Impact of Migrant Populations on Tuberculosis Rates in Saudi Arabia: Assessing How Migration Patterns Affect TB Incidence and Control Measures: A Narrative Review

This research focuses on the effects of migration on the TB infection rate and its prevention in Saudi Arabia, which has a large number of expatriates from TB-affected countries. Despite, based on the current global statistics of TB occurrence, it is evident that the national incidence of TB has reduced from 10.55 per 100,000 in 2015 to 8.36 per 100,000 in 2019;despite this, there are still some difficulties because migrants bring new strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hindrances, including language barriers and perceived immigration status, hinder patients from seeking medical attention or doctors from diagnosing diseases. Each patient and each cultural group need special attention to public health, enhancing living circumstances, and health care support. Community participation, inclusion of TB control programs into functional healthcare facilities, and the functioning of TB programs need to be stressed to address TB issues. Considering the focus on social, economic, and cultural approaches, the country can make severe advancements in TB control and population protection. This holistic analysis is critical for a long-term effective strategy to combat TB in the Kingdom.

Occupation-related airborne diseases: Management and prevention of tuberculosis among nurses working in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital

Objective:More health workers die from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis(TB)than from any other infectious agent,so the current study is designed to assess TB treatment and preventive measures as they relate to nursing care practice.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 82 nurses from December 2022 to January 2023.The data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire and analyzed by frequency table and analysis of variance(ANOVA)statistics.Results:The researchers found that nurses have sufficient knowledge on Infection Prevention and Control(IPC)policy,but not all nurses follow this management protocol,and the reason for their action is addressed in this study.The management and preventive measures used by the participants were identified as:proper cough etiquette/hygiene,working in a well-ventilated area,use of mask,appropriate disposal of used items and so on was reported.Moreover,this study also discovered that there is a positive correlation between nurses who had received training in IPC policy and their use of airborne preventive measures for TB patients(F=1.87,P=0.002)as well as a positive correlation between the availability of resources and their adherence to the proper use of airborne preventive measures when caring for TB patients(F=1.96,P˂0.001).Conclusion:We proposed infection and control training for nurses and adequate equipment supplies to the TB ward which are required in quick TB diagnosis,and must be carried out on a regular basis by health-care personnel,for efficient nursing practice.Ensuring proper safety equipment and isolation units should be available and assessable for nurses or other health workers showing sign or symptoms of TB.Similarly,it is necessary for government to put in place the control and regulations that will safeguard nurses and mandate them to adopt TB prevention protocols,which will aid in lowering the prevalence of TB among nurses.

Scenario of Infection Prevention and Control Measures for Tuberculosis in Tuberculosis Inpatient and Outpatient Department in Tertiary Care Hospital

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in our country. Also nosocomial infection by tuberculosis can occur, which can be prevented by implementing simple, effective and affordable tuberculosis infection control measures in health care facilities. To evaluate the effectiveness of infection control measures, such study was planned. Questionnaires were administered to all doctors, healthcare workers and servants working in outdoor and indoor department of tuberculosis at tertiary care hospital to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on prevention and control of Tuberculosis infection. A scoring system was devised to grade them. One-time audit was also done in outpatient and inpatient department. The analysis showed scoring of poor for doctors, good for nurses and poor forward aids. There is a need to develop strategies for training of health care workers on regular basis in order to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections. Audit result shows a good level of environmental control measures. Better knowledge, attitude and practices are helpful for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. Also environmental control measures are helpful to prevent infection.

The Current Status and Challenges Regarding Tuberculosis Infection Control in Health Care Facilities in China

Health care facilities are a high-risk environment for generating and spreading respiratory infectious diseases such as tuberculosis （TB）. The TB prevention and treatment staff in health care facilities are responsible for the identification, diagnosis, treatment, supervision, and management of TB patients .

