β-Amylase Is Predominantly Localized to Plastids in the Developing Tuberous Root of Sweet Potato

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuber and tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. Based on previously reported in vitro assays, β amylase is considered as one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was shown often extrachloroplastic in living cells. Recently we have shown for the first time that β_amylase is predominantly immuno_localized to plastids in living cells of developing apple fruit. But it remains to know whether this model of β_amylase compartmentation is more widespread in plant living cells. The present experiment, conducted in tuberous root of sweet potato ( Ipomea batatas Lam. cv. Xushu 18) and via immunogold electron_microscopy technique, showed that β amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly localized in plastids especially at periphery of starch granules, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments, indicating that the enzyme is subcellularly compartmented in the same zone as its starch substrates. The density of gold particles (β amylase) in plastids was increasing during growing season, but the predominantly plastid_distributed pattern of β amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the tuberous root development. These data prove that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites, and so provide evidence to support the possible widespread biological function of the enzyme in catalyzing starch breakdown in plant living cells or at least in living cells of plant storage organs.

Analysis of Selenium Content in Root and Tuber Plants in Central Nigeria

Some common staple roots and tubers (cassava, yam, sweet potato and yellow yam) were analyzed for selenium content level using hydride generation—atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG-ASS) technique. Results for duplicate analysis revealed that sweet potato has the highest mean selenium content (19.2 ± 5.20 μg/kg), followed by yellow yam (18.3 ± 6.97 μg/kg), then yam (13.6 ± 7.12 μg/kg) and cassava the least (13.0 ± 5.84 μg/kg). In comparing our results with the literature values, most of the results obtained in this work such as <1.00, 1.09, 1.91, 2.35 and 11.0 μg/kg were lower while a few others like 52.6, 54.2, 72.3 and 81.8 μg/kg were higher than literature values. The variations could be due to the type of species/variety, geographical location, total selenium concentration in the soil and its bioavailability. In view of the importance of Se to human health and considering the levels found in the staples investigated, we recommend that sweet potato be popularized as a staple, much more than cassava as it is now the case in Central Nigeria.

转录组测序技术在甘薯研究中的应用

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料作物。随着高通量测序技术的快速发展,转录组测序技术已广泛应用于甘薯研究之中。为了今后利用转录组学技术更好地开展甘薯功能基因挖掘、重要性状调控机制解析等研究,本综述分析了各国研究机构共享的甘薯转录组数据,并总结了近年来转录组测序技术在甘薯逆境胁迫响应、块根发育和淀粉合成等方面的应用及取得的成果。认为目前甘薯转录组研究在试验设计、数据挖掘以及研究结果实用性方面仍存在不足。提出在未来研究中,可将转录组学技术与其他组学技术及遗传学分析方法相结合,以推动甘薯研究的不断深入。

广西地不容块根化学成分及其酪氨酸酶抑制、杀虫活性研究

目的研究广西地不容块根化学成分及其酪氨酸酶抑制、杀虫活性。方法广西地不容块根70%乙醇提取物采用Sephadex LH-20、MCI、ODS、半制备HPLC、HSCCC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。以左旋多巴为底物,测定酪氨酸酶抑制活性。以柑橘木虱防治效果为指标,评价杀虫活性。结果从中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为延胡索乙素(1)、去氢克班宁(2)、crebanine(3)、stephanine(4)、liriodenine(5)、piperumbellactam A(6)、sinoacutine(7)、(+)-salutaridine N-oxide(8)、bisnorargemonine(9)、(+)-corytuberine(10)、sebiferine(11)、palmatrubine(12)。化合物5~7对酪氨酸酶IC 50值分别为(0.1702±0.0101)、(0.7663±0.0331)、(0.5193±0.0075)mg/mL。化合物2~5、7、8、10~12对柑橘木虱的防治效果在(19.33±0.57)%~(77.15±0.45)%之间。结论化合物2、5、6、8~12为首次从该植物块根中分离得到,6、9为首次从千金藤属植物中分离得到。化合物5~7具有较强的酪氨酸酶抑制活性,7、8、10具有较强的杀虫活性。

