Nitrogen Nutrition Index and Its Relationship with N Use Efficiency, Tuber Yield, Radiation Use Effi ciency, and Leaf Parameters in Potatoes

Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index （NNI） were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency （AEN）, tuber yield, radiation use efficiency （RUE） and leaf parameters including leaf area index （LAI）, areal leaf N content （NJ and leaf N concentration （N0. Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels： no N （N 1）, 150 kg N ha^-1 （N2）, 300 kg N ha^-1 （N3）. N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies （NNI〈 1） which occurred for N 1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber RUE to NNI. stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of

Production of Yam Tubers Using Seed Tubers from Vitroplants Regenerated from Aerial Stems in the Yam Species Dioscorea alata (L.) and Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (L. & P.) in Côte d’Ivoire

The aim of this study is to produce large quantities of yam tubers in the field from seed tubers derived from vitroplants regenerated from aerial stem cuttings and farmers’ tuber seeds. Seed tubers from ten yam cultivars, including five from Dioscorea alata (cDa083, cDa053, cDa115, cDa150 and cDa266) and five from Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata (cDr015, cDr027, cDr150, cDr206 and cDr148) with distinct agro-morphological characteristics, were used as material. A completely randomized block design with 3 replications was used. In each block, all cultivars and seed types were represented. When put into cultivation, the tubers produced by the vitroplants all germinated and gave 100% healthy plants, compared with 86% to 100% healthy plants for the seed tubers produced by the farmers. Yields per hectare ranged from 10 to 25 tonnes for seed tubers produced by in vitro plants, and from 4 to 9 tons for seed tubers produced by farmers. Seed tubers from vitroplants can therefore be recommended to farmers as a solution to the problem of seed tuber unavailability.

Effect of Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Two Industrial Potato Varieties (Asterix and Courage) in Bangladesh

Potato is one of the most important vegetable crops, which contributes more than half of the total vegetable production in Bangladesh. Four field experiments were conducted in two different locations in Bangladesh to develop integrated nutrient management practices to produce quality potato seed in industrial processing varieties Asterix and Courage. For the inorganic trial, Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) including 2 potato varieties, 5 treatments with 4 replications, and in the organic fertilizer trial, Factorial RCBD including 2 potato varieties, 6 treatments with 4 replications were used. In the inorganic fertilizer trail, the highest yield was obtained in the variety Asterix due to Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulfur (NPKS) plus Magnesium treated plot in Domar BADC farm and due to NPKS plus Boron, Zinc, and Magnesium treated plots in Kashimpur Farm. In the case of variety Courage, the highest yield was found in the treatment of NPKS plus Zinc in Domar BADC farm while in Kashimpur farm, NPKS plus Mg treated plots had the highest yield of potato variety-Courage. In the organic fertilizer trail, the highest tuber yield per hill was obtained by applying the government-approved commercial brand Northern organic fertilizer in variety Asterix and by organic fertilizer brand Chook Chook in variety Courage. Parameters such as days to tuber initiation, number of stems per hill, plant height, and number of tubers per hill were found statistically different among the treatments and between the two varieties. Treatments namely Northern organic fertilizer and Cowdung combined with mustard oil cake performed better considering standard grade tuber yield (grade A and B) compared to other treatments. Hence, the combination of NPKS MgZn and either Northern organic or Chook Chook or Cowdung plus mustard oil cake could be used to grow the varieties Asterix and Courage.

A Transgenic Study on Affecting Potato Tuber Yield by Expressing the Rice Sucrose Transporter Genes OsSUT5Z and OsSUT2M

In many plants, sucrose transporters are essential for both sucrose exports from sources and imports into sinks, indicating a function in assimilate partitioning. To investigate whether sucrose transporters can improve the yield of starch plant, potato plants （Solanum tuberosum L. cv. D^siree） were transformed with cDNAs of the rice sucrose transporter genes OsSUT5Z and OsSUT2M under the control of a tuber- specific, class-I patatin promoter. Compared to the controls, the average fructose content of OsSUTSZ transgenic tubers significantly increased. However, the content of the sugars and starch in the OsSUT2M transgenic potato tubers showed no obvious difference. Correspondingly, the average tuber yield, average number of tubers per plant and average weight of single tuber showed no significant difference in OsSUT2M transgenic tubers with controls. In the OsSUTSZ transgenic lines, the average tuber yield per plant was 1.9-fold higher than the controls, and the average number of tubers per plant increased by more than 10 tubers on average, whereas the average weight of a single tuber did not increase significantly. These results suggested that the average number of tubers per plant showed more contribution than the average weight of a single tuber to the tuber yield per plant.

