Eikenella corrodens isolated from pleural effusion:A case report

BACKGROUND The bacterium Eikenella,classified as a gram-negative member of the phylum Proteobacteria,is distinguished by its rarity,corrosive nature,facultative anaerobic properties,and conditional pathogenicity.It represents the sole species within its genus-Eikenella corrodens(E.corrodens)-and can be found colonizing both human and animal oral and nasopharyngeal regions.Additionally,it occasionally inhabits the gastrointestinal or urogenital tracts.However,its slow growth rate can be attributed to its high nutritional requirements.However,there is an uneven distribution of construction and diagnostic capacity in China which poses undeniable challenges for the clinical examination and analysis of this case,especially in the basic hospitals.CASE SUMMARY Here we presented a case of empyema associated with E.corrodens infection in a 67-year-old male patient without any previous history of infectious diseases in our primary hospital in Dongguan district of China.The patient was admitted due to recurrent worsening cough,sputum production,and dyspnea for 3 d,which had persisted for over 20 years.Moreover,the patient experienced a onehour episode of unconsciousness.Upon admission,immediate comprehensive examinations were conducted on the patient which subsequently led to his admission to the intensive care unit.Meanwhile,the patient presented with drowsiness and profuse sweating along with bilateral conjunctival edema observed during initiation of non-invasive ventilation,suggesting empyema.A significant amount of coffee-colored malodorous pleural fluid was drained during the procedure above and sent to the laboratory department for inspection.Finally,laboratory culture results confirmed the presence of E.corrodens infection in the pleural fluid sample.The patient received antimicrobial therapy until died on day 22 in the hospital.CONCLUSION In this report,we presented a case of empyema associated with E.corrodens infection.Multiple courses of morphological examination,viable culture analysis,and biochemical identification revealed its difficulties in detecting distinctive characteristics,as well as a detection model worth promoting.It’s just that there were still certain deficiencies in terms of morphological assessment,biochemical identification,and drug susceptibility testing.

Pleural empyema with endobronchial mass due to Rhodococcus equi infection after renal transplantation: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is the best option for patients with end-stage renal disease.However,the need for lifelong immunosuppression results in renal transplant recipients being susceptible to various infections.Rhodococcus equi(R.equi)is a rare opportunistic pathogen in humans,and there are limited reports of infection with R.equi in post-renal transplant recipients and no uniform standard of treat-ment.This article reports on the diagnosis and treatment of a renal transplant recipient infected with R.equi 21 mo postoperatively and summarizes the charac-teristics of infection with R.equi after renal transplantation,along with a detailed review of the literature.Here,we present the case of a 25-year-old man who was infected with R.equi 21 mo after renal transplantation.Although the clinical features at the time of presentation were not specific,chest computed tomography(CT)showed a large volume of pus in the right thoracic cavity and right middle lung atelectasis,and fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed an endobronchial mass in the right middle and lower lobe orifices.Bacterial culture and metagenomic next-generation sequen-cing sequencing of the pus were suggestive of R.equi infection.The immunosup-pressive drugs were immediately suspended and intravenous vancomycin and azithromycin were administered,along with adequate drainage of the abscess.The endobronchial mass was then resected.After the patient’s clinical symptoms and chest CT presentation resolved,he was switched to intravenous ciprofloxacin and azithromycin,followed by oral ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.The patient was re-hospitalized 2 wk after discharge for recurrence of R.equi infection.He recovered after another round of adequate abscess drainage and intravenous ciprofloxacin and azithromycin.CONCLUSION Infection with R.equi in renal transplant recipients is rare and complex,and the clinical presentation lacks specificity.Elaborate antibiotic therapy is required,and adequate abscess drainage and surgical excision are necessary.Given the recurrent nature of R.equi,patients need to be followed-up closely.