肥水处理对一年生何首乌块根产量的影响

为探明一年生何首乌生长的水肥田间管理方法,以大棚盆栽何首乌为试材,用氮、磷、钾、水4因素3水平正交试验设计L^(9)(3^(4))方法,测定一年生何首乌产量及最大块根重量。结果表明,氮、磷、钾、水4个因素对何首乌块根产量的影响,其主次顺序依次为土壤持水量、磷肥、氮肥和钾肥;水和磷两个因素对何首乌产量的影响达到了极显著水平,而氮与钾两个因素未达到显著水平;产量随土壤持水量的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大产量出现在水因素为W_(2)时,为297.86 g/株;各处理何首乌最大块根重量在24.57~80.95 g的范围内变化;何首乌最大块根重量与其产量呈极显著正相关。一年生何首乌产量适宜土壤水分含量为65%田间持水量,磷肥单株每盆需要P_(2)O_(5)2.16 g。

温郁金、温莪术和醋莪术的寒热药性及其7种挥发性成分的比较研究

目的:验证温郁金、温莪术和醋莪术的寒热药性,探究3者挥发油中7种挥发性成分与其寒热药性的相关性。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油并对其含有的7种挥发性成分的含量通过气相色谱法(GC法)进行测定,给予SD雄性大鼠灌服寒凉药构建胃寒实证模型,再分别给予热性药、寒性药、生莪术、醋莪术、生郁金的水煎液治疗。通过观测比较大鼠在造模和给药的全过程中体质量、肛温、进食量、大便粒数和质地的变化,比较温郁金、温莪术和醋莪术的寒热药性。结果:温莪术醋制前后7种挥发性成分的含量差异不明显;温莪术挥发油中1,8-桉叶素、樟脑、龙脑、吉马酮、莪术二酮的含量明显高于温郁金上述成分的含量(P<0.01)。温莪术的生品、醋制品对胃寒导致的腹泻治疗效果弱于热性药的治疗效果,温莪术的生品、醋制品表现为脾胃温性,温郁金的生品会加重腹泻,但致泻效果较寒性药致泻效果弱,温郁金表现为脾胃弱寒性。结论:1,8-桉叶素、樟脑、吉马酮、莪术二酮4种挥发性成分的药理作用与温热药作用一致,且其含量高低与温郁金、温莪术和醋莪术寒热药性变化一致,推测这4种挥发性成分可能是其发挥寒热药性的重要物质基础。

月均气温对三叶青林下容器栽培苗光合特性及其块根总黄酮含量的影响

文章比较了2015—2019年五府山月均气温对三叶青林下容器栽培苗光合生理及其块根总黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,2015—2019年,五府山1月的气温最低,2—6月气温逐渐提升,7—8月气温达到最高值,9—12月气温逐渐下降。随着1—6月气温逐渐提高,五府山三叶青林下容器栽培苗叶绿素含量SPAD值、净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔限制值(L_(s))、瞬时羧化速率(CUE)、初始荧光(F_(o))、最大荧光(F_(m))、光下最小荧光(F′_(o))、光下最大荧光(F′_(m))、稳态荧光(F_(s))、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(o))、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率(F′_(v)/F′_(m))、光化学淬灭系数(q P)和块根总黄酮含量显著提高(P<0.05),胞间CO 2浓度(C_(i))、水分利用效率(WUE)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)显著下降(P<0.05);气温在7—8月达到最高值,五府山三叶青林下容器栽培苗叶绿素含量SPAD值、P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、L_(s)、CUE、F_(o)、F_(m)、F′_(o)、F′_(m)、F_(s)、F_(v)/F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(o)、ΦPSⅡ、F′_(v)/F′_(m)、q P和块根总黄酮含量达到最大值,C_(i)、WUE和NPQ达到最低值;9—12月气温逐渐下降,五府山三叶青林下容器栽培苗叶绿素含量SPAD值、P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、L_(s)、CUE、F_(o)、F_(m)、F′_(o)、F′_(m)、F_(s)、F_(v)/F_(m)、F_(v)/F_(o)、ΦPSⅡ、F′_(v)/F′_(m)、q P和块根总黄酮含量显著下降(P<0.05),C_(i)、WUE和NPQ显著提高(P<0.05)。本试验结果可为三叶青林下容器生态栽培提供气象因子(气温)依据。

木薯块根饲养番鸭试验与成效分析

为深入了解木薯块根作为饲料饲养番鸭的效果,采用晒干和发酵处理木薯块根组成配方进行试验。以专用饲料为对照,设计3个处理,每个处理60羽55日龄番鸭,单圈散养,饲养周期50 d。观测各组饲料特征,番鸭饲养过程中进食情况、成活率、增重、外观体型、屠体性能、鸭肉品质等,分析饲养番鸭成效。结果表明,木薯饲料饲养的番鸭均能正常生长,外观体型综合表现较好,具有农家番鸭特征;利用木薯饲养番鸭,可减少对玉米、小麦、稻谷等谷物粮食依赖,作为饲料开发具有较大潜力。

