Study of tumor necrosis factor receptor in the inflammatory bowel disease

Ulcerative colitis(UC)and Crohn’s disease(CD)are part of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases(IBD)and have pathophysiological processes such as bowel necrosis and enteric neurons and enteric glial cells.In addition,the main inflammatory mediator is related to the tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α).TNF-αis a mediator of the intestinal inflammatory processes,thus being one of the main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD,however,its levels,when measured,are present in the serum of patients with IBD.In addition,TNF-αplays an important role in promoting inflammation,such as the production of interleukins(IL),for instance IL-1βand IL-6.There are two receptors for TNF as following:The tumor necrosis factor 1 receptor(TNFR1);and the tumor necrosis factor 2 receptor(TNFR2).They are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their receptors have been detected in IBD and their expression is correlated with disease activity.The soluble TNF form binds to the TNFR1 receptor with,and its activation results in a signaling cascade effects such as apoptosis,cell proliferation and cytokine secretion.In contrast,the transmembrane TNF form can bind both to TNFR1 and TNFR2.Recent studies have suggested that TNF-αis one of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of IBD,since TNF levels are present in the serum of both patients with UC and CD.Intravenous and subcutaneous biologics targeting TNF-αhave revolutionized the treatment of IBD,thus becoming the best available agents to induce and maintain IBD remission.The application of antibodies aimed at neutralizing TNF-αin patients with IBD that induce a satisfactory clinical response in up to 60%of patients,and also induced long-term maintenance of disease remission in most patients.It has been suggested that anti-TNF-αagents inactivate the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-αby direct neutralization,i.e.,resulting in suppression of inflammation.However,anti-TNF-αantibodies perform more complex functions than a simple blockade.

Increased tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 expression in human colorectal adenomas

AIM: To determine the expression statuses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, its receptors (TNF-R) and downstream effector molecules in human colorectal adenomas. METHODS: We measured the serum concentrations of TNF-α and its receptors in 62 colorectal adenoma patients and 34 healthy controls. The protein expression of TNF-α, TNF-R1, TNF-R2 and downstream signals of the TNF receptors, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), nuclear factor-κ B and caspase-3, were also investigated in human colorectal adenomas and in normal colorectal mucosal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to investigate the consistency of expression of TNF-R1 and phospho-JNK (p-JNK). RESULTS: The serum levels of soluble TNF-R1 (sTNF-R1) in adenoma patients were significantly higher than in the control group (3.67 ± 0.86 ng/mL vs 1.57 ± 0.72 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed the high diagnostic sensitivity of TNF-R1 measurements (AUC was 0.928) for the diagnosis of adenoma, and the best cut-off level of TNF-R1 was 2.08 ng/mL, with a sensitivity of 93.4% and a specificity of 82.4%. There were no significant differences in the serum levels of TNF-α or sTNF-R2 between the two groups. Immunohistochemistry showed high levels of TNF-R1 and p-JNK expression in the epithelial cells of adenomas. Furthermore, a high incidence of co-localization of TNF-R1 and p-JNK was identified in adenoma tissue. CONCLUSION: TNF-R1 may be a promising biomarker of colorectal adenoma, and it may also play an important role in the very early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Expression of tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor in glioblastoma

