Traditional Chinese medicine: empowering tuberculosis prevention and control

Dear Editor,Tuberculosis(TB)is an airborne chronic infectious disease,posing long-lasting challenges and causing extensive health crises and deaths to humanity throughout history,despite existing prevention and treatment methods.The latest TB statistics report released by the World Health Organization in 2023 pointed out that,in 2022,the world recorded approximately 10.6 million new confirmed cases of TB.Among them,China accounted for about 748,000,around 7.1%of the total[1].

The Role of Pyridoxine in the Prevention and Treatment of Neuropathy and Neurotoxicity Associated with Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens: A Topic Review

Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) is a global public health problem caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to Rifampicin. Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy and neurotoxicity are well-known adverse effects of treatment regimens that cause significant morbidity. Pyridoxine is often added to treatment regimens for the prevention and/or treatment of these side effects. The basis and effectiveness of this practice are unclear. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of pyridoxine in preventing and/or treating neuropathy and neurotoxicity associated with RR-TB treatment. We included studies with patients with RR-TB who experienced neuropathy or neurotoxicity attributed to RR-TB regimens and were given pyridoxine. Our findings showed contradicting evidence on the use of pyridoxine for preventing or treating neurotoxicity due to cycloserine in the treatment of RR-TB. Moreover, pyridoxine did not have a protective effect against neuropathy and/or neurotoxicity caused by other RR-TB regimens that do not contain isoniazid. In conclusion, we found that withdrawing or withholding medications such as linezolid, cycloserine, thioamides, fluoroquinolones, and ethambutol, implicated in causing neuropathy or neurotoxicity was more effective than using pyridoxine to stop the progression of symptoms, and in some instances, led to their reversal over time.

Occupation-related airborne diseases: Management and prevention of tuberculosis among nurses working in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital

Objective:More health workers die from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis(TB)than from any other infectious agent,so the current study is designed to assess TB treatment and preventive measures as they relate to nursing care practice.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 82 nurses from December 2022 to January 2023.The data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire and analyzed by frequency table and analysis of variance(ANOVA)statistics.Results:The researchers found that nurses have sufficient knowledge on Infection Prevention and Control(IPC)policy,but not all nurses follow this management protocol,and the reason for their action is addressed in this study.The management and preventive measures used by the participants were identified as:proper cough etiquette/hygiene,working in a well-ventilated area,use of mask,appropriate disposal of used items and so on was reported.Moreover,this study also discovered that there is a positive correlation between nurses who had received training in IPC policy and their use of airborne preventive measures for TB patients(F=1.87,P=0.002)as well as a positive correlation between the availability of resources and their adherence to the proper use of airborne preventive measures when caring for TB patients(F=1.96,P˂0.001).Conclusion:We proposed infection and control training for nurses and adequate equipment supplies to the TB ward which are required in quick TB diagnosis,and must be carried out on a regular basis by health-care personnel,for efficient nursing practice.Ensuring proper safety equipment and isolation units should be available and assessable for nurses or other health workers showing sign or symptoms of TB.Similarly,it is necessary for government to put in place the control and regulations that will safeguard nurses and mandate them to adopt TB prevention protocols,which will aid in lowering the prevalence of TB among nurses.

Primary gastroduodenal tuberculosis presenting as gastric outlet obstruction:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis(TB)is the causative agent of TB,a chronic granulo-matous illness.This disease is prevalent in low-income countries,posing a significant global health challenge.Gastrointestinal TB is one of the three forms.The disease can mimic other intra-abdominal conditions,leading to delayed diagnosis owing to the absence of specific symptoms.While gastric outlet obs-truction(GOO)remains a frequent complication,its incidence has declined with the advent of proton pump inhibitors and Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy.Gastroduodenal TB can cause upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,obstruction,and malignancy-like tumors.CASE SUMMARY A 23-year-old male presented with recurrent epigastric pain,distension,nausea,vomiting,and weight loss,prompting a referral to a gastroenterologist clinic.Endoscopic examination revealed distorted gastric mucosa and signs of chronic inflammation.However,treatment was interrupted,possibly owing to vomiting or comorbidities such as human immunodeficiency virus infection or diabetes.Subsequent surgical intervention revealed a dilated stomach and diffuse thickening of the duodenal wall.Resection revealed gastric wall effacement with TB.CONCLUSION Primary gastric TB is rare,frequently leading to GOO.Given its rarity,suspicions should be promptly raised when encountering relevant symptoms,often requiring surgical intervention for diagnosis and treatment.