Candidate Vaccines against Tuberculosis and the Future of Novel TB Vaccine Research

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a global health challenge and currently only one licensed vaccine is available. For nearly 100 years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been in use. While it provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult and adolescent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. This literature review will provide an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discuss the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research, in combination with a general overview of the Tuberculosis (TB) disease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis itself. Methods: Bibliographic searches were carried out on medical journal databases, publishers, and aggregators. The most used databases were PubMed, NCBI and MDPI. Publications in English on these and other databases relating to novel TB vaccines were included in this review. Results: Currently, there are 12 main vaccine candidates in various phases of clinical trials, they include four protein or adjuvant vaccines, three viral-vectored vaccines, three mycobacterial whole cells or extract vaccines, and one each of the recombinant life and the attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. Currently, the most likely candidate vaccines are the M72 + AS01E and Vaccae vaccines. M72 + AS01E is a recombinant fusion protein vaccine candidate, clinical trials showed that administering two doses of M72/AS01E was successful in reducing the development of active TB disease with 50% efficacy. Studies have also proven the efficacy of Vaccae (which is currently in phase III clinical trials) as an adjunctive therapy, with it being curative in conjunction with current therapy. Conclusion: Given the morbidity and mortality suffered globally by M. tuberculosis, it is time to realize the seriousness of the situation and accelerate our commitment and investment to the eradication of this infectious disease. With the number of vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials having promising results, it is imperative to continue these studies and accelerate towards phase III licensure trials if we are to achieve the milestone of “End TB Strategy” by 2035. Today, we are witnessing immense progress in both preclinical and clinical TB vaccine research despite disappointing results from some of the clinical efficacy trials like that of MVA85A. We can revisit the design of vaccines and learn from them. It is important not only to recognize and give credit to those that have tested well in human trials, such as M72 + AS01E, but to expedite and improve its efficacy through funding of its research.

Study on Disease Distribution and Test Results of Tuberculosis of Regional Control Project in Guangxi, China

The purpose of this study is to investigate the disease distribution of tuberculosis in national regional project. 960 patients were selected from national tuberculosis control program who took treatments in the Fourth People’s Hospital Clinical Laboratory in Nanning Guangxi from January to November in 2013. Then we observed all those patients’ disease distribution and analyzed all the lab test indexes. We analyzed the results according to gender and age distribution. From the age distribution, we found that the incidence was lower at the age of 40 or younger, while higher incidence occurred to patients over 40 years old. There is statistical significance comparing these two age groups. P is less than 0.001. Disease distribution: 731 patients were infected with TB;21 patients were co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) and HIV. 196 patients were co-infected with TB and fungal. 12 patients were co-infected with TB, HIV and fungal. From the laboratory testing, we know there were 87 patients whose liver function indexes were abnormal. There were 192 patients whose blood RT indexes were abnormal. The liver function and blood RT indexes of patients with co-infection were higher than those infected purely. There is statistical significance in comparison P < 0.05. The study indicates that patients with older age are more likely infected with tuberculosis. In addition, there are a high proportion of patients with co-infection among these patients in this study. Meanwhile, the liver functions and blood RT indexes of patients combining with infection are higher than those infected TB purely. Prompt clinical prevention and treatment should be under reasonable inspections. General analysis can enable us to investigate more effective treatment plan. Then the best treatment result will be obtained.

TBS技术对广东省部分农区害鼠监测和防控效果研究

【目的】为保障广东省水稻安全生产,减轻农区害鼠为害损失,总结农区鼠害TBS技术试验成效,形成可复制可推广的防控技术模式。【方法】对TBS技术在广东省农区害鼠监测和防控效果进行了研究,在江门市台山市和河源市连平县设置5005 m TBS围栏、502个捕鼠桶。【结果】共捕获害鼠478只,捕获鼠种包括小家鼠151只,黄毛鼠126只,板齿鼠109只,褐家鼠76只,黄胸鼠16只,其中,小家鼠、黄毛鼠、板齿鼠、褐家鼠为当地农田主要鼠种,分别占捕获总量的31.6%、26.4%、22.8%和15.9%,捕获鼠种构成分别与2023年当地使用鼠夹法进行的鼠情监测结果基本一致。通过对不同生境捕获鼠数量的比较,结果显示,水稻苗期香蕉树区域TBS围栏捕获鼠数量显著高于河道区域,黄熟期荷花池区域捕获鼠数量显著高于河道区域。在连平县和台山市试验区均未捕获到害鼠,台山市对照区害鼠捕获率为10.50%,连平县对照区害鼠捕获率为9.50%,TBS技术对害鼠有较好的控制作用。台山市试验区和对照区的调查丛数、有效穗数和受害穗率存在显著差异(P<0.05),TBS围栏防治效果95.41%;连平县试验区和对照区有效穗数和受害穗率存在显著差异(P<0.05),TBS技术防治效果85.35%。【结论】TBS技术的应用,减轻了害鼠危害,减少稻谷损失。TBS技术具有安全、环保、可持续利用等特点,具有良好的应用前景。

Equity Study in Health Workforce on Tuberculosis Control in China: a Nationwide Evaluation

We aimed to describe the distribution of tuberculosis （TB） health workers in China and provide evidences of potential inequity for policy development. We used Lorenz curves and Gini index to characterize the distribution of TB health workers by population size, geographical area and number of annual registered TB cases. An additional stratified analysis was done by three economic regions. The Gini index were 0.33 for population size, 0.62 for geographical area and 0.30 for number of registered tuberculosis cases that indicated an acceptable average, significant inequity and a relative average distribution nationwide respectively.

