamic loading. Using a true-triaxial testing machine, multiple samples of backfill material enclosed by country rock were fabricated and tested under various dynamic loadings with different true-triaxial confining stress conditions. In addition, the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) measurement was conducted on the samples before and after exerting static and dynamic loading to obtain their porosity distribution changes. The experiment results suggested that with the increase of the dynamic loading, the porosity of the backfill sample goes through a two-stage process,which shows a slightly linear decrease and then followed by an exponential increase. The research findings can help understand the damage mechanism and fracture development of backfilled stopes and its host rock in deep underground mines, which are constantly subject to the combination of 3D static confining stress and dynamic loading.

真三轴循环荷载下含裂缝砂岩能量和损伤分析

探究真三轴循环荷载作用下含裂缝砂岩能量演化有助于明确岩石损伤破坏规律。开展了真三轴循环加卸载试验,分析了吸收总能量、弹性能、耗散能和塑性变形能的演化特征,并建立岩石损伤评价模型,结合断裂面细观损伤特征,探讨了岩石损伤破坏规律。结果表明:随着裂缝角度增大,试样强度越大,破坏时吸收总能量越大,分别为0.238、0.276、0.307、0.332 MJ/m^(3);试验时吸收总能量、弹性能、耗散能均逐渐增加,塑性变形能先减小后增大;通过滞回环能量和总耗散能量,建立岩石损伤破坏评价指标,两者评价结果一致,岩石损伤程度随加卸载进行呈非线性变化;试样破坏时经历循环加卸载次数越多,受挤压摩擦程度越高,断裂面细观形貌越复杂。

砂岩真三轴循环加卸载的能量演化与损伤分析

为了探究不同速率对砂岩真三轴循环加卸载破坏过程中的能量和损伤演化的影响,利用自主研发的真三轴扰动卸荷岩石测试系统,借助立方体砂岩试件,分别进行了真三轴压缩试验、真三轴一次加卸载试验以及真三轴循环加卸载试验。结果表明:真三轴条件下砂岩的峰值强度随循环加卸载速率的增大而增大;σ^(1)方向弹性能密度演化基本不随循环加卸载速率的改变而不同,而耗散能密度随循环加卸载速率的增大而减小,2者都随循环数呈现非线性增长;随着循环加卸载速率的增大,σ^(1)方向上耗散能密度占总输入能密度比例减小,弹性能密度占总输入能密度比例增加;随着循环数的增加,σ^(2)、σ^(3)方向上弹性能密度的增长率逐渐增大,而耗散能密度增长率在前5次循环时变化较小,在循环末尾阶段大幅提升;随着循环加卸载速率的增大,σ^(2)、σ^(3)方向上弹性能密度也随之提高,耗散能密度则与之相反;σ^(2)方向上弹性能密度占输入能密度的比例随循环数递增,在第6次循环出现拐点,随后突降;σ^(3)方向上弹性能密度占输入能密度的比例随着循环数的增加先减小后增大,呈现“V”型变化趋势;研究发现,弹性能密度和耗散能密度均与输入能密度存在线性函数关系,并且弹性能密度-输入能密度和耗散能密度-输入能密度均存在线性函数关系。真三轴循环加卸载作用下砂岩损伤分为初始损伤、损伤缓慢发育、损伤快速发展阶段3个阶段,损伤变量随着循环数的增加呈现非线性增长。

单面卸载条件下深埋圆形洞室围岩岩爆的试验模拟研究

为深入研究深部洞室开挖诱发邻近既有洞室围岩岩爆的发生过程和机制,采用真三轴电液伺服诱变试验系统对具有强岩爆倾向性的花岗岩开展试验研究,模拟500 m的三维应力状态。通过卸载洞室围岩单侧荷载模拟邻近洞室开挖,在围岩应力重分布作用下最终诱发岩爆,试验中借助监测设备实时观测洞壁的破坏现象。试验结果表明:(1)在单面卸载条件下,岩爆过程可分为6个阶段,即卸载后的应力重分布、准备期、第1轮岩屑弹射和剥落、平静期、第2轮岩屑弹射和剥落、剧烈破坏;(2)在卸荷作用的影响下,洞壁岩爆呈现出明显的时空特征和非对称性,表现为卸荷后洞室顶底部率先出现明显裂纹,在随后的持续加载过程中,远离卸载面一侧发生剧烈岩爆并形成沿轴向贯通的V型槽;(3)基于定义的滞后效应系数可知,与三向加载岩爆相比,单面卸载下的洞室岩爆具有更强的突然性,且极易导致洞室的整体垮塌。为预防该类型岩爆,邻近洞室开挖时应及时对既有洞室远离卸载面一侧进行支护和加固处理。