Effects of Nano-Carbon Water-Retaining Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency of Tuber Mustard

The effects of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer on yield,quality of tuber mustard,and fertilizer utilization efficiency were studied with the field experiments compared to the local tuber mustard fertilizer with equal amount of effective composition. The results showed that the yield of tuber mustard was 50 670-56 496 kg/ha in treatments of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer decreasing by 10%-40%,and compared with local tuber mustard fertilizer,the average yield was increased by 94. 8%. The yield increasing rate of tuber mustard was 93. 0%in treatment of nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer decreasing by 30%. The average fertilizer utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus was 54% and 39. 7%,respectively,the average increment of fertilizer utilization efficiency was 36% and 37%,respectively compared with local tuber mustard fertilizer. Especially in treatment of reducing nano-carbon water-retaining fertilizer by 30%,the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer utilization efficiency was increased by 64% and 56%,respectively. By comprehensive comparison,it was found that nano-carbon waterretaining fertilizer and the treatment of 30% reduction could significantly improve the yield of tuber mustard and fertilizer utilization efficiency,and have popularization and application value in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

不同施氮水平对油莎豆农田土壤养分表观平衡和块茎产量的影响

研究不同施氮水平下沙质土壤油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)土壤养分表观平衡及块茎产量,为沙质土壤油莎豆科学施氮提供理论依据。以油莎豆品种“中油莎1号”为研究对象,分别设置0 kg·hm^(-2)(N0)、75 kg·hm^(-2)(N1)、150 kg·hm^(-2)(N2)、225 kg·hm^(-2)(N3)4个施氮水平。分析4个施氮水平对油莎豆农艺性状、土壤表观养分平衡及块茎产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮量增加,两地油莎豆茎蘖数、株高、单片叶面积等均有增加,但过高的施氮量会造成油莎豆地上部徒长,导致产量下降;施氮量为150 kg·hm^(-2)(N2),油莎豆最大根长、根体积等农艺性状最优,油莎豆整株干重及块茎产量均最高,块茎鲜产可达到9298.87~10336.06 kg·hm^(-2);两地氮素表观盈余率在0 kg·hm^(-2)(N0)和75 kg·hm^(-2)(N1)水平下均为负值,150 kg·hm^(-2)(N2)和225 kg·hm^(-2)(N3)水平下均为正值,表明两地氮素均在N2水平即施氮量为150 kg·hm^(-2)时达到氮素平衡状态。冗余分析也表明油莎豆茎蘖数、最大根长、根体积、氮携出量是驱动油莎豆干物质及块茎产量形成的主要因素。因此在北方沙质土壤条件下,N素施入量为150 kg·hm^(-2)时,可促进油莎豆对养分的吸收、维持土壤表观养分平衡,有利于油莎豆良好的生长发育和产量的提高。

不同有机改良剂对盐碱地菊芋产量及土壤理化性质的影响

试验在黄河三角洲典型盐碱地上进行,以菊芋品种南芋1号为供试材料,设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥(F)、商品有机肥(M)、生物炭基调理剂(T1)、抗盐调理剂(T2)共5个处理,研究不同有机改良剂对菊芋苗期生物量、块茎产量及土壤主要理化性质的影响。结果表明:施用有机改良剂对盐碱地菊芋苗期干物质量和成熟期地下块茎产量影响显著,其中T1处理菊芋苗期干物质量和成熟期块茎产量最高,较CK、F处理分别显著提高76.4%、36.2%和38.7%、25.1%。与CK相比,T1处理菊芋苗期0~30 cm土层土壤pH值显著下降;M、T1和T2处理较CK和F处理显著降低菊芋苗期0~20 cm土层土壤水溶性盐含量,降幅达8.3%以上,且T1优于M和T2处理;菊芋收获后,M、T1和T2处理0~10 cm土层土壤有机质含量较CK分别显著提高15.1%、20.7%和21.0%,T1处理显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,M处理显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量。综上,施用生物炭基调理剂对改良土壤盐碱化、促进壮苗培育、提高菊芋产量效果较优。

氮素对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

氮肥是限制马铃薯高产关键因子之一。目前马铃薯生产上氮肥应用缺乏科学指导,存在氮素供应过量、形态配比不合理、供应方式落后等问题,制约马铃薯高产。综述聚焦氮素供应对块茎形成及发育的影响,总结氮素对马铃薯匍匐茎发生、块茎形成时间、数量和重量的影响。低氮条件下有利于块茎提前发生,但库强源弱,匍匐茎发生率低,块茎消亡发生率高,单株薯数和薯重下降;氮供应过量则抑制匍匐茎发育,推迟块茎形成时间,块茎数量和重量随之降低;供应适宜氮素有利于高产,究其原因,匍匐茎顶端提前膨大形成块茎,块茎消亡发生率降低,块茎单株薯数和单株薯重增加。前人围绕合理供氮量对马铃薯块茎发育的调控做了大量研究,但因产地气候、土壤理化性质、主栽品种及生产目的不同,上述阈值不尽相同,仍有待于进一步探究。