A pilot study on prevalence and cure rate of tuberculosis in selected areas of Malabar 2006-07.

Objective:To study the prevalence and cure rate of tuberculosis(TB) and the people affected by TB in selected areas,considering different factors like age,sex,percentage of people affected,dosage forms,role of hospitals, and patient category.Methods:A detailed survey was carried out in and around Perinthalmanna and Wayanad(Urban and Rural) to understand the burden and overall trend of TB in our locality and how effective our TB control programme.More than 250 treatment cards were collected from the Government hospitals and TB Sanatorium.Results:In the study,at Perinthalmanna and Wayanad,out of 250 TB patients it was found that males is more susceptible than females,rural area accounting for the greater proportion of TB patients. Greater proportion were affected with pulmonary than extra pulmonary Tuberculosis.The incidence of tuberculosis in different age groups varied according to the area.Half proportion in both rural and urban areas were belonging to categoryⅡfollowed by categoryⅢ.Conclusion:The nature and magnitude of TB is more in rural area than urban area mainly because of the lack of awareness of the severity of disease and improper follow up of preventive measures.Our study suggests that the combined and committed efforts of government,non government organizations,medical and paramedical professional and society is required at large,to reach all patients and ensure that they receive high quality care.

健康教育在学校结核病防控中的价值研讨

目的研究学校结核病防控中应用健康教育的效果。方法于2021年1月—2022年12月时间段对某高中学校进行调查,选择该校三年级400名进行研究,其中1~5班采用常规校园疾病防控管理(200名),6~10班采用健康教育疾病防控管理模式(200名),观察指标为健康知识水平、防控措施落实情况、新发结核病发生情况。结果6~10班学生结核病防控知识高于1~5班学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);6~10班学生防控措施落实情况高于1~5班学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);6~10班学生新发结核病发生为0,低于1~5班学生3例(1.50%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);6~10班学生结核病主动汇报15例(7.50%),高于1~5班学生4例(2.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学校结核病防治过程中采用健康教育模式可以提升学生的健康知识水平,强化结核病防治措施落实效果,有效预防新发结核病发生,并提高其主动汇报率,改善学生预后效果。

The strategic framework of tuberculosis control and prevention in the elderly:a scoping review towards End TB targets

With the rapid pace of population ageing,tuberculosis(TB)in the elderly increasingly becomes a public health challenge.Despite the increasing burden and high risks for TB in the elderly,targeted strategy has not been well understood and evaluated.We undertook a scoping review to identify current TB strategies,research and policy gaps in the elderly and summarized the results within a strategic framework towards End TB targets.Databases of Embase,MEDLINE,Global health and EBM reviews were searched for original studies,review articles,and policy papers published in English between January 1990 and December 2015.Articles examining TB strategy,program,guideline or intervention in the elderly from public health perspective were included.Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria.Most of them were qualitative studies,issued in high-and middle-income countries and after 2000.To break the chain of TB transmission and reactivation in the elderly,infection control,interventions of avoiding delay in diagnosis and containment are essential for preventing transmission,especially in elderly institutions and aged immigrants;screening of latent TB infection and preventive therapy had effective impacts on reducing the risk of reactivation and should be used less reluctantly in older people;optimizing early case-finding with a high index of suspicion,systematic screening for prioritized high-risk groups,initial empirical and adequate follow-up treatment with close monitoring and evaluation,as well as enhanced programmatic management are fundamental pillars for active TB elimination.Evaluation of TB epidemiology,risk factors,impacts and cost-effectiveness of interventions,adopting accurate and rapid diagnostic tools,shorter and less toxic preventive therapy,are critical issues for developing strategy in the elderly towards End TB targets.TB control strategies in the elderly were comprehensively mapped in a causal link pathway.The framework and principals identified in this study will help to evaluate and improve current program,develop targeted strategy,as well as raise more discussions on the research priority settings and policy transitions.Given the scarceness of policy and evaluated interventions,as well as the unawareness of shifting TB epidemiology and strategy especially in developing countries,the increasing need of a ready TB program for the elderly warrants further research.