随机应力循环加卸载三轴试验土的变形稳定状态初探

为研究土在随机应力幅值循环加卸载条件下的应力-应变关系,基于土样全表面变形数字图像测量系统,以福建标准砂和硅微粉为研究对象进行一系列三轴试验。据此分析土样在不同随机应力循环加卸载过程的应力-应变行为,判断其是否达到变形稳定状态,同时与等应力幅值循环加卸载和阶梯应力幅值循环加卸载试验进行对比。结果表明:无论是恒定应力幅值、阶梯应力幅值还是随机应力幅值加卸载循环,当循环次数超过一定次数后,土样逐渐趋于变形稳定状态,且变形稳定状态对应的循环次数值不同;土在受到超过历史最大应力幅值时,应力-应变关系会回到初次单调加载的应力-应变曲线;在最大应力值小于破坏应力的条件下,应力加卸载时间过程幅值的随机特征,如幅值大小和分布对土的应力-应变行为,包括变形稳定状态没有影响。

不同卸载方向下高应力岩石真三轴卸荷力学特性研究

深部岩体开挖过程中,围岩应力场在开挖面附近形成交替分布的应力升高区(加载区)和应力降低区(卸载区),极易引发高应力岩体失稳破坏。尽管目前已有诸多关于岩石加卸载破坏方面的研究,但在复杂真三轴应力路径下岩石加卸载破坏机理的认识仍不充分。针对这一问题,文章以山东玲珑金矿花岗岩立方块试样为研究对象,首先进行了不同侧向应力下真三轴加载破坏试验,并进一步开展了不同卸荷方向下真三轴卸载破坏试验,深入研究了花岗岩试样在复杂真三轴加卸载路径下的强度及破坏特征。试验结果表明:随着中间主应力的增大,真三轴加载条件花岗岩的破坏模式由张拉-剪切复合型破坏转变到张拉破坏,真三轴加载破坏强度先增大后缓慢减小;在相同中间主应力和最小主应力条件下,花岗岩的真三轴卸载破坏强度均小于其加载破坏强度,Mogi强度公式可以很好地拟合卸载最小主应力条件下的真三轴卸载强度。该成果可为深部岩体工程稳定性控制和设计提供重要的理论依据和指导。

卸荷条件下结构性软黏土三维力学特性研究

软黏土一般具有结构性,结构性是土体变形特性的重要影响因素。以天津滨海软黏土为原料土,通过掺入少量不同含量的水泥人工制备出土质近似均匀、结构性有所不同的结构性软黏土,采用GCTS真三轴试验仪探讨基坑开挖条件下结构性土体的三维力学特性。结果表明:侧向卸荷条件下土体应变与卸荷速率、土体本身结构性、固结围压皆有关系;当土体结构性与卸荷速率相同时,围压越小的试样应变增长的速率越快,破坏时应变量越大;在土体结构性与围压相同时,随着卸荷速率的增大,破坏应变以及破坏时的应力大小都增大;当大主应变ε1小于破坏应变,土样的结构性未发生破坏时,ε1-ε3关系曲线斜率增长速率较慢,当大主应变ε1达到破坏峰值后,小主应变ε3方向膨胀速率加快,直至试样破坏;在同一围压下,土体初始卸荷切线模量随卸荷速率的增大而减小,土体卸荷破坏强度随卸荷速率的增大而增大。在此基础上,对应力-应变关系进行分析,建立并验证了考虑卸荷速率和土样结构强度影响的卸荷破坏强度预测公式。