Analysis of the influencing factors and clinical related characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND In China,the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)among diabetic patients is estimated to be between 90%-95%.Additionally,China is among the 22 countries burdened by a high number of tuberculosis cases,with approximately 4.5 million individuals affected by active tuberculosis.Notably,T2DM poses a significant risk factor for the development of tuberculosis,as evidenced by the increased incidence of T2DM coexisting with pulmonary tuberculosis(T2DMPTB),which has risen from 19.3%to 24.1%.It is evident that these two diseases are intricately interconnected and mutually reinforcing in nature.AIM To elucidate the clinical features of individuals diagnosed with both T2DM and tuberculosis(T2DM-PTB),as well as to investigate the potential risk factors associated with active tuberculosis in patients with T2DM.METHODS T2DM-PTB patients who visited our hospital between January 2020 and January 2023 were selected as the observation group,Simple DM patients presenting to our hospital in the same period were the control group,Controls and case groups were matched 1:2 according to the principle of the same sex,age difference(±3)years and disease duration difference(±5)years,patients were investigated for general demographic characteristics,diabetes-related characteristics,body immune status,lifestyle and behavioral habits,univariate and multivariate analysis of the data using conditional logistic regression,calculate the odds ratio(OR)values and 95%CI of OR values.RESULTS A total of 315 study subjects were included in this study,including 105 subjects in the observation group and 210 subjects in the control group.Comparison of the results of both anthropometric and biochemical measures showed that the constitution index,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure and lymphocyte count were significantly lower in the case group,while fasting blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher than those in the control group.The results of univariate analysis showed that poor glucose control,hypoproteinemia,lymphopenia,TB contact history,high infection,smoking and alcohol consumption were positively associated with PTB in T2DM patients;married,history of hypertension,treatment of oral hypoglycemic drugs plus insulin,overweight,obesity and regular exercise were negatively associated with PTB in T2DM patients.Results of multivariate stepwise regression analysis found lymphopenia(OR=17.75,95%CI:3.40-92.74),smoking(OR=12.25,95%CI:2.53-59.37),history of TB contact(OR=6.56,95%CI:1.23-35.03)and poor glycemic control(OR=3.37,95%CI:1.11-10.25)was associated with an increased risk of developing PTB in patients with T2DM,While being overweight(OR=0.23,95%CI:0.08-0.72)and obesity(OR=0.11,95%CI:0.02-0.72)was associated with a reduced risk of developing PTB in patients with T2DM.CONCLUSION T2DM-PTB patients are prone to worse glycemic control,higher infection frequency,and a higher proportion of people smoking,drinking alcohol,and lack of exercise.Lymphopenia,smoking,history of TB exposure,poor glycemic control were independent risk factors for T2DM-PTB,and overweight and obesity were associated with reduced risk of concurrent PTB in patients with T2DM.

Unveiling the Threat: Case Reports of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Sanctuary Chimpanzees

Primate sanctuaries across Africa play a pivotal role in the rescue and rehabilitation of confiscated and rescued wild primates, many of whom have had extensive contact with humans prior to their arrival and throughout the rehabilitation process, heightening the risk of disease transmission. While tuberculosis is not naturally occurring in free-living chimpanzees, it has been extensively observed in captive primates that have been in close proximity to humans or other captive primates infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This case report delves into an outbreak of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis among juvenile chimpanzees within a sanctuary, detailing the associated diagnostic challenges and treatment approaches. The five cases had close contact with a caregiver infected with tuberculosis, subsequently transmitting the infection to other in-contact chimpanzees. Prolonged treatment, employing the human protocol of quadri-therapy (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol), followed by bi-therapy (rifampicin and isoniazid), resulted in complete resolution for all five cases. These cases underscore the critical importance of maintaining high levels of biosecurity, implementing effective quarantine measures, and adhering to strict hygiene practices when working with non-human primates.

