Scenario of Infection Prevention and Control Measures for Tuberculosis in Tuberculosis Inpatient and Outpatient Department in Tertiary Care Hospital

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in our country. Also nosocomial infection by tuberculosis can occur, which can be prevented by implementing simple, effective and affordable tuberculosis infection control measures in health care facilities. To evaluate the effectiveness of infection control measures, such study was planned. Questionnaires were administered to all doctors, healthcare workers and servants working in outdoor and indoor department of tuberculosis at tertiary care hospital to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on prevention and control of Tuberculosis infection. A scoring system was devised to grade them. One-time audit was also done in outpatient and inpatient department. The analysis showed scoring of poor for doctors, good for nurses and poor forward aids. There is a need to develop strategies for training of health care workers on regular basis in order to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections. Audit result shows a good level of environmental control measures. Better knowledge, attitude and practices are helpful for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. Also environmental control measures are helpful to prevent infection.

Risk of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Patients with Coal Workers'Pneumoconiosis:A Case-control Study in China

The aim of this study was to estimate the association between occupational, environmental, behavioral risk factors, and active pulmonary tuberculosis（PTB） among coal workers＇ pneumoconiosis（CWP） patients. A matched case-control study was conducted in 86 CWP patients with active PTB and 86 CWP controls without TB. A standardized questionnaire was used for risk factors assessment. Conditioned logistic regression analysis was used to identify associations between the risk factors and active PTB among CWP patients. The results showed that the stage of CWP, poor workplace ventilation, family history of TB, and exposure to TB were independent risk factors for active PTB in patients with CWP with which recommendations for improving work environments, and for case finding activities in patients with CWP could be made.

The strategic framework of tuberculosis control and prevention in the elderly:a scoping review towards End TB targets

With the rapid pace of population ageing,tuberculosis(TB)in the elderly increasingly becomes a public health challenge.Despite the increasing burden and high risks for TB in the elderly,targeted strategy has not been well understood and evaluated.We undertook a scoping review to identify current TB strategies,research and policy gaps in the elderly and summarized the results within a strategic framework towards End TB targets.Databases of Embase,MEDLINE,Global health and EBM reviews were searched for original studies,review articles,and policy papers published in English between January 1990 and December 2015.Articles examining TB strategy,program,guideline or intervention in the elderly from public health perspective were included.Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria.Most of them were qualitative studies,issued in high-and middle-income countries and after 2000.To break the chain of TB transmission and reactivation in the elderly,infection control,interventions of avoiding delay in diagnosis and containment are essential for preventing transmission,especially in elderly institutions and aged immigrants;screening of latent TB infection and preventive therapy had effective impacts on reducing the risk of reactivation and should be used less reluctantly in older people;optimizing early case-finding with a high index of suspicion,systematic screening for prioritized high-risk groups,initial empirical and adequate follow-up treatment with close monitoring and evaluation,as well as enhanced programmatic management are fundamental pillars for active TB elimination.Evaluation of TB epidemiology,risk factors,impacts and cost-effectiveness of interventions,adopting accurate and rapid diagnostic tools,shorter and less toxic preventive therapy,are critical issues for developing strategy in the elderly towards End TB targets.TB control strategies in the elderly were comprehensively mapped in a causal link pathway.The framework and principals identified in this study will help to evaluate and improve current program,develop targeted strategy,as well as raise more discussions on the research priority settings and policy transitions.Given the scarceness of policy and evaluated interventions,as well as the unawareness of shifting TB epidemiology and strategy especially in developing countries,the increasing need of a ready TB program for the elderly warrants further research.

Identification and attribute analysis of key stakeholders who influence multidrug-resistant tuberculosis prevention and control in China