Comparison of efficacy of lung ultrasound and chest X-ray in diagnosing pulmonary edema and pleural effusion in ICU patients: A single centre, prospective, observational study

Background and Aims While chest X-ray (CXR) has been a conventional tool in intensive care units (ICUs) to identify lung pathologies, computed tomography (CT) scan remains the gold standard. Use of lung ultrasound (LUS) in resource-rich ICUs is still under investigation. The present study compares the utility of LUS to that of CXR in identifying pulmonary edema and pleural effusion in ICU patients. In addition, consolidation and pneumothorax were analyzed as secondary outcome measures. Material and Methods This is a prospective, single centric, observational study. Patients admitted in ICU were examined for lung pathologies, using LUS by a trained intensivist;and CXR done within 4 hours of each other. The final diagnosis was ascertained by an independent senior radiologist, based on the complete medical chart including clinical findings and the results of thoracic CT, if available. The results were compared and analyzed. Results Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of LUS was 95%, 94.4%, 94.67% for pleural effusion;and 98.33%, 97.78%, 98.00% for pulmonary edema respectively. Corresponding values with CXR were 48.33%, 76.67%, 65.33% for pleural effusion;and 36.67%, 82.22% and 64.00% for pulmonary edema respectively. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of LUS was 91.30%, 96.85%, 96.00% for consolidation;and 100.00%, 79.02%, 80.00% for pneumothorax respectively. Corresponding values with CXR were 60.87%, 81.10%, 78.00% for consolidation;and 71.3%, 97.20%, 96.00% for pneumothorax respectively. Conclusion LUS has better diagnostic accuracy in diagnosis of pleural effusion and pulmonary edema when compared with CXR and is thus recommended as an effective alternative for diagnosis of these conditions in acute care settings. Our study recommends that a thoracic CT scan can be avoided in most of such cases.

Pleural effusion,ascites,colon ulcers and hematochezia:What we can learn from the diagnostic process of a patient with plasma cell myeloma:A case report

BACKGROUND Plasma cell myeloma(PCM)is characterized by hypercalcemia,renal impairment,anemia,and bone destruction.While pleural effusion,ascites,abdominal pain,and bloody stool are common manifestations of lung disease or gastrointestinal disorders,they are rarely observed in patients with PCM.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old woman presented with complaints of recurrent chest tightness,wheezing,and abdominal bloating accompanied by bloody stools.Computed tomography revealed pleural effusion and ascites.Pleural effusion tests showed inflammation,but the T-cell spot test and carcinoembryonic antigen were negative.Endoscopy showed colonic mucosal edema with ulcer formation and local intestinal lumen stenosis.Echocardiography revealed enlarged atria and reduced left ventricular systolic function.The diagnosis remained unclear.Further testing revealed elevated blood light chain lambda and urine immunoglobulin levels.Blood immunofixation electrophoresis was positive for immunoglobulin G lambda type.Smear cytology of the bone marrow showed a high proportion of plasma cells,accounting for about 4.5%.Histopathological examination of the bone marrow suggested PCM.Flow cytometry showed abnormal plasma cells with strong expression of CD38,CD138,cLambda,CD28,CD200,and CD117.Fluorescence in situ hybridization gene testing of the bone marrow suggested 1q21 gene amplification,but cytogenetic testing showed no clonal abnormalities.Colonic mucosa and bone marrow biopsy tissues were negative for Highman Congo red staining.The patient was finally diagnosed with PCM.CONCLUSION A diagnosis of PCM should be considered in older patients with pleural effusion,ascites,and multi-organ injury.

Pulmonary Edema and Pleural Effusion Detection Using Efficient Net-V1-B4 Architecture and AdamW Optimizer from Chest X-Rays Images