COVID-19/Tuberculosis Co-Infection at the Epidemic Treatment Center (ETC) of Saint-Louis (Senegal): About 9 Cases

Introduction: COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome. In countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, coinfection of COVID-19 and TB is often encountered, which increases the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of COVID-19/TB coinfection at the Epidemic treatment center (ETC) in Saint-Louis (Senegal) and to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and outcome profile of co-infected patients. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive cohort study based on the records of COVID-19/ TB co-infected patients who were hospitalized at the ETC in Saint-Louis (Senegal) over an 18-month period from March 2020 to September 2021. Results: Out of a total of 454 hospitalizations, we collected records of 9 patients co-infected with COVID-19/TB, resulting in a prevalence of 2%. The study included patients with a median age of 34 years (range: 10-86 years), with a male predominance (7 cases) and a sex ratio of 3.5. The majority of patients (88.9%) had severe forms of COVID-19. Dyspnea and cough were reported in all patients (100%). Pulmonary TB was the most frequent localization, with 9 cases. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by nasopharyngeal PCR in all patients (100%). Bacilloscopy was positive in 3 out of 5 cases. One patient tested positive for GeneXpert? MTB/RIF without rifampicin resistance. All patients were prescribed the hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination and anti-tuberculosis treatment. Out of the nine patients, four recovered (44.4%) and five died (55.5%). Conclusion: COVID-19/TB coinfection had a low prevalence in our cohort, but was associated with a high mortality due to the frequent occurrence of severe forms of the disease.

Primary extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis warrants extraprecautious pulmonary tuberculosis exclusion workup

This editorial article takes an opportunity to apprehend the diagnostic challenges of primary gastrointestinal tuberculosis(an uncommon extrapulmonary tuberculosis condition)utilizing the recently published case report of a young male with prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms and weight loss who received intermittent anti-tubercular treatment and underwent operative interventions to relieve gastric outlet obstruction.The diagnosis chiefly relied on high-end examinations,like computed tomography scans and histopathological evaluation of postoperatively resected bowel tissue,which wasn't preceded by an all-inclusive stepwise primary pulmonary tuberculosis exclusion approach that usually begins with a detailed tuberculosis-pertinent history acquisition.Given the geographic locations where the patient had been(and/or treated),pivotal consideration of tuberculosis-associated endemicities in those regions,like human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection,might have improved the case description.The obtainment of HIV-relevant histories,like intravenous drug use and sexual practice,are good places to start.The sputum bacteriology also seems imperative to rule out atypical Mycobacterium species infection because of its clinico-radiohistopathological resemblance with pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Altogether,this editorial aims to underscore that primary extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis should comprise an elaborative,comprehensive,systematic,and stepwise primary pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis exclusion workup.

Community Caregivers’ Experiences and Programmatic Strategies to Improve Active Case Finding in Community Tuberculosis Care in Botswana 2016-2021

Background: The community tuberculosis care program was started to reduce the impact of TB and increase successful treatment outcomes, thus contributing to meeting WHO targets on TB. According to the Botswana Ministry of Health, community tuberculosis care was introduced with the main goal of reducing tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality among communities through the expansion of direct observed therapy and community involvement to community settings. The community caregivers were to support tuberculosis patients throughout their treatment period until they were cured or had completed their treatment. Settings: Two major cities of Botswana, Francistown and Gaborone, with more than twenty-two health clinics offering tuberculosis care. Objective: To investigate community caregivers’ experiences and identify programmatic strategies to improve active TB case findings under the community TB care (CTBC) program in Botswana during 2016-2021. Methods: We adopted a descriptive qualitative research design, followed by convenience purposive sampling. We obtained consent and interviewed 40 participants who met the inclusion criteria, 16 out of 73 in Gaborone and 24 out of 38 from Francistown. Results: We interviewed 40 caregivers with a mean age of 43.4 years. Accepting the caregiving role was identified as the main experience by more than two thirds of the caregivers. While at least more than two-fifth felt obligated to care for the patient at home due to personal relations. More than half of the respondents found caregiving difficult or frustrating due to some challenges encountered during the caregiving role. Behavioral modifications were suggested under different subthemes as strategies to improve active case finding. [-rId13-]Conclusion: Acceptance was the major experience in CTBC. Intensification of known programmatic strategies was suggested by caregivers to improve tuberculosis active case finding in CTBC.

Beyond dentistry:could prevention and screening for neurodegenerative diseases start in the dental office?

The differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex and relies on clinical assessment,biomarker levels in cerebrospinal fluid,neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment.The efforts of the scientific community are focused on two aspects:a)the discovery of minimally invasive biomarkers;b)the discovery of early biomarkers that can predict the progression to clinical disease in the presymptomatic stage of a disease.Considering the impact of the number of patients affected by chronic neurodegenerative diseases on public health expenditures,early diagnosis seems to be a primary need of our society.

Cervical cancer prevention in China: where are we now, and what's next?

Cervical cancer(CC) epidemiology CC, the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide, is a major global health challenge, particularly in low-resource regions. Approximately 88.1% of the 604,000 CC new cases occurred in low-and middle-income countries in 2020, and more than 90% of the 342,000 CC deaths occurred in low-and middle-income countries in 2020~1.

Community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

The Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China(2022)intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in China.This is the third section of the report with a specific focus on community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).This section of the report underscores the importance of initiatives outlined in the"Healthy China 2030 Plan,"emphasizing the comprehensive prevention and control strategy for chronic diseases.A key aspect of this plan involves the establishment of national demonstration areas aimed at comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases.By 2020,488 such areas had been set up across China,surpassing the initial target and covering a significant proportion of counties and districts.The report highlights the successful implementation of these strategies in Lishan district,Anshan city,where demonstration areas for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases were launched in 2013.Over the course of seven years,the number of healthy units increased substantially,leading to improvements in managing risk factors for CVD among residents.Significant reductions in prevalence rates of overweight,obesity,smoking,passive smoking,and drinking were observed,along with the development of healthier behaviors among residents.Similarly,Qiaokou district in Wuhan City,designated as a national demonstration area in 2014,implemented comprehensive public health promotion initiatives.Notably,special clinics for hypertension intervention were established,contributing to an increase in self-reported rates of hypertension,a slight decrease in prevalence,and a remarkable improvement in the control rate among treated patients.Overall,these efforts underscore the effectiveness of community-based approaches in driving positive health outcomes and advancing the comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases,particularly cardiovascular diseases,in China.

Molecular Identification of Mycobacterium Strains Responsible of Bovine Tuberculosis Cases in Bobo-Dioulasso Slaughterhouse, Burkina Faso

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an endemic zoonosis significantly affects animal health in Burkina Faso. The primary causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) complex, mainly M. bovis. Cattle are considered as natural reservoir of M. bovis. However, in Burkina Faso, the circulation of these strains remains poorly understood and documented. This study aimed to identify and characterize Mycobacterium strains from suspected carcasses during routine meat inspection at Bobo-Dioulasso refrigerated slaughterhouse. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to December 2022 on cases of seizures linked to suspected bovine tuberculosis. Microbiological and molecular analyzes were used for mycobacterial strain isolation and characterization. Out of 50 samples, 24% tested positive by microscopy and 12% by culture. Molecular analysis identified 6 strains of Mycobacteria, exclusively Mycobacterium bovis specifically the subspecies bovis (Mycobacterium bovis subsp bovis). In conclusion, M. bovis subsp bovis is the primary agent responsible for bovine tuberculosis in Bobo-Dioulasso. Continuous monitoring of mycobacterial strains is therefore necessary for the effective control of this pathology in the local cattle population.

Effectiveness of Histopathological Examination of Ultrasound-guided Puncture Biopsy Samples for Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of histopathological examination of ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy samples in extrapulmonary tuberculosis(EPTB).Methods This study was conducted at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center.A total of 115patients underwent ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy,followed by MGIT 960 culture(culture),smear,Gene Xpert MTB/RIF(Xpert),and histopathological examination.These assays were performed to evaluate their effectiveness in diagnosing EPTB in comparison to two different diagnostic criteria:liquid culture and composite reference standard(CRS).Results When CRS was used as the reference standard,the sensitivity and specificity of culture,smear,Xpert,and histopathological examination were(44.83%,89.29%),(51.72%,89.29%),(70.11%,96.43%),and(85.06%,82.14%),respectively.Based on liquid culture tests,the sensitivity and specificity of smear,Xpert,and pathological examination were(66.67%,72.60%),(83.33%,63.01%),and(92.86%,45.21%),respectively.Histopathological examination showed the highest sensitivity but lowest specificity.Further,we found that the combination of Xpert and histopathological examination showed a sensitivity of 90.80%and a specificity of 89.29%.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided puncture sampling is safe and effective for the diagnosis of EPTB.Compared with culture,smear,and Xpert,histopathological examination showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity.The combination of histopathology with Xpert showed the best performance characteristics.