Background There could be various stakeholders who influencing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB)policy development and implementation,yet their attributes and roles remain unclear in practice.This study aimed to identify key stakeholders in the process of policy-making for MDR-TB control and prevention and to analyse the attributes and relationships of the stakeholders,providing evidence for further policy research on MDR-TB control.Methods This study was conducted from October 2018 to March 2019 and applied the stakeholder analysis guidelines and domestic stakeholder analysis.An initial candidate stakeholder list was developed by policy scanning.Ten experts were invited to identify these candidate stakeholders.The major attribute of these stakeholders were analysed using the Michell scoring method.Based on these results,the intertwined relationships among groups of stakeholders were analysed and mapped through a systematic scan of the policy and literature on MDR-TB control,as well as information obtained from the interviews.Results A list of 21 types of candidate stakeholders was developed after a literature review and policy scanning,of which 11 received 100%approval.After expert evaluation and identification(the total expert authority was 0.80),19 categories of stakeholders were approved and included in the stakeholder analysis.We categorized all of the stakeholders into three groups:(i)definitive stakeholders who are mainly involved in administrative departments and the Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC);(ii)expectant stakeholders who are mainly involved with MDR-TB patients,clinical departments of TB hospitals at different levels,community health care facilities,prefectural CDC and charity organizations;and(iii)latent stakeholders who mainly involved family members and neighbours of MDR-TB patients and TB related products manufacturers.Government departments and higher-level CDCs have strong decision-making power in developing MDR-TB control policies whereas the recommendations from service providers and the concerns of patients should be considered.Conclusions The MDR-TB prevention system was a multistakeholder cooperation system that was mainly led by government stakeholders.Enhancing communications with front-line service providers and patients on their unmet needs and evidence-based suggestions would highly benefit policy-making of MDR-TB prevention and control.

Tuberculosis infection prevention and control:why we need a whole systems approach

Infection prevention and control(IPC)measures to reduce transmission of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive tuberculosis(TB)in health facilities are well described but poorly implemented.The implementation of TB IPC has been assessed primarily through quantitative and structured approaches that treat administrative,environmental,and personal protective measures as discrete entities.We present an on-going project entitled Umoya omuhle(“good air”),conducted in two provinces of South Africa,that adopts an interdisciplinary,‘whole systems’approach to problem analysis and intervention development for reducing nosocomial transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb)through improved IPC.We suggest that TB IPC represents a complex intervention that is delivered within a dynamic context shaped by policy guidelines,health facility space,infrastructure,organisation of care,and management culture.Methods drawn from epidemiology,anthropology,and health policy and systems research enable rich contextual analysis of how nosocomial Mtb transmission occurs,as well as opportunities to address the problem holistically.A‘whole systems’approach can identify leverage points within the health facility infrastructure and organisation of care that can inform the design of interventions to reduce the risk of nosocomial Mtb transmission.

The status quo and challenges of prevention and control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China

Introduction Characterized as persistent and progressive pulmonary function declining,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response.A variety of psychiatric and somatic comorbidities can occur to the patients,such as depression,nutritional disorders,cardiovascular disease,and lung cancer.It is imposing great impacts on the quality of patients' life.In 2010 alone,the economic burden of COPD in the world was as high as 2.1 trillion dollars [1].The high prevalence,mortality,and morbidity have made this disease a major public health problem in socio-economic development with a rapidly aging population in China.

Achievements and challenges of the World Bank Loan/Department for International Development grant-assisted Tuberculosis Control Project in China

In March 2002,the government of China launched the World Bank Loan/ Department for International Development-supported Tuberculosis （TB） Control Project to reduce the prevalence and mortality of TB. The project generated promising results in policy development, strengthening of TB control systems, patient treatment success,funds management, and the introduction of legislation. In light of the global TB epidemic and control environment, it is useful to review the TB control priorities of the project, summarize the achievements and experiences around its implementation.

Efficacy of integrating short-course chemotherapy with Chinese herbs to treat multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in China: a study protocol

Background:Tuberculosis(TB)causedMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb)is one of infectious disease that lead a large number of morbidity and mortality all over the world.Although no reliable evidence has been found,it is considered that combining chemotherapeutic drugs with Chinese herbs can significantly improves the cure rate and the clinical therapeutic effect.Methods:Multi-drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis(MDR-PTB,n=258)patients with Qi-yin deficiency syndrome will be randomly assigned into a treatment group(n=172)or control/placebo group(n=86).The treatment group will receive the chemotherapeutic drugs combined with Chinese herbs granules(1+3 granules),while the control group will receive the chemotherapeutic drugs combined with Chinese herbs placebo(1+3 placebo granules).In addition,MDR-PTB(n=312)patients with Yin deficiency lung heat syndrome will be randomly assigned to a treatment(n=208)or control/placebo(n=104)group.The treatment group will receive the chemotherapeutic regimen combined with Chinese herbs granules(2+4 granules),while the control group will receive the chemotherapeutic drugs and Chinese herbs placebo(2+4 placebo granules).The primary outcome is cure rate,the secondary outcomes included time to sputum culture conversion,lesion absorption rate and cavity closure rate.BACTEC^(TM)MGIT^(TM)automated mycobacterial detection system will be used to evaluate theM.tb infection and drug resistance.Chi-square test and Cox regression will be conducted with SAS 9.4 Statistical software to analyze the data.Discussion:The treatment cycle for MDR-PTB using standardized modern medicine could cause lengthy substantial side effects.Chinese herbs have been used for many years to treat MDR-PTB,but are without high-quality evidence.Hence,it is unknown whether Chinese herbs enhances the clinical therapeutic effect of synthetic drugs for treating MDR-PTB.Therefore,this study will be conducted to evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of combining Chinese herbs and chemotherapeutic drugs to treat MDR-PTB cases.It will assist in screening new therapeutic drugs and establishing treatment plan that aims to improve the clinical therapeutic effect for MDR-PTB patients.Trial registration This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov(ChiCTR1900027720)on 24 November 2019(prospective registered).