对Mtb与HIV双重感染防治重点县(区)结核病患者进行HIV检测的效果分析

目的分析全国Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作重点县(区)对结核病患者进行HIV检测的结果,为进一步完善Mtb与HIV双重感染的检出策略提供依据。方法采用流行病学研究方法,分析2010年和2012年全国294个Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作重点县(区)中开展HIV抗体检测的48 848和98 739例新登记结核病患者的筛查情况,同时将HIV抗体检测阳性率与全国结核病患者中HIV感染现状调查的阳性率及2540个非重点县(区)新登记结核病患者的HIV抗体检测阳性率进行对比。结果2010年,294个Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作重点县(区)结核病患者平均HIV筛查率为43.32%(48 848/112 757);进行HIV检测的结核病患者中HIV的总体检出率为2.71%(1324/48 848);非重点县(区)进行HIV检测的结核病患者中HIV的总体检出率为0.41%(185/45 274)。2012年,相应的比率分别为86.63%(98 739/113 978)、1.63%(1605/98 739)和0.39%(628/159 586)。2010、2012年重点县(区)HIV检出率[2.71%(1324/48 848)、1.63%(1605/98 739)]与非重点县(区)HIV检出率[0.41%(185/45 274)、0.39%(628/159 586)]比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=789.17、1080.37;P值均<0.0001)。2010、2012年294个重点县(区)共检测出Mtb与HIV双重感染者分别为1324例和1605例,占全国估算患者例数的50.40%(1324/2627)和63.64%(1605/2522)。结论2012年全国Mtb与HIV双重感染防治重点县(区)新登记的结核病患者中HIV检测例数和检出的Mtb与HIV双重感染者与2010年相比均有显著上升,Mtb与HIV双重感染防治重点县(区)筛查策略实施效果良好。

BCG—PPD与TB—PPD皮肤试验在大学生结核病筛查中的差异性分析

目的 比较卡介菌纯蛋白衍生物（purified protein derivative of BCG，BCG-PPD）与结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（purified protein derivative of tuberculin,TB-PPD）在大学生结核病筛查中的差异。 方法 回顾性分析2012—2013年北京市西城区3所大学2821名学生的结核病筛查数据。根据使用的PPD试剂种类进行分组，BCG-PPD组学生1386名；TB-PPD组学生1435名。对两组观察者分别进行结核菌素试验，72 h查验硬结平均直径，对强阳性者进行胸部X线检查。采用SPSS 11.5软件进行统计分析，用秩和检验对两组硬结平均直径进行比较,用χ^2检验对组间PPD结果分布频度及结核病筛查结果进行比较，当理论值＜1时，采用Fisher确切概率法，卡痕与PPD阳性结果间相关性分析采用logistic回归，P〈0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 中位硬结平均直径BCG-PPD组（6 mm）大于TB-PPD组（0 mm），差异有统计学意义（Z=－10.034, P〈0.05）。BCG-PPD组的阳性率（54.8%, 759/1386）明显高于TB-PPD组（32.7%,469/1435）（χ^2=139.818，P〈0.05）；PPD强阳性率BCG-PPD组为6.6%（92/1386）,高于TB-PPD组的3.4%（49/1435）（χ^2=15.425，P〈0.05）；BCG-PPD组的异常反应发生率为1.9%（27/1386），高于TB-PPD组的0.4%（6/1435），差异有统计学意义（χ^2=14.274，P〈0.05）。卡痕与PPD阳性结果相关，有卡痕者更容易出现PPD阳性结果（OR=2.046，95％CI=1.630～2.569，P〈0.05）。 结论 TB-PPD和BCG-PPD皮肤试验在大学生结核病筛查中的强阳性率和异常反应发生率上存在差别，有进一步探讨的必要。

国内外Mtb与HIV双重感染防治进展与展望

为了分析Mtb与HIV双重感染防治进展,发现存在问题与困难,探讨解决方法,提高Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作质量.查阅了近年来与Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作相关资料：WHO年报数据、政策指南等;我国出台政策文件及下发相关工作手册、国家级试点总结报告等;Mtb与HIV双重感染防治诊断、治疗及管理相关文献.结果说明自2004年WHO出台了《结核分枝杆菌/艾滋病病毒联合行动策略》以来,在Mtb与HIV双重感染患者发现、治疗、管理、预防等方面形成了较完善的策略,各国Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作取得了较大进步.我国围绕Mtb与HIV双重感染疫情监测,Mtb与HIV感染双向筛查、HIV感染者与AIDS患者进行异烟肼预防性治疗等方面开展了一系列试点工作,2010年我国Mtb与HIV双重感染防治工作已覆盖全国.但在结核病防治机构与艾滋病防治机构间合作、Mtb与HIV双重感染患者登记报告、Mtb与HIV感染双向筛查质量、Mtb与HIV双重感染患者管理的质量等方面仍有待于进一步提高.