Factors of Adherence to Concurrent Tuberculosis Treatment and Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-TB Co-Infected Individuals in the East Region, Cameroon in the COVID-19 Era: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Context/Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infection is a serious health problem in Cameroon. The problems associated with poor adherence to treatment are on the increase worldwide. This problem can be observed in all situations where patients are required to administer their own medication, whatever the type of illness. The general objective of this study was to assess the factors affecting adherence to treatment among HIV-TB co-infected patients in health facilities in the East Region in the COVID context. Method: A retrospective cohort study before and during COVID-19 was conducted in HIV care units in 13 health districts in the East Region of Cameroon. Data were collected using a questionnaire recorded in the Kobo Collect android application, analyzed using SPSS version 25 software and plotted using Excel. Results: The pre-COVID-19 cohort compared to the during-COVID-19 cohort had a 1.90 risk of not adhering to treatment (OR: 1.90, CI {1.90 - 3.37}) and the difference was statistically significant at the 5% level (p-value = 0.029). Frequency of adherence was 65.4% (140/214). Adherence before COVID-19 was 56.9% whereas during COVID-19, it was 74.3%. Conclusion: The implementation of targeted interventions in the COVID-19 context, using evidence-based data and integrating the individual needs of HIV-TB co-infected patients, improved adherence to concurrent anti-tuberculosis treatment and antiretroviral therapy during the COVID-19 Era.

Push forward LC-MS-based therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacometabolomics for anti-tuberculosis precision dosing and comprehensive clinical management

The spread of tuberculosis(TB),especially multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB,has strongly motivated the research and development of new anti-TB drugs.New strategies to facilitate drug combinations,including pharmacokinetics-guided dose optimization and toxicology studies of first-and second-line anti-TB drugs have also been introduced and recommended.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)has arguably become the gold standard in the analysis of both endo-and exo-genous compounds.This technique has been applied successfully not only for therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)but also for pharmacometabolomics analysis.TDM improves the effectiveness of treatment,reduces adverse drug reactions,and the likelihood of drug resistance development in TB patients by determining dosage regimens that produce concentrations within the therapeutic target window.Based on TDM,the dose would be optimized individually to achieve favorable outcomes.Pharmacometabolomics is essential in generating and validating hypotheses regarding the metabolism of anti-TB drugs,aiding in the discovery of potential biomarkers for TB diagnostics,treatment monitoring,and outcome evaluation.This article highlighted the current progresses in TDM of anti-TB drugs based on LC-MS bioassay in the last two decades.Besides,we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of this technique in practical use.The pressing need for non-invasive sampling approaches and stability studies of anti-TB drugs was highlighted.Lastly,we provided perspectives on the prospects of combining LC-MS-based TDM and pharmacometabolomics with other advanced strategies(pharmacometrics,drug and vaccine developments,machine learning/artificial intelligence,among others)to encapsulate in an all-inclusive approach to improve treatment outcomes of TB patients.

Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study of Practices in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major killer diseases among infectious diseases. The success of TB control depends on the capability of the health care system to detect and accurately manage TB cases. Tuberculosis in children remained a low public health priority with limited epidemiologic studies. Struggles for TB control in children need to be enhanced as children are providing the reservoir for future cases to develop. Objectives: The study evaluated diagnostic and treatment practices related to childhood pulmonary tuberculosis in Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study based on retrospective record review of childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients registered in the year 2020 with self-administered questionnaire. Results: Data of 557 childhood cases were collected. Most childhood cases were in age group 1 - 4 years (54%) with male predominance. More than 90% were diagnosed and treated at public sector facilities. 99% of the cases were clinically diagnosed with passive case finding. Cough was considered as a symptom of childhood Tuberculosis (TB) by 94% of physicians. Other important features included failure to thrive (13%), contact with a family history of TB (15%), Malnutrition(24%) and respiratory signs (21%). 99% physicians advised chest X-ray, Complete blood count (CBC) (95%) and Erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) (72%) for diagnosis and fewer physicians (2%) used sputum smear microscopy and induced sputum (0.1%). Combining data on dosage, frequency and duration for drugs, 99% of the cases were found receiving correct regimen. The treatment outcomes of the cases were cured 4 (0.8%), treatment completed 551 (99.3%) and died 2 (0.4%) with no lost to follow up. Conclusions: The study highlights inappropriate diagnostic and treatment practices for managing childhood pulmonary TB among physicians in public and private sectors of Gilgit Baltistan. Most of the cases are managed by general practitioners with no post graduate qualification in medicine or pediatrics. The deviations from the guidelines for TB control cannot be negated in the region.