不同生育期干旱胁迫对马铃薯生长特性、块茎产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探究马铃薯对不同生育期干旱胁迫的响应,明确马铃薯各生育期的需水特性,本研究以马铃薯栽培品种华颂7号为试验材料,在大田遮雨棚下对马铃薯各生育期进行干旱胁迫处理,研究不同生育期干旱胁迫对马铃薯植株生长、干物质积累、块茎产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,幼苗期干旱胁迫处理(T_(1))后恢复灌水,相较于对照,成熟期马铃薯株高、根长、干物质积累量和水分利用效率显著提高。在产量和产量构成方面,幼苗期干旱胁迫处理后恢复灌水,大薯率较对照显著提高11.00个百分点、小薯率较对照显著降低10.34个百分点,块茎产量较对照显著增加31.34%。块茎形成期和块茎膨大期干旱胁迫处理(T_(2)、T_(3))的块茎产量较CK显著下降58.41%和27.84%,T_(2)处理的大薯率较对照显著降低了25.34个百分点,但T_(3)处理的大薯率、中薯率、小薯率与对照相比无显著差异。相较于对照,淀粉积累期干旱胁迫处理(T_(4))对马铃薯单株干物质积累、块茎产量和产量构成影响不显著。因此,可对华颂7号在幼苗期进行适当干旱胁迫以提高块茎产量和水分利用效率,而在块茎形成期和块茎膨大期应保持充足的水分供应以确保块茎产量的形成,从而达到高产高效的目的。

水分亏缺胁迫对马铃薯块茎产量构成的影响

为了探究水分亏缺胁迫对马铃薯块茎产量构成的影响,以马铃薯品系BFL10和BFL12为试验材料,对不同水分胁迫状态下马铃薯各生育期的株高、分枝数、匍匐茎数量、单株结薯数量和单株结薯重量进行测定。结果表明:水分亏缺胁迫对马铃薯株高和分枝数的影响因品种熟性而异;重度水分亏缺胁迫显著降低了两个品系的单株结薯数量、单株大薯数量和单株结薯重量,轻度水分亏缺胁迫显著降低了单株大薯数量,推测轻度水分亏缺可能通过影响薯块膨大降低产量,而重度水分亏缺是通过影响薯块膨大和减少薯块数量两个方面降低产量。

Effects of Soil Aeration on Sweet Potato Yield and Its Physiological Mechanism

The effects of soil aeration on physiological characters and root tuber yield of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. CV Lushu7 and Xushu18 were studied. The results showed that soil aeration improvement could increase ATP content and ATPase activity in functional leaves and root tubers and ABA content in root tubers. It also accelerated the transportation of 14C-photosynthate from leaves to root tubers and enhanced dry matter distribution in root tubers and thus root tuber yield was significantly raised. The role of ATP, ATPase and ABA in accelerating the transportation of 14C-photosynthate was discussed based on the changes of soluble carbonhydrate content in sweet potato plant.

黄芪秸秆基质优化应用对马铃薯原原种产量效益的影响

农业废弃物资源化再利用是现代绿色农业发展的重要部分。为筛选适宜陇中地区马铃薯原原种生长的新型栽培基质,以黄芪秸秆与草炭土、蛭石、椰糠基质的不同配制比为基础设置9个处理组,对不同复配基质基础理化性质进行检测,同时测定复配基质对马铃薯脱毒苗株高、茎粗及结薯数量的影响。10%黄芪秸秆+50%草炭土+40%椰糠处理下,脱毒苗平均株高和茎粗在生育期内最高,结薯数最多为605.00个/0.6 m^(2),较蛭石和椰糠分别高62.63%和34.05%,与对照处理(蛭石和椰糠处理)差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),2~<5、5~<10、10~20 g级别块茎数量最多,产投比较纯蛭石组增加58.91%。生产中建议采用10%黄芪秸秆+50%草炭土+40%椰糠作为新型栽培基质以提高马铃薯原原种产量及经济效益。