Influence of garlic-insulated moxibustion on the therapeutic effect in re-treatment patients of pulmonary tuberculosis

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of moxibustion in re-treatment patients of pulmouary tuberculosis. Methods Fifty-three cases were randomly divided into an observation group （31 cases） and a control group （22 cases）. They were treated with routine chemotherapeutic program of western medicine, garlic-insulated moxibustion on main acupoints, Feishu （肺俞 BL 13）, Gaohuang （膏肓 BL 43）, Shenzhu （身柱 GV 12） was adopted in the observation group. The therapeutic effects were assessed by clinical symptoms and signs, X-ray, CT examination and laboratory indices. Results The focus absorption rate of 87.1%（27/31） in the observation group was better than that （63.6%,14/22） in the control group （P〈0.05）; the rate of bacteria-turned negativity in sputum was 90.5%（19/21）in the observation group which was better than that （56.3%, 9/16） in the control group （P〈0.05）; the observation group in improvement of lassitude, night sweat and cough was superior to the control group （all P〈0.05）. Conclusion Garlic-insulated moxibustion can increase the therapeutic effect for the retreatment patients of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Rising challenge of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China:a predictive study using Markov modeling

Background:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB)is on the rise in China.This study used a dynamic Markov model to predict the longitudinal trends of MDR-TB in China by 2050 and to assess the effects of alternative control measures.Methods:Eight states of tuberculosis transmission were set up in the Markov model using a hypothetical cohort of 100000 people.The prevalence of MDR-TB and bacteriologically confirmed drug-susceptible tuberculosis(DS-TB+)were simulated and MDR-TB was stratified into whether the disease was treated with the recommended regimen or not.Results:Without any intervention changes to current conditions,the prevalence of DS-TB+was projected to decline 67.7%by 2050,decreasing to 20 per 100000 people,whereas that of MDR-TB was expected to triple to 58/100000.Furthermore,86.2%of the MDR-TB cases would be left untreated by the year of 2050.In the case where MDR-TB detection rate reaches 50%or 70%at 5%per year,the decline in prevalence of MDR-TB would be 25.9 and 36.2%respectively.In the case where treatment coverage was improved to 70%or 100%at 5%per year,MDR-TB prevalence in 2050 would decrease by 13.8 and 24.1%,respectively.If both detection rate and treatment coverage reach 70%,the prevalence of MDR-TB by 2050 would be reduced to 28/100000 by a 51.7%reduction.Conclusions:MDR-TB,especially untreated MDR-TB,would rise rapidly under China’s current MDR-TB control strategies.Interventions designed to promote effective detection and treatment of MDR-TB are imperative in the fights against MDR-TB epidemics.

196例初治病原学阳性肺结核患者结核感染控制知识知晓情况调查

目的:调查初治病原学阳性肺结核患者结核感染控制知识掌握情况,为有效开展结核感染控制和健康教育工作提供依据。方法:对2019年1月至2023年1月于首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院、北京市昌平区结核病防治所、北京市大兴区结核病预防控制中心纳入的196例初治病原学阳性肺结核患者进行结核感染控制知识知晓情况问卷调查,调查内容包括患者的基本信息、结核感染控制知识问卷、临床信息等;发出问卷196份,有效问卷196份,有效率为100.0%。统计调查对象结核感染控制知识知晓情况,分析影响其结核病防治核心信息知晓情况的因素。结果:196例调查对象结核感染控制知识总知晓率为64.4%(2649/4116)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,相对于初中及以下学历,大专/本科及以上学历者结核感染控制知识知晓率达标的可能性更高(OR=6.659,95%CI:1.995~22.220);相对于有结核病接触史者,无结核病接触史者结核感染控制知识知晓率达标的可能性更低(OR=0.218,95%CI:0.054~0.886)。结论:初治病原学阳性肺结核患者结核感染控制知识知晓率尚有待提高,初中及以下文化程度和无结核病接触史的患者结核感染控制知识知晓率相对较低,需针对这部分人群开展结核病预防控制健康教育工作。