This paper presents a novelmulticlass systemdesigned to detect pleural effusion and pulmonary edema on chest Xray images,addressing the critical need for early detection in healthcare.A new comprehensive dataset was formed by combining 28,309 samples from the ChestX-ray14,PadChest,and CheXpert databases,with 10,287,6022,and 12,000 samples representing Pleural Effusion,Pulmonary Edema,and Normal cases,respectively.Consequently,the preprocessing step involves applying the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization(CLAHE)method to boost the local contrast of the X-ray samples,then resizing the images to 380×380 dimensions,followed by using the data augmentation technique.The classification task employs a deep learning model based on the EfficientNet-V1-B4 architecture and is trained using the AdamW optimizer.The proposed multiclass system achieved an accuracy(ACC)of 98.3%,recall of 98.3%,precision of 98.7%,and F1-score of 98.7%.Moreover,the robustness of the model was revealed by the Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)analysis,which demonstrated an Area Under the Curve(AUC)of 1.00 for edema and normal cases and 0.99 for effusion.The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposedmulti-class system,which has the potential to assist clinicians in timely and accurate diagnosis,leading to improved patient outcomes.Notably,ablation-CAM visualization at the last convolutional layer portrayed further enhanced diagnostic capabilities with heat maps on X-ray images,which will aid clinicians in interpreting and localizing abnormalities more effectively.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma:The disdained member of thoracic oncology!

Pleural mesothelioma is a very aggressive malignancy that arises from the pleural mesothelial cell lining and is linked strongly to prior asbestos exposure.The ban on asbestos has helped to lower the incidence,but in developing countries like India,it is expected to rise.It has an extended latency period usually progressing over decades and presents with nonspecific symptoms.It has a median survival ranging between 10-22 months.The diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma is challenging and is done using computed tomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging,or positron emission tomography-CT,with the last two predicting the resectability of the tumor better than CT alone.A pleural biopsy along with an array of immunohistochemical markers,such as p16,BRCA1 associated protein 1,and claudin-4,are required for a definitive diagnosis.Several genetic alterations have prognostic significance as well.The current histological subtype identification is indispensable for decision making because of the new therapeutic avenues being explored.The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab-based immunotherapy outperformed platinum and pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in terms of survival benefit and improved quality of life especially for non-epithelioid subtypes.However,the latter continues to be a robust treatment option for patients with the epithelioid subtype.Surgery is recommended for resectable cases with radiotherapy being indicated in neoadjuvant,adjuvant,and palliative settings along with systemic treatment.This review article provides an overview of epidemiology,etiology,clinical manifestations,diagnostic approaches(including immunohistochemical and genetic markers),staging,and multidisciplinary approaches to current treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma using surgery,chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and radiotherapy.It also sheds light on some recent studies(EMPHACIS,CALGB30901,Checkmate-743,etc.)that have led to significant developments in recent years with clinically meaningful results.

Pleural effusion in critically ill patients and intensive care setting

Pleural effusion usually causes a diagnostic dilemma with a long list of differential diagnoses.Many studies found a high prevalence of pleural effusions in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients,with a wide range of variable prevalence rates of up to 50%-60%in some studies.This review emphasizes the importance of pleural effusion diagnosis and management in patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU).The original disease that caused pleural effusion can be the exact cause of ICU admission.There is an impairment in the pleural fluid turnover and cycling in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients.There are also many difficulties in diagnosing pleural effusion in the ICU,including clinical,radiological,and even laboratory difficulties.These difficulties are due to unusual presentation,inability to undergo some diagnostic procedures,and heterogenous results of some of the performed tests.Pleural effusion can affect the patient’s outcome and prognosis due to the hemodynamics and lung mechanics changes in these patients,who usually have frequent comorbidities.Similarly,pleural effusion drainage can modify the ICUadmitted patient’s outcome.Finally,pleural effusion analysis can change the original diagnosis in some cases and redirect the management toward a different way.

Pleural Fluid Alkaline Phosphate Levels to Differentiate between Tuberculosis and Malignant Pleural Effusion a Tertiary Care Experience