Diabetes Screening and Cardiovascular Risk in Tuberculosis Patients in Conakry and Surrounding Towns

Objective: To determine the prevalence of diabetes and the level of cardiovascular risk in tuberculosis patients treated in Conakry and surrounding towns. Method: This was a cross-sectional study carried out at tuberculosis treatment centers in Conakry and surrounding towns (Coyah and Dubréka) on World TB Day, November 14, 2022, among 350 tuberculosis patients. We determined the proportion of TB patients with diabetes and high hyperglycemia. We determined the Chi-square to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of diabetes in tuberculosis patients, and a significance threshold with p Results: The average age of participants was 33.5 ± 14.5 years, and they were predominantly male (59.7%). The majority of participants lived in Conakry (96.3%). 5.7% were known diabetics and 4.6% were known hypertensives. We found a prevalence of diabetes of 9.4%. Among diabetics, 39% were diabetes discoveries. 30% were hypertensive or had high blood pressure. Of these hypertensive patients, 26.4% were unrecognized hypertensives. Age and hypertension were statistically significantly associated with the onset of diabetes in tuberculosis patients. Medium, high and very high levels of cardiovascular risk were present in 23.4%, 8.9% and 3.4% respectively. Conclusion: Diabetes is common in tuberculosis patients. Cardiovascular risk factors, notably hypertension and cardiovascular risk level, are frequently associated with tuberculosis. Tuberculosis patients with cardiovascular risk factors should be screened for diabetes.

Surgical Management of Mitral Valve Infective Endocarditis with Accidental Finding of Open Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Objective: This case report aimed to highlight intersections of TB and Cardiovasular diseases which carry high morbidity and mortality rates. Methods: We are reporting the surgical management of forty seven years female who had back ground history of IDDM (Insulin dependent diabetic Mellitus), ESRD (End stage renal disease) on HD (haemodialysis) also she had left subclavian artery stenosis, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. She was diagnosed with mitral valve infective endocarditis and found accidently to have an open pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) on the day before surgery. Results: She was started on first line anti-TB treatment. She was isolated in her private room and airborne precautions measures applied. The patient underwent a tissue Mitral Valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair annuloplasty. Special precautions were applied in Theatre and on cardiopulmonary bypass Machine guided by KAMC-J disinfection protocol. The patient made good recovery postoperatively. She was discharged well on day 7 post operatively. Conclusion: Intersections of TB and cardiovasular diseases carry high morbidity and mortality rates. Early diagnosis and early anti tuberculosis treatment can surely improve the patient prognosis. Our decontamination and disinfective procedures are recommended. Cases like this should be monitored long term for the development of further cardiovascular complication.

Tuberculosis in the Carcinal Environment in Chad Due to the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Circulante Complex

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease and its control is considered a challenge, particularly among vulnerable populations such as prisoners. The prevalence of TB in prisons is an alarming public health problem in many countries. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of tuberculosis and the strategies for controlling this disease in the Chadian prison population. During the course of our study, the prevalence of tuberculosis in prisons was 9.64%. The age group between 55 years and over (43.33%) was the most represented in this study, and all patients were men with a frequency of 62.66%. The cross-tabulation of Culture_7H9G and Culture_7H9P showed that out of our total positive sample, we found a total of 87 positive strains and 63 negative strains. Our study shows that it is essential to know the prevalence of tuberculosis in all the country’s prisons. Indeed, this can serve as an indication of the need for action in prisons to reduce TB rates, in particular by improving the structure of prison environments, diagnosing new cases quickly and accurately, identifying drug-resistant strains and implementing effective, direct treatment observed in people with tuberculosis.