Supervision of Public Opinion under the Background of Social Co-governance-Take the Changsheng Vaccine Incident as an Example

Objective To provide reference for the news media to give play to the role of public opinion supervision in time based on the background of drug safety and social co-governance.Methods The method of case analysis was used to make a retrospective study on the Changsheng vaccine incident in 2018.Then the role of mainstream media,pharmaceutical media,and self-media in the supervision of public opinion was investigated.Results and Conclusion Both mainstream and pharmaceutical media played an excellent role in supervising the Changchun Changsheng vaccine incident.However,the content published by some pharmaceutical media was hard to understand by ordinary people.Besides,the role of self-media in public opinion supervision was polarized.Some self-media closely kept pace with mainstream media in public opinion supervision.Other self-media unilaterally pursued the click rate,publishing false information to guide wrong public opinion.The news media should optimize the supervision efficiency of drug safety.On the one hand,pharmaceutical media should pay attention to the fact that readers may not understand the difficult terms because they are not professional.On the other hand,self-media practitioners should improve their professional quality so that they will not publish some fake news to mislead public opinion.

The Development and Experience of American Pharmaceutical Industry Associations and Its Enlightenment to China

Objective To study the development history and current situation of pharmaceutical industry associations in the United State and to provide reference for China’s pharmaceutical industry associations.Methods Literature research and comparative study were used to investigate the development history and current situation of pharmaceutical associations in the United States.Then,their characteristics and experiences were summarized.Some countermeasures and suggestions were put forward for the existing problems of pharmaceutical associations in China.Results and Conclusion The institutional environment of pharmaceutical associations in the United States is relatively good,reflecting the characteristics of emphasizing process management and neglecting entrance management with and the help of public supervision.At the same time,the government advocates market competition by adhering to the market-oriented services for the public.American pharmaceutical industry associations have strong innovation capacity and perfect credit system.Drawing on the experience of pharmaceutical industry associations in the United States,China should strengthen the construction of pharmaceutical industry associations.Firstly,the supervision mechanism should be improved.Secondly,these associations should have good partnerships with the government and offer the public the best services.Finally,the fund-raising mechanism of pharmaceutical industry associations should be optimized to ensure the innovative development of the pharmaceutical industry.

协作与博弈:明代土流共治下的土流关系

明统治者在土司区治理中实行了土流共治的管理体制。土流共治下的土流关系主要表现为三种形式:一是布政司府州县、都司卫所与土司间的土流政区互辖关系,二是布政司府州县、都司卫所、土司衙门内部的土流官员并设关系,三是土司身兼土官职衔和布政司府州县、都司卫所职衔的土流兼职关系。土流共治下的土流关系呈现出既协作施政又彼此博弈的特点。一方面,土流虽有主从之别,但二者各司其职,协作施政;另一方面,因土流存在不同的利益诉求,二者又存在着纷争和博弈。

Pesticide-related Food Safety Risks: Farmers' Self-protective Behavior and Food Safety Social Co-governance

This article investigates the sources of vegetables consumed by farmers, their perception of pesticide-related food safety risks and the behaviors they engage in to protect themselves, and explores the implications for the social co-governance（shehui gongzhi） of food safety emphasized by China’s recent Food Safety Law. The research site is a county in Yunnan Province where vegetable growing is the major source of income and livelihood for local farmers. We surveyed 417 farmers and collected 776 vegetable samples from 377 surveyed farmer households and tested them for organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues using PR-12 N Rapid Detection Instrument for Pesticide Residues. The results showed that farmers know about the risks to food safety caused by pesticides used in vegetable growing and they purposely avoid these risks by mainly consuming vegetables planted in home gardens or private plots that use little or no pesticides. Vegetable samples from these private plots had the lowest positive rate of pesticide residues（6.10%）, compared with vegetable samples from commercial farmland（13.73%） and markets（12.66%）, and the difference was statistically significant（X2=9.69,0.005〈P〈0.010）. This implies that the efforts of farmers to protect themselves from pesticide-related food safety risks do have some effect; however, the effect is limited due to the environmental pollution caused by the massive use of pesticides in commercial vegetable growing. Furthermore, this self-protective behavior may have a negative impact on the social co-governance of food safety set out in the new Food Safety Law.

Governance Logic and Basic Systems of the New “Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China”: a Focus on Social Co-Governance

To modernize food safety governance, we must carry out basic restructuring of its internal logic at the national level to reflect the features of contemporary Chinese society that shape food safety. This will entail establishing an overarching, macro-level conception of food safety that integrates ＂baseline safety＂, ＂hub safety＂, ＂co-constructed safety＂ and ＂endogenous safety＂. These four dimensions of safety represent four fundamental requirements of food safety governance in modern Chinese society, which is a ＂risk society＂（Beck 1992） and one that is also complex, open and pluralist. These requirements are： maximum legal liability, a unified, authoritative and efficient supervision system, a concept of social co-governance, and enterprises being the primary entities accountable for food safety. This article uses this analytical framework to interpret the basic contents of the newly revised Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China, and uses a focus on social co-governance to present the institutional highlights of this law and the transformation of the internal logic of food safety governance.

Prototype of Multi-Identifier System Based on Voting Consensus

With the rapid development of the Internet,the expansion of identifiers and data brings a huge challenge to the network system.However,the network resources such as Domain Name System(DNS)are monopolized by a single agency which brings a potential threat to cyberspace.The existing network architecture cannot fundamentally solve the problems of resource monopoly and low performance.Based on the blockchain,this paper designs and implements a new Multi-Identifier System(MIS),providing the analysis and management for different identifiers in the multi-identifier network.Our preliminary emulation results prove the correctness and efficiency of the algorithm.Besides,the prototype system of MIS has been tested on the real operators’network,realizing the function of co-governing,security supervision and data protection.

明代“土流参治”再研究

国内外学术界几乎一致认为明代的“土流参治”就是以汉族担任流官，以少数民族首领担任土官。这种把“土流参治”仅仅看作是一种用人制度的传统观点有着明显的局限性。明代“土流参治”不仅是贯穿于西北边政方方面面的宏观指导，更重要的“土流参治”还是一个庞大的、多元的、复杂的管理体系，包括明代西北地区的卫所建设、戍边屯田、流官制度、土官制度、僧官制度、茶马贸易等诸多方面。明代“土流参治”大体归结为三个基本层面，即第一层面的“土流参政”：第二层面的“土流参设”；第三层面的“土流参任”。