不同加载路径下大理岩的强度特征研究

选取锦屏大理岩为研究对象,进行恒定围压下的三轴压缩试验、逐步增加围压的三轴压缩试验以及卸围压的三轴压缩试验,研究大理岩岩样在不同加载路径下的强度演化特征。研究结果表明:在恒定围压下的三轴压缩试验中,环向应力级别每提升5 MPa,试件的强度增大约30%;相对于恒定围压下的三轴压缩试验,逐步增加围压的三轴压缩试验黏聚力增加,内摩擦角降低,而卸围压的三轴压缩试验与之相反;在不同的加载路径中,卸围压的三轴压缩试验最易破坏,而逐步增加围压的三轴压缩试验由于经历太多塑性变形,并不能很好地提升试件的强度。

真三轴应力条件下加卸荷速率对砂岩力学特性与能量特征的影响

为了更准确地认识真三轴应力条件下加卸荷速率对岩石力学特性与能量特征的影响规律,利用自主研发的"多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统"开展了砂岩真三轴加卸荷力学特性试验,实现了最小主应力方向上的单面卸荷,模拟实际围岩应力演化过程。试验结果表明:随着卸荷速率的增大,砂岩破坏时的最大主应力、最大主应变、最小主应变和体积应变均减小、中间主应变增大,扩容起始点提前,岩样破坏模式逐渐由剪切破坏转为张拉破裂,且张性裂纹多集中于卸荷面附近。加载速率的增大,砂岩破坏时的最大主应力、最大主应变、最小主应变和体积应变增大,扩容起始点滞后,岩样破坏模式逐渐由张剪破坏转向剪切破坏,产生非贯通性裂纹。引入应变偏应力柔量分析不同加卸荷速率下砂岩变形规律,最小主应变和体积应变的偏应力敏感性与卸荷速率呈正相关,最大主应变的偏应力敏感性与加载速率呈正相关。此外,岩石在峰值应力前能量演化有明显的阶段性,峰前吸收的能量大多以可释放弹性应变能的形式存储,耗散能在峰后超过弹性应变能。耗散能比例Ud/U随着最大主应变的增加呈现出先增后降再增的趋势,峰值应力时Ud/U随着卸荷速率的增大而减小,随着加载速率的增大而增大。达到峰值应力时,岩石吸收的总能量U、弹性应变能Ue、耗散能Ud和相应的应变能增量与时间间隔的比值u均随着卸荷速率的增大而减小,随着加荷速率的增大而增大。

真三轴加卸载应力路径对原煤力学特性及渗透率影响

深部煤炭资源开采过程中,由于地应力和工程扰动的影响,煤岩体常处于三向不等压的真三轴应力状态(σ1>σ2>σ3),而采用常规三轴(σ1>σ2=σ3)的加载应力路径难以反映煤岩体的实际受力状态。为此,利用自行研制的"多功能真三轴流固耦合试验系统",研究了真三轴加卸载应力路径下原煤力学特性及渗透率演化规律。结果表明:真三轴加卸载应力路径对原煤的变形、强度特性及渗透率演化规律有重要影响。与CCT加载应力路径相比,LUT,LUUT应力路径下原煤峰值强度降低;真三轴加卸载应力路径下原煤八面体剪应力与有效平均正应力之间存在线性关系。真三轴加卸载应力路径下的原煤破坏方式均为拉-剪复合破坏。此外,真三轴加卸载应力路径对原煤渗透率演化规律有显著影响。

岩石加卸载变形特性及力学参数试验研究

通过加载和卸载两种力学状态的全过程应力—应变试验 ,揭示了岩体在加卸载时变形特性的差异 ,并结合试验结果 ,引入损伤力学概念 ,推导不同岩性岩石的损伤演化方程。

较低和较高围压下煤岩三轴试验及其塑性特征新表述

对煤岩进行了较低和较高多个围压下的常规三轴加卸载试验研究,给出了系统的试验成果。试验表明,较低围压下,卸载路径和加载路径几乎完全重合,煤岩应力-应变特性呈现明显的线弹性特征,并表现出一定的脆性破坏特性;而较高围压下,应力-应变呈现明显的非线性特征,卸载路径不再原路返回,呈明显的塑性变形特征。为了定量刻画煤岩的塑性硬化特性,提出了根据硬化参量的几何意义计算其值的方法,并选择累积塑性应变作为塑性硬化参量,计算了27MPa围压下试验曲线的硬化参量,作为对比还计算了采用直接卸载法计算的该试验曲线的累积塑性应变值。结果发现,随着轴向变形逐渐增加,煤岩的塑性硬化逐渐增长,并且用该方法计算出的塑性硬化参量远大于用直接卸载法计算的结果。由于该方法完全符合路径积分的限制条件,因此,更加合理。