上海市静安区肺结核患者家庭内儿童青少年密接结核感染筛查情况及医务人员态度调查

目的:了解上海市静安区肺结核患者家庭内密切接触结核病患者(以下简称密接)的儿童青少年潜伏感染筛查开展情况,为相关部门完善儿童青少年密接筛查工作提供参考依据。方法:2019年7月1日—2023年6月30日,选取上海市静安区管理的肺结核患者家庭内的儿童青少年密接78例,动员其进行结核潜伏感染筛查;对15名基层结核病防治医务人员进行问卷调查及访谈,了解其对结核潜伏感染的知晓情况及对潜伏感染检测、预防性服药的认识和态度等;对4名结核病领域专家进行访谈,了解其对于潜伏感染筛查及预防性服药具体问题的看法。结果:78例儿童青少年中,进行潜伏感染筛查者为26例,筛查率为33.33%;潜伏感染阳性者为4例,总潜伏感染率为15.38%;基层医生对潜伏感染结核发病概率、预防性治疗基本药物、疗程时间及判定是否应服药的影响因素等知晓率相对较低;有3位专家认为开展家庭内儿童青少年密接筛查及预防性服药有意义,应以阳性患者的儿童青少年密接为筛查和服药的重点人群。结论:上海市静安区肺结核患者家庭内儿童青少年密接潜伏感染筛查及预防性服药有意义,但是目前还存在筛查推广困难,需要政策及经费支持,应通过完善筛查流程、开展医务人员培训和加大社会宣传及推广力度等方式,争取早期干预潜伏感染者,最终减少结核病的发生。

2005—2022年上海市青浦区肺结核时空特征分析

目的:通过分析上海市青浦区2005—2022年的肺结核疫情,旨在发现区域内肺结核发病的空间聚集性及时空特征,为相关部门制定防控策略提供参考依据。方法:从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中筛选2005年1月1日—2022年12月31日上海市青浦区肺结核登记报告资料,进行空间全局自相关分析、空间局部自相关分析和时空扫描分析。结果:2005—2022年上海市青浦区男性肺结核患者数量多于女性患者,20~39岁年龄段肺结核患者数量最多。从时间上看,2013—2015年青浦区各街(镇)的发病率普遍上升,大部分街(镇)在此期间达到历年发病峰值,2015年之后各街(镇)的发病率呈逐步下降趋势。从空间上看,青浦区东部和西部地区整体发病率高于中心地区。2011年、2013年、2016年、2017年、2020年青浦区肺结核发病在空间上存在显著正相关性,呈现明显的空间集聚趋势,2010年青浦区肺结核发病的空间分布呈现负相关性。2005—2022年青浦区各街(镇)肺结核患者年均登记率的空间分布不均衡。2015—2022年青浦区肺结核患者呈现出明显的时空聚集特征。结论:2005—2022年青浦区肺结核病例男性显著多于女性,肺结核患者主要集中在20~39岁年龄段人群,且呈现时空聚集性,高发病率区域主要集中在青浦区西南部地区。相关部门应针对高发病区域和高风险人群加强筛查,制定分类分时的防控措施,从而有效防控肺结核疫情。

天津市某非定点综合三甲医院结核病防控工作实践与探讨

结核病是结核分枝杆菌感染引发的慢性呼吸道传染病,是重大公共卫生问题和社会问题,早发现、早防控、早治疗可以有效控制结核病的传播。该文总结了天津市某非定点综合三甲医院对结核病采取的防控措施,包括健全各项制度和管理规范、信息化建设、限制使用抗结核药、健康教育、监测高危人群、医防合作等,分析防控结果,以期探索结核病最佳防控模式、策略,从而有效控制结核病传播。