BACKGROUND： Receptors for tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand （TRAIL） include death receptor 4, death receptor 5, decoy receptor 1, and decoy receptor 2. Activation of death receptor 4 and 5 selectively kills tumor cells. OBJECTIVE： To detect TRAIL receptor expression in glioblastoma by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, and to compare this expression to that in normal brain tissue. DESIGN： Observational analysis. SETTING： Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Tumor Pathology Key Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS： Twenty-five patients （17 males and 8 females） who received glioblastoma resection were selected from the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, between September 2003 to June 2004. All glioblastoma samples were diagnosed pathologically. Twenty patients （12 males and 8 females） with craniocerebral injury who received normal brain tissue resection were selected in the same time period. There were no significant differences in sex and age between glioblastoma patients or between craniocerebral injury patients （P 〉 0.05）. All patients and appropriate relatives provided informed consent, and this study was approved by the local research ethics committee. METHODS： Polyclonal antibody against TRAIL receptors and an immunohistochemical kit （batch number： 200502） were purchased from Boster Company, Wuhan. Immunohistochemistry： Expression of death receptor 4, death receptor 5, decoy receptor l, and decoy receptor 2 were observed in both glioblastoma and normal brain tissue. The experiment was performed according to the kit instructions, and positive staining was brown-yellow. Assessment： There were no positive signals （-）; weakly positive signals, positive cells 〈 25% （＋）; weakly positive signals, positive cells 25%-50% （＋＋）; strongly positive signals, positive cells 50%-75% （＋＋＋）; strongly positive signals, positive cells 〉 75% （＋＋＋＋）. Evaluation： Expression levels of TRAIL receptors were estimated in both normal brain tissue and glioblastoma. Expression of decoy receptor 1 and decoy receptor 2 mRNA in glioblastoma were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and expression of decoy receptor in glioblastoma was estimated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Comparison of death receptor and decoy receptor protein expression between glioblastoma and normal brain tissue; decoy receptor mRNA expression in glioblastoma. RESULTS： Death receptor protein expression was strongly positive （＋＋＋） in glioblastoma, while it was weakly positive （＋, ＋＋） in normal brain tissue. Therefore, expression rate of death receptor protein in the glioblastoma was significantly higher than that in the normal brain tissue （.~ 2 = 18.48, 23.03, P 〈 0.01）. Decoy receptor protein expression in the glioblastoma was significantly lower than that in the normal brain tissue （ x2 = 6.65, 18.76, P 〈 0.01）. The level of decoy receptor mRNA expression in glioblastoma was significantly higher than those of protein expression （ x 2 = 9.82, 10.09, P〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： High expression of death receptor and low expression of decoy receptor are frequently observed in glioblastoma, suggesting that TRAIL receptor genes show an anti-tumor and expressive response during the initiation and development of the tumor. There are significant differences in decoy receptor expression between normal brain tissue and glioblastoma, suggesting that the restricted expression of decoy receptor in glioblastoma is regulated at the post-transcriptional level.

Correlation of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 13B variation with sporadic intracranial aneurysm and clinical characteristics in Han Chinese populations

BACKGROUND： Inflammatory reaction correlates with sporadic intracranial aneurysm （IA）. Variation of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 13B （TNFRSF13B）, an inflammatory mediator receptor, may associate with IA. OBJECTIVE： To explore the relationship between TNFRSF13B gene and sporadic IA, as well as the clinical characteristics of sporadic IA. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Case-control study of genetic association was performed at the Experimental Technology Center of China Medical University from November 2006 to January 2008. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 367 patients with IA, confirmed by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, digital subtraction angiography, and neuro surgery, were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from 2006 to 2007, and were selected as the case group. All patients were Han, with no family history of IA. In addition, a total of 396 non-lA patients were selected as control subjects. METHODS： Peripheral vein blood was harvested to extract whole blood genomic DNA. Genotyping and TNFRSF13B single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） rs11078355 G〉A allele polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The relationship of TNFRSF13B SNP rs11078355 G〉A polymorphisms to IA and IA clinical characteristics were analyzed using the chi-square and two-sided test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： TNFRSF13B SNP rs11078355 G〉A genotype distribution. RESULTS： In the IA patients, TNFRSF13B SNP rs11078355 G〉A genotype frequency was significantly increased （X2 = 16.306, odds ratio = 1.881,95% confidence interval = 1.382 2.560, P 〈 0.001）. In IA patients aged 〉 65 years, the frequency of TNFRSF13B SNP rs11078355 GA ＋ AA genotype was significantly greater than the GG genotype （X2 = 26.604, odds ratio = 5.248, 95% confidence interval = 2.662 10.345, P 〈 0.001）. CONCLUSION： The TNFRSF13B gene may associate with sporadic IA in Han Chinese populations In elderly patients, allele A may be an independent risk factor for IA, in addition to senile diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Increase of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 expression in women with unexplained early spontaneous abortion