根茎类中草药收获机械自动化技术研究与应用

中草药收获是一个繁琐且劳动密集的过程,尤其对于根茎类中草药,传统的手工收获方式效率较低且劳动强度大,在中草药种植规模不断扩大的驱动下,机械自动化收获的作业模式逐渐被经营者接受,且通过机械化收获不仅能降低生产成本,而且有利于提高中草药收获的及时性,改善后期药材加工的效率,提高市场竞争力。基于此,分析了根茎类中草药栽培现状及收获机械发展情况,给出了根茎类中草药收获机械自动化技术的优化形式及国产典型设备的应用情况。

气相色谱法测定根茎类蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的基质效应研究

参照《蔬菜和水果中有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯和氨基甲酸酯类农药多残留的测定》(NY/T 761—2008),研究了气相色谱法测定根茎类蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的基质效应。结果表明,相同根茎类蔬菜基质中,有机磷农药添加量不同,产生的基质效应不同,且低浓度的有机磷农药产生的基质效应明显强于高浓度的有机磷农药;不同的有机磷农药在相同基质中表现出的基质效应具有明显差异,如氧乐果在根茎类蔬菜基质中均表现出很强的基质效应,最高达298%,而敌敌畏则表现为弱基质效应或不存在基质效应。建议对根茎类蔬菜进行有机磷农药残留检测时,先采用科学合理的方法消除或减少基质效应,如通过预实验确定最佳的基质加标浓度进行结果校正,从而保证检测结果的准确性与可靠性。

Root hemiparasitism in Malania oleifera(Olacaceae), a neglected aspect in research of the highly valued tree species

Malania oleifera(Olacaceae)is a valued tree species,mostly because its seeds have high precious fatty acid content(particularly nervonic acid).However,seedling mortality rates are often high and regeneration of this tree has been problematic,which greatly hinders its utilization at a large scale.Cultivation difficulties of some tree species in the family Olacaceae have been attributed to their root hemiparasitic habit.Prompted by field observations and the taxonomic proximity of M.oleifera to root hemiparasites in Olacaceae,we hypothesized that tuberous structures observed on the roots of M.oleifera are parasitic organs known as haustoria.To test this hypothesis,we collected root samples from M.oleifera plants of various ages and growth conditions,investigated the morphological and anatomical features of tuberous structures and their connections to neighboring roots.Our analyses confirmed that M.oleifera are root hemiparasites.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first empirical report on root hemiparasitism in M.oleifera.Because life strategies of root hemiparasitic plants differ greatly from autotrophic plants,the root hemiparasitic habit needs to be taken into account for successful seedling regeneration of M.oleifera.This study establishes the foundation for investigations into a long-neglected but essential aspect in research of these highly valued tree species.

基于化学模式识别的黄丝郁金醋炙前后HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金HPLC指纹图谱,并结合化学计量学探讨黄丝郁金醋炙前后化学成分的差异及潜在质量差异标志物。方法:收集15批四川产黄丝郁金药材并制备醋炙品,建立指纹图谱,进行相似度评价,采用SIMCA-P 14.1软件进行聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘判别分析。结果:建立了黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金指纹图谱,均确定了20个共有峰,并指认出2号峰为Bisacurone、3号峰为Bisacurone B、6号峰为双去甲氧基姜黄素、7号峰为去甲氧基姜黄素、8号峰为姜黄素、9号峰为莪术二酮、14号峰为芳姜黄酮、15号峰为吉马酮。相似度均≥0.939。聚类分析和主成分分析可基本上区分黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金,正交偏最小二乘判别分析共筛选出黄丝郁金醋炙前后7个质量差异标志物。结论:该研究建立的黄丝郁金、醋黄丝郁金HPLC指纹图谱结合化学计量学方法可用于探索黄丝郁金醋炙前后潜在质量标志物。

根菜类作物块根测定装置的研制

根菜类作物如甜菜、马铃薯等作物营养丰富,适合大面积种植,具有广阔的发展前景。但是,根菜类作物地上与地下生育进程和长势有很大区别,仅观测地上部长势不能准确判断地下部块根的生育进程。为解决实时观测地下部块根的生育进程,满足自动化管理的需要,设计一种块根自动测定装置,该装置由X型测定夹、阻值式变位计、内置导线、数据存储器等部件组成。利用该装置对甜菜块根生长进行田间测定试验,结果表明,该装置能够实时监测出甜菜块根生长状况,可以比较准确地判断甜菜所处生育时期以及块根直径,通过试验调查,所开发的装置对甜菜块根测定误差范围为2%~7%。