2018-2022年四川省病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者筛查情况分析

目的:分析2018-2022年四川省病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者的结核病筛查情况,为密切接触者的筛查和管理工作开展提供理论依据。方法:选取“结核病管理信息系统”中登记日期在2018年1月1日至2022年12月30日期间的病原学阳性肺结核患者及其密切接触者(与病原学阳性肺结核患者在确诊3个月至开始抗结核治疗后14 d内直接接触的人员)作为调查对象,其中,2018年1月1日至2022年12月30日登记的病原学阳性肺结核患者的密切接触者均为筛查对象;2022年登记的病原学阳性肺结核患者的密切接触者为随访对象。分析不同时间、不同类型密切接触者结核病筛查及活动性肺结核检出情况。结果:2018-2022年四川省共报告病原学阳性肺结核患者99 273例,登记其密切接触者260 661名,其中260 291名密切接触者进行了结核病可疑症状筛查,症状筛查率为99.86%,共检出活动性肺结核患者2623例,平均检出率为1.01%。有结核病可疑症状的密切接触者的结核病检查率(98.50%,6425/6523)和检出率(4.54%,292/6425)均明显高于无结核病可疑症状密切接触者的结核病检查率(86.40%,219 247/253 768)和检出率(1.06%,2331/219 247),差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)值分别为807.587和658.621,P值均<0.001)。家庭外密切接触者结核病检查率(96.53%,82 173/85 129)明显高于家庭内密切接触者(81.92%,143 499/175 162),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=10 595.710,P<0.001);家庭内密切接触者活动性肺结核检出率(1.58%,2264/143 499)明显高于家庭外密切接触者(0.44%,359/82 173),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=591.968,P<0.001)。对2022年新登记的42 078名病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者在患者诊断时开展症状筛查,39 056名(92.82%)开展了结核病检查,检出719例(1.84%)活动性肺结核患者;35.39%(9705/27 423)完成第2次随访(首次筛查6个月后),55.31%(5368/9705)接受结核病检查,检出2例(0.04%)活动性肺结核患者;仅7.08%(4072/57 474)完成第3次随访(首次筛查1年后),38.33%(1561/4072)接受了结核病检查,检出1例(0.06%)活动性肺结核患者。结论:2018-2022年四川省病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者筛查比例较高,但筛查效果不理想,应重视家庭外密切接触者结核病筛查工作,以及重视密切接触者首次筛查后6个月及1年后的随访工作。

广州市越秀区病原学阴性肺结核患者密切接触者筛查结果分析

目的:分析广州市越秀区病原学阴性肺结核患者密切接触者筛查情况,为病原学阴性肺结核患者密切接触者筛查和管理工作提供依据。方法:收集2019年1月1日至2022年12月31日在广州市越秀区结核病防治机构诊断的645例病原学阴性肺结核登记的1149名密切接触者(以下简称病原阴性接触组)筛查结果。以同期登记的920例病原学阳性肺结核患者的1780名密切接触者(以下简称病原阳性接触组)作为对照,比较两组密切接触者筛查情况。结果:病原学阴性指示病例645例,登记密切接触者1149名;密切接触者中男性534名,女性615名,检出肺结核患者45例(3.92%)。病原学阳性指示病例920例,登记密切接触者1780名;密切接触者中男性804名,女性976名,检出肺结核患者52例(2.92%)。两组密切接触者肺结核检出率差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.159,P=0.142)。病原学阴性接触组有可疑症状者27例(2.35%),检出肺结核19例(70.37%);无可疑症状者1122名(97.65%),检出肺结核26例(2.32%)。病原学阳性接触组有可疑症状者42例(2.36%),检出肺结核25例(59.52%);无可疑症状者1738名(97.64%),检出肺结核27例(1.55%),两组接触者中有可疑症状者的结核病检出率均高于无症状接触者,差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=324.482,P=0.000;χ^(2)=465.715,P=0.000)。结论:病原学阴性肺结核密切接触者中可发现肺结核患者。有可疑症状的密切接触者肺结核检出率高于无可疑症状的密切接触者。