Objective: To investigate membrane tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 protein expression level in decidua and concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in serum in women with unexplained early spontaneous abortion, threatened abortion, and compare the levels with healthy pregnant women. Methods: Thirty-seven women with unexplained early spontaneous abortion, 27 women with threatened abortion, and 34 healthy pregnant women undergoing artificial abortion of pregnancy at 6 - 10 weeks of gestation were selected. Decidual samples were collected when women were undergoing artificial abortion, and blood samples were collected at the same time. The level of membrane tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in decidua was detected by flow cytometer, and the concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in sera was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The percentages of membrane tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 positive decidual cells were 16.42 ± 7.10 Mean ± SD for women with unexplained early spontaneous abortion and 13. 14 ± 6.30 for healthy pregnant women ( P < 0.05). Serum concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 was significantly higher in women with unexplained early spontaneous abortion than in healthy pregnant women and in women with threatened abortion, and no difference was found between healthy pregnant women and women with threatened abortion. Conclusion: Women with unexplained early spontaneous abortion present significantly higher expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 than healthy pregnant women, suggesting that over-expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 may contribute to the development of early spontaneous abortion.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 deficiency in hepatocytes does not protect from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, but attenuates insulin resistance in mice

BACKGROUND End-stage liver disease caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)is the second leading indication for liver transplantation.To date,only moderately effective pharmacotherapies exist to treat NASH.Understanding the pathogenesis of NASH is therefore crucial for the development of new therapies.The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)is important for the progression of liver disease.TNF signaling via TNF receptor 1(TNFR1)has been hypothesized to be important for the development of NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma in whole-body knockout animal models.AIM To investigate the role of TNFR1 signaling in hepatocytes for steatohepatitis development in a mouse model of diet-induced NASH.METHODS NASH was induced by a western-style fast-food diet in mice deficient for TNFR1 in hepatocytes(TNFR1ΔHEP)and their wild-type littermates(TNFR1fl/fl).Glucose tolerance was assessed after 18 wk and insulin resistance after 19 wk of feeding.After 20 wk mice were assessed for features of NASH and the metabolic syndrome such as liver weight,liver steatosis,liver fibrosis and markers of liver inflammation.RESULTS Obesity,liver injury,inflammation,steatosis and fibrosis was not different between TNFR1ΔHEP and TNFR1fl/fl mice.However,Tnfr1 deficiency in hepatocytes protected against glucose intolerance and insulin resistance.CONCLUSION Our results indicate that deficiency of TNFR1 signaling in hepatocytes does not protect from diet-induced NASH.However,improved insulin resistance in this model strengthens the role of the liver in glucose homeostasis.

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI) in periodontal disease

The course and severity of periodontitis can be significantly affected by bacterial virulence as well as host immunity dysfunction. Periodontal tissue destruction has been proved to result from cascade of cytokines synthesized by reactive cells upon stimulation by pathogenic bacteria and lipopolysaccharides within their cell membranes. The clinical use of genetically programmed cells, producing substances blocking IL-1, based on recombinant IL-1 antagonist, as well as cytokines activating fibroblasts and osteoblasts to regenerate the destroyed periodontal tissue could prove alternative to the conventional treatment. Another cytokine of interest in respect to periodontitis ethiopathogenesis is soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI). Observation of soluble TNF receptors as physiologic inhibitors of TNF led to its administration in therapeutic process as well as in therapy selected cases of aggressive periodontitis.