Introduction: Pleural effusion (PF) is a common clinical presentation in several diseases. Tuberculosis is one of the most frequent causes of exudative pleural effusions in immunocompetent patients. Tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality from an infectious disease in developing countries. Pakistan is ranked fifth in the world in terms of tuberculosis high-burden countries. Various pleural fluid parameters have been used to identify the cause of pleural effusion. It has been discovered that tuberculous pleural effusions had a greater alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration than transudative effusions. This study used pleural fluid alkaline phosphatase levels to distinguish between tuberculous pleural effusion and malignant pleural effusion because there is little information from tuberculosis-high burden nations like Pakistan. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center in Karachi between October 2016 and October 2017. Material and Methods: The study comprised all patients who were admitted to the department of chest medicine at Jinnah post graduate medical centre (JPMC) of either gender between the ages of 18 and 70 who had exudative lymphocytic pleural effusions lasting two weeks or more included in the study. Non probability consecutive sampling was used to collect data. Patients who have tonsillitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or a history of hemoptysis, Bleeding disorders like, platelet function disorder, thrombocytopenia, Liver cirrhosis and Pregnant women were excluded. Parents’ informed consent was obtained after being informed of the study’s protocol, hazards, and advantages. Each patient had their level of pleural fluid alkaline phosphate (PALP) assessed. In order to evaluate the patient’s pleural effusion, a pre-made questionnaire was used. All the collected data were entered into the SPSS 20. An independent sample t-test was used to recognize alkaline phosphate levels association with pleural fluid secondary to tuberculosis or malignancy. Results: In this Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study, the total of 156 patients with age Mean ± SD of was 41.96 ± 17.05 years. The majority of patients 110 (70.5%) were male and 46 (29.5%) were female. Advanced age was associated with raised pleural fluid alkaline phosphatase. The difference of pleural fluid alkaline phosphate level between tuberculous v/s malignant group was found to be (38.03 ± 45.97) v/s (82.77 ± 61.80) respectively with P-value (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Malignant pleural effusions had elevated PALP when compared to tuberculous pleural effusions in exudative lymphocytic pleural effusions;better differences are seen in older ages and shorter disease durations.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma mimics thoracic empyema: A case report

BACKGROUND Thoracic empyema and malignant pleural mesothelioma(MPM)are distinct medical conditions with similar symptoms,including cough,chest pain,and breathing difficulty.We present a rare MPM case mimicking thoracic empyema.Physicians must consider MPM risks for patients exposed to building material who exhibit lobulated pleural effusions,indicating thoracic empyema.CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old retired male construction worker suffered from shortness of breath and chest tightness over 10 d,particularly during physical activity.A poor appetite and 4 kg weight loss over the past 3 wk were also reported.Chest images and laboratory data concluded a tentative impression of empyema thoracis(right).Video-assisted thoracic surgery with decortication and delobulation(right)was conducted.The pathological report yielded an MPM diagnosis.Refractory pleural bilateral effusions and respiratory failure developed postoperatively,and the patient died three weeks after the operation.CONCLUSION Thoracic empyema and MPM are distinct medical conditions that can present similar symptoms,and video-assisted thoracic surgery facilitates an accurate diagnosis.Empyema-mimicking presentations and postoperative refractory pleural effusion may indicate a poor MPM outcome.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pleural effusions induced by viral pleurisy:A case report

BACKGROUND Viral pleurisy is a viral infected disease with exudative pleural effusions.It is one of the causes for pleural effusions.Because of the difficult etiology diagnosis,clinically pleural effusions tend to be misdiagnosed as tuberculous pleurisy or idiopathic pleural effusion.Here,we report a case of pleural effusion secondary to viral pleurisy which is driven by infection with epstein-barr virus.Viral infection was identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS).CASE SUMMARY A 40-year-old male with a history of dermatomyositis,rheumatoid arthritis,and secondary interstitial pneumonia was administered with long-term oral prednisone.He presented with fever and chest pain after exposure to cold,accompanied by generalized sore and weakness,night sweat,occasional cough,and few sputums.The computed tomography scan showed bilateral pleural effusions and atelectasis of the partial right lower lobe was revealed.The pleural fluids were found to be yellow and slightly turbid after pleural catheterization.Thoracoscopy showed fibrous adhesion and auto-pleurodesis.Combining the results in pleural fluid analysis and mNGS,the patient was diagnosed as viral pleuritis.After receiving Aciclovir,the symptoms and signs of the patient were relieved.CONCLUSION Viral infection should be considered in cases of idiopathic pleural effusion unexplained by routine examination.mNGS is helpful for diagnosis.