2014-2020年广东省不同年龄段结核病患者耐药特征及应对防治策略

目的 探究2014-2020年广东省期间各年龄段结核病患者的耐药特征与应对防治策略。方法 以2014-2020年广东省32个结核病耐药监测点中,确诊结核病患者的39 048株结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTB)临床分离株为研究对象,回顾性分析耐药结核病患者及实验室相关资料,并以年龄、地区进行分组,探讨MTB临床分离株对药物的耐药性趋势、耐药结核病(包括单耐药结核病(monodrug-resistant tuberculosis, MR-TB)、多耐药结核病(poly-resistant tuberculosis, PDR-TB)、耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, MDR-TB)和广泛耐药结核病(extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, XDRTB)的发病率差异,以及MTB临床分离株对重点药物(利福平和氧氟沙星)的耐药情况。结果 2014-2020年广东省32个结核病耐药监测点患者MTB临床分离株对9种抗结核药物在不同年度间、不同年龄段间的耐药率差异均无统计学意义(均P> 0.05)。MTB临床分离株的单耐药率、多耐药率、耐多药率、广泛耐药率和总耐药率分别为14.46%、5.16%、4.58%、1.29%。儿童组患者MTB临床分离株单耐药率(15.4%)高于青壮年组及老年组;青壮年组(5.0%)和老年组(5.0%)患者MTB临床分离株耐多药率高于儿童组患者;老年组患者MTB临床分离株广泛耐药率(2.1%)高于儿童组及青壮年组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.001)。来自珠三角地区的患者MTB临床分离株的单耐药率(14.8%)、多耐药率(5.3%)、耐多药率(4.7%)、广泛耐药率(1.4%)、耐氧氟沙星率(11.33%)和耐利福平率(6.92%)明显高于非珠三角地区,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.001)。结论 根据监测点数据,2014-2020年间,广东省耐药结核病的流行趋势平缓。但在特定人群(如儿童和老年人)中,耐药结核病的发病率较高,且珠三角地区的耐药结核病发病率和重点药物耐药率均高于广东省其他地区,值得进一步关注和采取防控策略。

猴结核病的流行与防控

非人灵长类(non-human primates,NHPs)是结核病的易感宿主,感染后,结核不仅会在种群中相互传播,也会传播给人类。目前尚无有效的疫苗预防NHPs结核。虽然目前的防控方案已经较为成熟,减少了圈养NHPs结核病的发病率,但疫情仍有发生。本文总结了世界范围圈养和野生环境下猴结核病的流行病学状况,对当前常用检测方法的优缺点进行分析,并总结当前NHPs的防控检测最常见做法。表明结核病对NHPs构成极大威胁,以提高NHPs饲养工作者、管理者对结核病的认知,为完善当前管理程序提供依据,以期为我国猴结核病的诊断防控提供参考。

进贤县2021—2023年肺结核流行病学特征及其防控措施探讨

目的分析进贤县2021—2023年肺结核流行病学特征,并探讨其防控措施。方法收集整理2021年1月至2023年12月期间进贤县报告记录的肺结核患者734例为研究对象,基于描述性流行病学方法,统计分析进贤县2021—2023年肺结核流行病学发展状况,就不同发病年份、月份、性别、年龄、职业特征等开展研究,提出针对性预防控制对策,帮助易感人群防控感染,降低肺结核发病率。结果2021—2023年进贤县共报告肺结核患者734例,2021—2023年进贤县肺结核年平均发病率逐年降低,其中2021年肺结核发病人数最多,2022年次之,2023年肺结核发病人数最少,在报告的进贤县肺结核患者734例中,男性患者为433例,女性患者为301例,男女比例为1.44∶1,男性肺结核发病率远远高于女性肺结核发病率(P<0.05);从肺结核患者年龄方面分析,患者发病年龄段广泛,多集中于15岁以上,其中0~14岁年龄组发病率为2.45%,15~64岁年龄组发病率最高,为65.53%,>65岁年龄组发病率为32.02%;发病时间分布方面分析,肺结核在1~12月各月份均有发病情况,其中肺结核发病率最高的3个月份分别是3月份11.85%、9月份10.35%和5月份9.26%,1月份肺结核发病率最低为5.31%;发病职业特征方面分析,734例肺结核患者中,农民、工人、学生发病率分别为42.78%、16.76%、10.35%,其他职业由高到低依次为家政服务人员、民工、医务人员、教师、商业服务人员、待业、离退休人员以及其他。结论进贤县2021—2023年肺结核流行病学特征呈现出显著的发病时间、年龄、性别、职业等差异,发病整体趋势逐年降低,针对肺结核流行病学特征制定切实可行防控措施,能在肺结核疾病防控中发挥积极作用,提高公共卫生安全。