基坑土体侧向卸荷真三轴试验研究

对武汉地区具有代表性的粉质粘土,用基坑开挖过程中坑周土体的应力路径在真三轴上进行模拟试验,得到平面应变条件下固结不排水卸荷试验结果,将其整理成应力-应变关系曲线、孔隙水压力-竖向应变关系曲线、中主应力系数-竖向应变关系曲线和卸荷试验应力路径图。试验结果表明,竖向(σ1)压力不变,侧向(σ3)卸荷时,其应力-应变关系随固结压力的增加,由应变硬化型向应变软化型转化;固结压力较低时,表现为剪胀,固结压力较高时,表现为先剪缩,后剪胀;当中主应力(σ2)始终大于但接近于侧向压力(σ3),按所定义的中主应力系数bd值较稳定;有效应力路径随固结压力增大产生偏转。这些结论为进一步研究粘性土中主应力的作用奠定了基础。

冻土中几类力学试验方法的探讨

获取寒区工程设计中冻土的物理力学指标及冻土本构模型中的模型参数都离不开冻土的力学试验.随着对冻土力学性质研究的深入,需要考察更多加载路径下冻土的力学行为,这也是检验已有冻土本构模型的有效途径.因此,精确的冻土力学试验是认识冻土力学性质的基本手段.为进一步考察冻土的力学性质,提高冻土力学试验的精度,应用MTS-810低温三轴仪及其配套的控制软件,在该设备上对冻土进行了两种各向等压试验和两种三轴剪切加卸载试验.根据试验结果,分析了这几种试验方法的适用范围,为考察等效剪应力对冻土试样体积变形的影响,提出了在MTS-810低温三轴仪上实现冻土等p试验的具体试验方案.

排水条件下卸荷土体变形特性的真三轴试验研究

在真三轴仪上模拟基坑开挖周边土体的应力路径,进行了排水与不排水两种卸荷试验,通过对试验结果的对比分析可知,土体在不同排水条件下应力-应变关系有着显著的差异,说明排水条件对土体的变形性状有一定的影响。进一步研究了排水条件下卸荷土体广义剪应力与广义剪应变的关系,证明土体广义剪应力与广义剪应变关系曲线呈明显的非线性,并根据土体实际应力路径定义了中主应力系数,推导出了土体卸荷剪切模量计算公式。

不同加载速率下岩爆碎块耗能特征试验研究

利用自主研发的真三轴岩爆试验系统，以红色粗晶花岗岩作为岩石长方体试件，开展了不同加载速率的应变型岩爆室内模拟试验，在提出一种岩爆碎块单位面积表面能测定方法的基础上，结合应力–应变曲线分析，实现了岩爆碎块耗能组成的定量化分析，进而探讨了不同轴向加载速率下岩爆碎块的耗能特征。研究结果表明：①在单面临空真三轴压缩条件下，只有在足够大的轴向加载速率下，岩样集聚一定的弹性应变能并通过岩板劈裂以及潜在岩爆坑等岩爆碎块的形成耗散适当能量，岩爆弹射破坏才可能发生；②在0.5～30 kN/s加载速率范围内，随着加载速率的增大，碎块破碎程度呈降低趋势，碎块耗能呈线性减小趋势；③不同加载速率下的岩爆碎块中，片状粗粒碎块主要来自岩爆坑表面，主要为张拉破坏所致，棱块状的中粒碎块、细粒碎块，粉末状的微粒碎块主要来自岩爆坑内部，主要为剪切破坏所致；④不同加载速率下，岩爆碎块耗能均以剪切耗能为主，剪切耗能的百分比达到97%～99%。