Ultrasound Value in the Management of Parapneumonic Pleural Effusions in a Limited-Resource Setting: A Case Report

Pleural effusion is a common complication of acute lung infection, with rising morbidity and mortality. If poorly treated, parapneumonic effusion evolves to the fibrino-purulent stage wherein antibiotic therapy alone becomes inadequate. Chest CT is the gold standard diagnostic imaging tool, however, in a resource-limited context, it may not be performed. Chest ultrasound can therefore be an alternative for drainage and intermittent follow-up of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions. We report the case of a 4-year-old child who presented with cough, breathing difficulties and fever for over two weeks and in whom an initial chest X-ray revealed a left hemithorax white-out with an air-fluid level. Chest ultrasound revealed a left pleuropulmonary massive fluid collection with an encysted empyema. It also allowed ultrasound-guided pleural effusion drainage of a fibrino-purulent liquid which tested positive for Kocuria kristinae, a bacterium sensitive to gentamycin, vancomycin, norfloxacin and clindamycin. The next follow-up ultrasound checks showed improvement and the control chest X-ray performed one month later demonstrated pulmonary functional recovery. This case highlights the importance of ultrasound in the management and follow-up of this chest pathology in resource-limited settings.

A Pleural Effusion Secondary to Unusual Dual Pathology: A Case Report

Pleural effusion is a commonly encountered respiratory disorder. In the majority of cases, a single causative agent is responsible. Pleural effusions resulting from simultaneous involvement of the membranes by two different pathologic processes are unusual.

Pleural involvement in cryptococcal infection

Pleural involvement of cryptococcal infection is uncommon and is more commonly observed in immunocompromised hosts than in immunocompetent ones.Pleural involvement in cryptococcal infections can manifest with or without pleural effusion.The presence of Cryptococcus spp.in the effusion or pleura is required for the diagnosis of cryptococcal pleural infection,which is commonly determined by pleural biopsy,fluid culture,and/or detection of cryptococcal antigen in the pleura or pleural fluid.

Intrathoracic latissimus dorsi muscle transposition: a reliable technique for prevention of bronchopleural fistula developing after extrapleural pneumonectomy and external beam radiotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma

Objective: Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a life threatening complication after pneumonectomy. Extra thoracic skeletal muscle transposition especially latissimus dorsi muscle flap (LDMF) had been used to prevent this complication. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of LDMF in preventing BPF developing after extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and external radiation therapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Methods: Between May 1999 and Dec. 2008, 37 patients with MPM were operated upon by EPP using LDMF prophylactically to reinforce the bronchial stump, and then received external radiation therapy with or without postoperative chemotherapy. Results: The mean age of all patients was 46.7 (range 26-57) years. Twenty five patients were males and 12 patients were females. Twenty three patients had MPM of the right side and 14 patients had MPM of the left side. The peri-operative mortality was 2.7% and only few flap related postoperative morbidity were reported in the form of minor seroma and subcutaneous surgical emphysema. The median follow up was 17 (range 9-43) months. All cases completed their postoperative external radiation therapy with no reported cases of early or late BPF. Conclusion: Intrathoracic pedicled LDMF transposition is proved to be effective in prevention of BPF developing after EPP and external radiation therapy in MPM and it is advised to be a routine step in EPP in these cases and to use more sophisticated technique of postoperative external beam radiotherapy (3D conformal or IMRT) to minimize this complication.

Clinical Value of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Combined with Interferon-γ in Diagnosing Malignant Pleural Effusion and Tuberculous Pleural Effusion