收获期菊芋根-块茎离散元柔性模型研究

目前,菊芋机械化收获过程中的清选及输送等环节作业参数设定缺乏适用的理论依据,以收获期菊芋根-块茎为研究对象,基于离散元方法建立了一种能反映根须柔性和块茎脱落力学特性的粘结模型并对其相关参数进行了标定。首先通过物理试验确定了菊芋根-块茎本征参数、基本接触参数及相关力学参数,然后在此基础上利用Hertz-Mindlin with bonding V2接触模型构建了菊芋根-块茎粘结模型,并通过单因素试验和响应曲面试验,分别标定了菊芋根颗粒之间和根与块茎颗粒之间法向粘结刚度、切向粘结刚度、临界法向应力、临界切向应力等粘结模型参数。菊芋根须三点弯曲及根-块茎拉伸试验结果表明,根须弯曲弹性模量仿真结果与实际测量值相对误差为4.29%;菊芋根-块茎抗拉力仿真结果与实际测量值相对误差为7.72%;菊芋块茎脱落试验结果表明,仿真试验与菊芋收获机实际田间作业相比,滚筒筛转速对菊芋块茎脱落率影响趋势一致,筛内物料筛分规律相符。所构建的菊芋根-块茎模型可用于菊芋机械化收获相关环节的分析研究。

栽插方式和密度互作对鲜食甘薯产量和商品品质的影响

为构建鲜食甘薯优质高效群体及确定其最优农艺参数,本试验以鲜食型甘薯品种烟薯25为材料,设置栽插方式和栽插密度两因素裂区试验处理,研究不同栽插方式和栽插密度对甘薯块根产量及商品品质的影响。结果表明,斜插秧条件下,与其它密度相比,栽插密度为66705株/hm^(2)处理(SD20)的块根整齐度、中型薯率和块根产量最高,单薯重变异系数降低8.58%~61.71%,中型薯率提高0.42%~29.44%,块根产量提高2.91%~20.82%;平插方式下,与其它密度相比,栽插密度78465株/hm^(2)处理(HD17)的块根整齐度、中型薯率和块根产量最高,单薯重变异系数降低2.95%~67.62%,中型薯率提高2.07%~56.75%,块根产量提高3.35%~13.36%。综上,斜插秧66705株/hm^(2)(SD20)或平插秧78465株/hm^(2)(HD17)能够获得较高产量和较优商品品质,斜插秧66705株/hm^(2)产量最高,平插秧78465株/hm^(2)薯块商品品质更优。

不同类型钾肥对滴灌甜菜产量及钾肥利用的影响

甜菜是我国及世界主要糖料作物之一,但钾肥的不合理利用严重制约了甜菜生产。以不同甜菜品种为研究对象,探究施用不同钾肥类型及不同钾肥用量对土壤钾素迁移、甜菜块根产量、产糖量及钾肥利用率的影响,以期确定适宜甜菜的钾肥类型及施用量。试验设置2个甜菜品种(KWS9899、KWS7748)、2种钾肥类型(氯化钾和硫酸钾)、4个钾肥施用量(以K_(2)O计0、105、210、315 kg/hm^(2))。结果表明:(1)在距离滴灌带水平10、20 cm处,两种甜菜均以施用钾肥(K_(2)O)315 kg/hm^(2)时土壤的速效钾迁移量最大,并且氯化钾肥的速效钾迁移量大于硫酸钾肥。同时,两种肥料类型下土壤中的速效钾均在20~40 cm土层中积累。(2)钾肥会提高甜菜块根产量和产糖量,以施用硫酸钾肥(K_(2)O 210 kg/hm^(2))的产量与产糖量最高,且两种甜菜钾肥利用效率均随氯化钾肥和硫酸钾肥施用量的增加而下降。综上,施用钾肥可以增加耕层土壤速效钾和全钾含量,进而提高了甜菜块根产量和产糖量,增加了钾肥农学利用率。硫酸钾肥(K_(2)O 210 kg/hm^(2))对甜菜的块根产量和产糖量增加效果最佳。