北京市西城区不同结核病防治体系收治肺结核患者治疗管理情况分析

目的分析北京市西城区不同结核病防治体系模式中,收治肺结核患者间的差异,为做好肺结核患者治疗管理提供参考依据。方法从中国疾病预防控制信息系统导出2016年1月1日至2019年6月30日,现管理单位为北京市西城区结核病防治所的肺结核患者的资料。按现诊断单位将患者分为防治管一体组和三位一体组,对两组基本信息和临床特征进行回顾性分析。结果1000例患者纳入本研究,现诊断单位为西城区结核病防治所的为防治管一体组,现诊断单位为北京市级结核病防治所和市级定点医院的为三位一体组。防治管一体组385例(38.50%),三位一体组615例(61.50%)。防治管一体组全程查痰比例、采用标准化方案比例高于三位一体组(48.57%vs 23.90%,69.61%vs 51.06%),防治管一体组治愈率、成功治疗率高于三位一体组(32.21%vs 16.75%,95.06%vs 83.41%),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。防治管一体组有病原学结果比例高于三位一体组(89.61%vs 83.09%),三位一体组0月序有分子生物学结果比例高于防治管一体组(28.46%vs 18.70%),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论三位一体模式管理肺结核患者0月序有分子生物学结果比例高,存在不规范、不良转归多等问题,需要采取措施来提高患者治疗效果。

健康教育在学校结核病防控中的价值研讨

目的研究学校结核病防控中应用健康教育的效果。方法于2021年1月—2022年12月时间段对某高中学校进行调查,选择该校三年级400名进行研究,其中1~5班采用常规校园疾病防控管理(200名),6~10班采用健康教育疾病防控管理模式(200名),观察指标为健康知识水平、防控措施落实情况、新发结核病发生情况。结果6~10班学生结核病防控知识高于1~5班学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);6~10班学生防控措施落实情况高于1~5班学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);6~10班学生新发结核病发生为0,低于1~5班学生3例(1.50%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);6~10班学生结核病主动汇报15例(7.50%),高于1~5班学生4例(2.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学校结核病防治过程中采用健康教育模式可以提升学生的健康知识水平,强化结核病防治措施落实效果,有效预防新发结核病发生,并提高其主动汇报率,改善学生预后效果。

2018—2021年新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区肺结核患者家庭内密切接触者发病情况及影响因素分析

目的:分析结核病高负担环境中肺结核患者家庭内密切接触者发病风险及影响因素。方法:从“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”子系统“结核病管理信息系统”中收集2018年1月1日至2021年12月31日新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区12个县(市)确诊的肺结核患者作为指示病例,通过接触者筛查建立家庭内密切接触者队列,跟踪随访观察其发病情况。采用泊松回归模型分析指示病例的病原学特征、治疗状态、暴露情况,以及家庭内密切接触者既往肺结核病史等对其肺结核发病的影响因素。结果:截至2021年12月31日,共计调查了40182例肺结核指示病例、57142名家庭内密切接触者。在4年的随访期间,随访时间中位数(四分位数)为3.2(2.7,3.3)年,共计发现了3585例家庭内密切接触者肺结核续发患者,续发率为6.27%,共计观察180543人年,平均发病密度为1985.68/10万人年。其中,指示病例确诊后的第1年,其家庭内密切接触者肺结核发病率最高,约为3317.62/10万人年。泊松回归分析显示,指示病例病原学检测为涂阴、初治,家庭内密切接触者为男性、≥55岁、既往有肺结核接触史和肺结核病史均是家庭内密切接触者肺结核发病的危险因素[RR(95%CI)值分别为2.491(2.347~2.562)、1.221(1.102~1.354)、1.449(1.306~1.607)、8.451(6.388~11.179)、2.680(2.314~3.104)、4.479(3.852~5.207)]。结论:家庭内密切接触者是肺结核指示病例传播的高危人群,应加强家庭内密切接触者的筛查和宣传教育工作,尤其是其中的老年、男性、既往有肺结核接触史和肺结核病史者;也有必要在结核病高负担地区系统地扩大和加强家庭内密切接触者的追踪和预防性治疗策略。同时,建议在当前策略基础上纳入全部肺结核患者的密切接触者进行筛查,尤其是涂阴和仅分子生物学检测阳性患者。