In order to investigate the clinical value of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） combined with interferon-γ （IFN-γ） in diagnosing malignant pleural effusion and tuberculous pleural effusion, 42 cases of malignant pleural effusion and 45 cases of tuberculous pleural effusion in Tongji Hospital, from March 2004 to May 2005, were included, The carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA）, VEGF and IFN-γ levels of pleural effusion were detected by using ELISA, and adenosine deaminase （ADA） activity was determined by using enzyme kinetic analytical method. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the curve （AUCR^ROC） of CEA and VEGF, VEGF/IFN-γ ratio, ADA and IFN-γ were measured by receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC）, The results showed that CEA, VEGF levels and VEGF/IFN-γ ratio were significantly higher and the ADA and IFN-γ levels were significantly lower in malignant group than those in tuberculous group （P〈0,01）, The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and AUCR^ROC of VEGF/IFN-γ ratio （88,7%, 99,8%, 94,4%, 0.96 respectively） were higher than those of CEA （67.8%, 96.1%, 82,4%, 0.78 respectively） and VEGF （81,5%, 84,3%, 82.9%, 0.79 respectively）. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and AUCR^ROC of IFN-γ （85.7%, 96,4%, 90.9%, 0.94 respectively） were higher than those of ADA （80,2%, 87,6%, 83.8%, 0,81 respectively）. It was concluded that VEGF/IFN-γ ratio and IFN-γ could be used as valuable parameters for the differential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion and tuberculous pleural effusion.

Comparison of intra-pleural injection efficacy between Endostar and Bevacizumab combined with pemetrexed/cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-/anaplastic lymphoma kinase-lung adenocarci

Objective To compare intra-pleural injection efficacy and safety between Endostar and bevacizumab combined with pemetrexed/cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)-/anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)-lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Sixty-four pCVatients with EGFR-/ALK-lung adenocarcinoma with malignant pleural effusion(MPE) were admitted to the authors' hospital between January 2016 and June 2017. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Endostar combined with pemetrexed/cisplatin(Endostar group); and bevacizumab plus pemetrexed/cisplatin(Bevacizumab group). They underwent thoracic puncture and catheterization, and MPE was drained as much as possible. Both groups were treated with pemetrexed 500 mg/m^2, intravenous drip(d1), cisplatin 37.5 mg/m^2 per time, intra-pleural injection(d1, d3). Patients in the Endostar group were treated with Endostar 30 mg per time, intra-pleural injection(d1, 3), and patients in the Bevacizumab group were treated with bevacizumab 5 mg/kg per time, intra-pleural injection(d1). Only one cycle of treatment was applied. MPE was extracted before treatment and on day 7 after treatment. The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) were determined using ELISA. Efficacy and side effects were evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST) version 1.1, and National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events(CTCAE) version 3.0 criteria. Results The objective response rates in the Endostar and Bevacizumab groups were 50.0% and 56.3%, respectively; there was no statistical difference between the groups(P > 0.05). After one cycle of treatment, the mean VEGF levels in MPE in both groups decreased significantly, and there was no significant difference in the degree of decline between the two groups(P > 0.05). In both groups, pre-treatment VEGF levels for patients achieving complete response were significantly higher than those for patients achieving stable disease + progressive disease(P < 0.05). No specific side effects were recorded. Conclusion Endostar and Bevacizumab demonstrated similar efficacy in controlling MPE in patients with EGFR-/ALK-lung adenocarcinoma through an anti-angiogenesis pathway, with tolerable side effects. The levels of VEGF in MPE could predict the efficacy of intra-pleural injection of anti-angiogenesis drugs.

Pleural lump after paragonimiasis treated by thoracoscopy: A case report

BACKGROUND Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease that has multiple symptoms,with pulmonary types being common.According to our clinical practices,the pleural effusion of our patients is full of fibrous contents.Drainage,praziquantel,and triclabendazole are recommended for the treatment,but when fibrous contents are contained in pleural effusion,surgical interventions are necessary.However,no related reports have been noted.Herein,we present a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis treated by thoracoscopy.CASE SUMMARY A 12-year-old girl presented to our outpatient clinic complaining of shortness of breath after exercise for several days.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed positivity for antibodies against Paragonimus westermani,serological test showed eosinophilia,and moderate left pleural effusion and calcification were detected on computed tomography(CT).She was diagnosed with paragonimiasis,and praziquantel was prescribed.However,radiography showed an egg-sized nodule in the left pleural cavity during follow-up.She was then admitted to our hospital again.The serological results were normal except slight eosinophilia.CT scan displayed a cystic-like node in the lower left pleural cavity.The patient underwent a thoracoscopic mass resection.A mass with a size of 6 cm×4 cm×3 cm adhered to the pleura was resected.The pathological examination showed that the mass was composed of non-structured necrotic tissue,indicating a granuloma.The patient remainded asymptomatic and follow-up X-ray showed complete removal of the mass.CONCLUSION This case highlights that thoracoscopic intervention is necessary when fibrous contents are present on CT scan or chest roentgenogram to avoid later fibrous lump formation in patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis.