推进延安市薯类产业高质量发展的思考

延安市是陕西省薯类作物(马铃薯、甘薯)主产区之一,常年种植面积2.95万hm2,产量达52.25万t。薯类作物在推动延安市农村经济发展、加速农村产业结构调整方面发挥着重要作用。为深入挖掘薯类作物生产潜能,助推其在乡村振兴过程中发挥更大作用,通过对延安市薯类产业深入系统的调研,明晰了延安市薯类作物生产现状,分析了发展优势及存在问题,并针对产业实际提出了发展思路及对策,以期为延安市薯类产业高质量发展提供参考。

不同菊芋品种块茎和根系分布特征分析

为探究不同菊芋品种块茎和根系分布规律,以红白7个菊芋品种为试验材料进行极稀种植,通过半径取样调查研究的方法,分析了不同菊芋品种块茎和根系分布特征。结果表明,不同品种间的块茎数量和根系质量无显著相关性,块茎数量、根系质量与块茎质量均呈正相关;不同品种块茎的区域分布规律不同,菊芋1号和菊芋3号单位面积块茎数量随着距离根系中心半径的增加呈下降的趋势,菊芋2号、菊芋4号、菊芋5号、菊芋6号和菊芋7号品种单位面积块茎数量随着距离根系中心半径的增加呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势;一年拓展距离中心半径均<80cm的品种为菊芋3号、菊芋5号和菊芋6号,一年拓展距离中心半径达100 cm的品种为菊芋1号、菊芋2号、菊芋4号和菊芋7号。菊芋5号单株块茎质量最大,为12980.27 g·株^(-1);菊芋6号块茎分布最集中,为0~40 cm;菊芋4号块茎拓展距离远、块茎数量多,块茎数量达415.67个·株^(-1)。

Influence of biochar on growth performances,yield of root and tuber crops and controlling plant-parasitic nematodes

Root and tuber crops are important sources of food and provide income for millions of people worldwide besides an observed high demand for organically produced harvests.Hence,recent attention has been given to utilizing biochar,a carbon-rich material produced from the pyrolysis of organic materials,which improves soil structure,water-holding capacity,and nutrient availability,as an amendment to produce organic root and tuber crops.These effects are caused by the formation of organic coatings on the surface of biochar,which decreases hydrophobicity and increases the ability to retain nutrients,acting as a slow-release mechanism delivering nutrients dependent on plant physiological requirements.However,comprehensive studies on the impact of biochar application on root and tuber crop growth,productivity,and effectiveness in eliminating soil parasites have not been extensively studied.Thus,the purpose of this review is to explore the use of biochar and biochar-based soil amendments and their potential applications for improving the growth,yield,and efficacy of controlling parasitic nematodes in a wide range of root crops.Most of the studies have investigated the effects of biochar on cassava,sweet potatoes,and minor root crops such as ginger and turmeric.It has been observed that biochar application rates(5-20 t ha^(−1))increase the vine length and the number of leaves,tubers,and tuber weight.The addition of biochar demonstrates the ability to control plant-parasitic nematodes in a rate-dependent manner.While biochar has shown promising results in improving crop growth and yield of limited root and tuber crops based on a few biochar types,ample opportunities are around to evaluate the influence of biochar produced in different temperatures,feedstock,modifications and controlling parasitic nematodes.

三叶青早期结瘤类基因ThENODL1及ThENODL2的克隆及表达分析

近年来的研究显示,早期结瘤类(early nodulin-like, ENODL)基因在植物地下储藏器官的形成与发育中起到关键作用。课题组前期研究发现,一些早期结瘤类基因在三叶青块根初始发育期及膨大期高丰度表达。本研究克隆了两个三叶青(Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg)的早期结瘤类基因ThENODL1与ThENODL2的cDNA,初步的生物信息学分析表明, ThENODL1的开放阅读框长度为528 bp,编码175个氨基酸, ThENODL2的开放阅码框长度为651 bp,编码217个氨基酸, ThENODL1与ThENODL2都具有水稻早期结瘤类基因(OsENODL1_like)保守域,并具备早期结瘤类基因的基本分子结构特征。相对荧光定量分析显示, ThENODL1的cDNA表达量在块根中显著高于其他器官且在块根的初始发育阶段及膨大期显著提高, ThENODL2的cDNA在块根中的表达量最低且在块根发育的不同时期无显著差异。大肠杆菌原核表达体系的验证结果显示,所克隆的ThENODL1与ThENODL2的cDNA均可表达出与预期大小相符的蛋白质。本研究为进一步明确ThENODL基因在块根发育中的功能提供了基本分子生物学参考依据。