雾培条件下3个马铃薯新品种(系)的农艺性状及其微型种薯的繁育评价

【目的】探明雾培对马铃薯农艺性状及微型种薯繁育的影响,为脱毒微型种薯的繁育提供参考。【方法】以广西地区3个性状优异的马铃薯新品种(桂农薯1号、桂彩薯1号和20号品系)为材料,检测雾培条件下马铃薯的重要农艺性状及微型种薯的产量。【结果】随着雾培时间延长,3个马铃薯品种的茎长、茎粗和节位数等性状均逐渐增加,其中,20号品系的茎长、茎粗、总根数和匍匐茎数量均显著高于桂农薯1号和桂彩薯1号,叶片数和根长小于桂彩薯1号,桂农薯1号仅匍匐茎长度优于其他2个品种;微型种薯产量方面,20号品系的单株种薯平均产量比桂农薯1号和桂彩薯1号分别高29.3%和45.4%,种薯单重比桂农薯1号和桂彩薯1号分别高14.9%和24.6%;SPAD和LAI方面,20号品系在整个测定过程中均比桂农薯1号和桂彩薯1号表现优异。【结论】综合比较3个品种(系)马铃薯在雾培条件下的农艺性状和微型种薯生长情况,20号品系马铃薯更适宜于雾培法进行微型种薯繁育。

Management of Grass and Broadleaf Weeds in Processing Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) with Clomazone, in the Argentinian Pampas

Weed competition in the potato crop could cause up to a 95% yield reduction depending on the variety, the weed species and the competition period. In this work the effect of Clomazone (Command 36 CS®), when applied alone or in combination with Metribuzin (Sencorex® 48) upon grass and broad-leaved weeds was assessed. The work was carried out under the environmental conditions of the Argentinian Pampas, where close to 50% of the potatoes produced in the country are grown. The field trial was performed during the spring-summer crop, season 2008/09, with cv. Innovator, in a completely randomized design of the following treatments: (a) control, without weed control;(b) Clomazone 1.6 l·ha-1;(c) Clomazone 2.0 l·ha-1;(d) Clomazone 1 l·ha-1 + Metribuzin 0.75 l·ha-1;(e) Clomazone 1.6 l·ha-1 + Metribuzin 0.5 l·ha-1;and (f) Metribuzin 1.35 l·ha-1. Treatment effectiveness (TE), crop competition level (CCL) and weed suppression index (WSI) were assessed at 38, 53 and 72 days after planting (DAP), while yield and quality were also evaluated, following industry protocols. In those treatments were Clomazone was used alone, at 2 l·ha-1, or combined (Clomazone 1 l·ha-1 + Metribuzin 0.75 l·ha-1), a higher yield was observed. Besides, a high correlation between TE, WSI and tuber yield was also achieved. Clomazone improved TE, CCL and WSI, which was not only reflected in higher tuber yields, but also on better tuber quality.

Effect of Saline Aquaculture Effluent on Salt-Tolerant Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) in a Semi-Arid Coastal Area of China

An experiment with six treatments: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigated with freshwater), and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 (v/v) was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1:3 and 1:4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1:1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1:4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.

不同灌溉方式对冬种马铃薯土壤理化性状、水分利用效率及块茎产量的影响

【目的】探究不同灌溉方式对冬种马铃薯土壤理化性状、水分利用效率和块茎产量的影响,为完善广西冬种马铃薯灌溉技术及促进广西冬种马铃薯产业健康发展提供科学依据。【方法】以马铃薯品种丽薯6号为试验材料,设置膜下滴灌(A)、露地滴灌(B)、露地微喷灌(C)和不灌溉(对照,CK)4种灌溉方式(即4个处理),在苗期、块茎形成期和块茎膨大期测定各处理马铃薯地的土壤理化性状,在盛花期调查植株的主要农艺性状,在收获期测定块茎的产量和质量,并计算水分利用效率,筛选适宜广西冬种马铃薯高产高效生产的节水灌溉方式。【结果】与CK相比,处理A、处理B和处理C的土壤平均温度分别增加1.57、0.37和0.17℃;除苗期25.00 cm土层外,处理A在苗期和块茎形成期的土壤平均温度均极显著大于其他处理(P<0.01,下同);在马铃薯整个生长发育时期,处理A、处理B和处理C的土壤含水量分别较CK提高18.68%、11.43%和11.43%,除苗期和块茎膨大期0~10.00 cm土层外,处理A的土壤含水量均极显著大于其他处理;土壤孔隙度及碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量均表现为处理A>处理B>处理C>CK;处理A、处理B和处理C马铃薯的株高、主茎数、单株块茎数、单株块茎重和商品薯率均显著(P<0.05)或极显著大于CK,且除主茎数外均以处理A最大;处理A的块茎产量和水分利用效率分别为40.40 t/hm2和7.16 kg/m3,均极显著大于其他处理。【结论】冬种马铃薯采用膜下滴灌、露地滴灌和露地微喷灌均可有效提高土壤的水热及养分含量,提高水分利用效率,促进马铃薯植株生长和块茎产量提高,其中以膜下滴灌效果最佳,适宜在广西冬种马铃薯生产中推广应用。