Observation of the curative effect between Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton-injection combined with the intrapleural chemotherapy and following the intrapleural chemotherapy

Objective:To observe and compare the curative effect between the intrapleural-chemotherapy combined Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton-injection and the Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton-injection after control of the malignant pleural effusion by chemotherapy.Methods:Every time after elimination of pleural effusion,we injected DDP and Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton at the same time into pleural cavity;or after we emplaced an improved central vena catheter into pleural cavity then took out closed-drainage or eliminated the pleural effusion every day,then injected 5-FU 0.5 qd intrapleural-space.After the malignant pleural effusion had being controlled,800μg Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton was injected intrapleural-space. (We call it as"improved following-therapy").Results:Using the improved following-therapy,the control rate of malignant pleural effusion increased:CR+PR,79.07%>65.79%(P<0.05),and the incidence rate of the encapsulated pleural effusion that would impact on patient’s respiratory faction decreased.Conclusion:Giving chemotherapy after closed-drainage or immediately after taking out pleural effusion everyday,then giving biotherapy after pleural effusion had been controlled,the curative effect would be enhanced and the side-reaction would be reduced.

Description of Prescribing Practices of Intrapleural Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Intrapleural DNase Administration at a Tertiary Academic Medical Center

Objectives: To describe the prescribing practices, preparation and administration techniques of intrapleural (IP) tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and IP DNase in patients at a tertiary academic medical center. Methods: Adult patients receiving IP t-PA and IP DNase between January 1-December 31, 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were included if they received IP t-PA and/or IP DNase for a pleural infection and were excluded if they received IP t-PA or IP DNase for chest tube clearance. Results: A total of 197 doses of IP t-PA and IP DNase received amongst 30 patients were included. The mean age of the patients included was 62 years old with 50% of the patients being female. Of the 30 patients included, 18 patients (60%) received both IP t-PA and IP DNase and 12 patients (40%) received only IP t-PA. The median dose of IP t-PA received was 4 mg (IQR 2-10) and the median dose of IP DNase received was 5 mg (IQR 5-5). Systemic antibiotics were administered to 77% of patients prior to IP t-PA or IP DNase administration. Improved pleural effusion drainage was reported in 70% of patients. Increased pain in the chest cavity during administration of IP t-PA or IP DNase was reported in 7% of patients. Conclusion: The majority of patients at our institution received concomitant IP t-PA and IP DNase after systemic therapy for treatment of pleural infections had been attempted. Administration of IP t-PA and IP DNase demonstrated improved drainage of pleural infections with minimal harm to patients.

Evaluation of serum and pleural levels of endostatin and vascular epithelial growth factor in lung cancer patients with pleural effusion

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of endostatin(ES),vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and careinoembryonie antigen(CEA) in both serum and pleural effusion of lung cancer patients.Methods:Levels of ES,VEGF and CEA in 52 malignant pleural effusion due to lung cancer and 50 patients with non-malignant disease were measured by using sandwich enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and microparticle enzyme immunoassay.Results:The ES.VEGF and CEA levels in pleural effusion and serum,and their ratio(F/S) were higher in lung cancer group than that in benign group,and the differences were statistically significant(P【0.05).The diagnostic efficiency of ES+VEGF for lung cancer was superior to either single detection.The diagnostic efficiency of ES+VEGK+CEA was superior to either ES+VEGF or ES+CEA.Conclusions: The results suggest that ES,VEGF and CEA might be useful in the differentiation between benign and malignant pleural effusion due to lung cancer.In comparison with either single determination of concentration in serum or pleural fluid,the couiljined detection of two or three markers is of important clinical significance in the diagnosis of lung cancer.