2014-2020年广东省不同年龄段结核病患者耐药特征及应对防治策略

目的 探究2014-2020年广东省期间各年龄段结核病患者的耐药特征与应对防治策略。方法 以2014-2020年广东省32个结核病耐药监测点中,确诊结核病患者的39 048株结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTB)临床分离株为研究对象,回顾性分析耐药结核病患者及实验室相关资料,并以年龄、地区进行分组,探讨MTB临床分离株对药物的耐药性趋势、耐药结核病(包括单耐药结核病(monodrug-resistant tuberculosis, MR-TB)、多耐药结核病(poly-resistant tuberculosis, PDR-TB)、耐多药结核病(multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, MDR-TB)和广泛耐药结核病(extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, XDRTB)的发病率差异,以及MTB临床分离株对重点药物(利福平和氧氟沙星)的耐药情况。结果 2014-2020年广东省32个结核病耐药监测点患者MTB临床分离株对9种抗结核药物在不同年度间、不同年龄段间的耐药率差异均无统计学意义(均P> 0.05)。MTB临床分离株的单耐药率、多耐药率、耐多药率、广泛耐药率和总耐药率分别为14.46%、5.16%、4.58%、1.29%。儿童组患者MTB临床分离株单耐药率(15.4%)高于青壮年组及老年组;青壮年组(5.0%)和老年组(5.0%)患者MTB临床分离株耐多药率高于儿童组患者;老年组患者MTB临床分离株广泛耐药率(2.1%)高于儿童组及青壮年组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.001)。来自珠三角地区的患者MTB临床分离株的单耐药率(14.8%)、多耐药率(5.3%)、耐多药率(4.7%)、广泛耐药率(1.4%)、耐氧氟沙星率(11.33%)和耐利福平率(6.92%)明显高于非珠三角地区,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.001)。结论 根据监测点数据,2014-2020年间,广东省耐药结核病的流行趋势平缓。但在特定人群(如儿童和老年人)中,耐药结核病的发病率较高,且珠三角地区的耐药结核病发病率和重点药物耐药率均高于广东省其他地区,值得进一步关注和采取防控策略。

2005—2022年上海市青浦区肺结核时空特征分析

目的:通过分析上海市青浦区2005—2022年的肺结核疫情,旨在发现区域内肺结核发病的空间聚集性及时空特征,为相关部门制定防控策略提供参考依据。方法:从中国疾病预防控制信息系统中筛选2005年1月1日—2022年12月31日上海市青浦区肺结核登记报告资料,进行空间全局自相关分析、空间局部自相关分析和时空扫描分析。结果:2005—2022年上海市青浦区男性肺结核患者数量多于女性患者,20~39岁年龄段肺结核患者数量最多。从时间上看,2013—2015年青浦区各街(镇)的发病率普遍上升,大部分街(镇)在此期间达到历年发病峰值,2015年之后各街(镇)的发病率呈逐步下降趋势。从空间上看,青浦区东部和西部地区整体发病率高于中心地区。2011年、2013年、2016年、2017年、2020年青浦区肺结核发病在空间上存在显著正相关性,呈现明显的空间集聚趋势,2010年青浦区肺结核发病的空间分布呈现负相关性。2005—2022年青浦区各街(镇)肺结核患者年均登记率的空间分布不均衡。2015—2022年青浦区肺结核患者呈现出明显的时空聚集特征。结论:2005—2022年青浦区肺结核病例男性显著多于女性,肺结核患者主要集中在20~39岁年龄段人群,且呈现时空聚集性,高发病率区域主要集中在青浦区西南部地区。相关部门应针对高发病区域和高风险人群加强筛查,制定分类分时的防控措施,从而有效防控肺结核疫情。

天津市某非定点综合三甲医院结核病防控工作实践与探讨

结核病是结核分枝杆菌感染引发的慢性呼吸道传染病,是重大公共卫生问题和社会问题,早发现、早防控、早治疗可以有效控制结核病的传播。该文总结了天津市某非定点综合三甲医院对结核病采取的防控措施,包括健全各项制度和管理规范、信息化建设、限制使用抗结核药、健康教育、监测高危人群、医防合作等,分析防控结果,以期探索结核病最佳防控模式、策略,从而有效控制结核病传播。

宏基因组二代测序在实体器官移植感染防控中的应用

器官移植已成为多种终末期疾病的有效治疗手段,但器官移植受者术后需长期服用免疫抑制药,导致免疫功能低下,使得细菌、病毒和真菌感染的发生率相对较高。以病原学培养、免疫学检测和聚合酶链反应为代表的传统微生物检测方法被广泛用于感染检测,但存在耗时长、需预先假定病原体等问题。宏基因组二代测序由于具有病原体检出率高、对病原谱检测全面的优点,近年来被广泛应用于器官移植领域的感染防控。本文就宏基因组二代测序技术在实体器官移植感染防控上的应用现状进行综述,以期对移植相关感染的诊断和治疗提供参考。