Effects of Irbesartan and Metformin on tumor necrosis factor receptor and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in patients with early diabetic nephropathy

Objective: To explore the effect of Irbesartan and Metformin on tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with early diabetic nephropathy. Methods: A total of 162 patients with early diabetic nephropathy who had been admitted to the Hospital between February 2017 and February 2018 were randomly assigned into a Metformin group, an Irbesartan group, and a combination therapy group. The Metformin group were treated with oral Metformin, those in the Irbesartan group were given oral Irbesartan for treatment, and the combination therapy group was treated with Metformin combined with Irbesartan. After 3 months of continuous treatment, the levels of sTNFR1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, glucose metabolism index, proteinuria, and serum creatinine levels in the two groups were compared. Results:After treatment, the levels of sTNFR1, sICAM-1, hs-CRP, and MCP-1 in the three groups decreased compared with those before treatment, and the levels in the combination therapy group were all shown to be lower than those of the Metformin group and the Irbesartan group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose in the three groups were significantly lower than before treatment, and those in the combination therapy group were lower than the Metformin group and Irbesartan group, where the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The 24-hour urinary protein quantification, urinary albumin excretion rate, and serum creatinine in the combination therapy group were lower than those in the Metformin group and in the Irbesartan group, where the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The effects of metformin combined with irbesartan on early diabetic nephropathy patients were significant, which can effectively reduce the levels of serum sTNFR1 and MCP-1, relieve inflammation and improve glucose metabolism and proteinuria level.

Effect of Llinagliptin on tumor necrosis factor receptor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Objective:To explore the effect of Linagliptin on tumor necrosis factor receptor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with diabetic nephropathy.Methods: A total of 98 patients with diabetic nephropathy admitted to the Hospital from January 2017 to September 2018 were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups according to the random double-blind method, with 49 cases in each group. The control group was treated with Metformin, whereas the experimental group was treated with Linagliptin plus Metformin. After 3 months of continuous treatment, the renal function [urinary albumin excretion rate, 24 h urine protein quantitation and serum creatinine], glycolipids metabolic levels [glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor receptor, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results:After 3 months of treatment, the levels of UAER, 24 h Upor and Scr in the experimental group were shown to be lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. After 3 months of treatment, the levels of HbA1c, FPG, TC and TG in the experimental group were shown to be lower than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. After 3 months of treatment, the levels of MCP-1, sTNFR1 and hs-CRP in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups.Conclusion: For patients with diabetic nephropathy, Linagliptin is with higher safety, which can help improve their glycolipids metabolic levels and renal function, reduce the inflammatory response and the levels of MCP-1 and sTNFR1, and yet incur fewer adverse reactions.

Acute heart failure as an adverse event of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease:A review of the literature

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors(anti-TNFs)are widely used therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD);however,their administration is not risk-free.Heart failure(HF),although rare,is a potential adverse event related to administration of these medications.However,the exact mechanism of development of HF remains obscure.TNFαis found in both healthy and damaged hearts.Its effects are concentration-and receptor-dependent,promoting either cardio-protection or cardiomyocyte apoptosis.Experimental rat models with TNFαreceptor knockout showed increased survival rates,less reactive oxygen species formation,and improved diastolic left ventricle pressure.However,clinical trials employing anti-TNF therapy to treat HF had disappointing results,suggesting abolishment of the cardioprotective properties of TNFα,making cardiomyocytes susceptible to apoptosis and oxidation.Thus,patients with IBD who have risk factors should be screened for HF before initiating anti-TNF therapy.This review aims to discuss adverse events associated with the administration of anti-TNF therapy,with a focus on HF,and propose some approaches to avoid cardiac adverse events in patients with IBD.

Claudin 1 mediates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell migration in human gastric cancer cells

AIM: To investigate the role of claudin 1 in the regulation of genes involved in cell migration and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#x003b1;)-induced gene expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells.

Investigation of tumor necrosis factor receptor -p55expression in human colorectal cancer

Objective:To investigatetheclinicalsignificanceof tumornecrosisfactorreceptor-p55(TNFR-p55)expression anditsrelationshipwiththeclinicalpathologyandDukes’classificationof humancolorectalcancer.Methods:SABCimmuno-histochemistrymethodwasusedto examineTNFR-p55expressionin91specimensof colorectalcancer,81surroundingmu-cosasof thetumorsand13normaltissues.Results:TNFR-p55expressionincolorectalcancerwas significantlyhigher than thatinthesurroundingmucosaandnormaltissues,anditwassignificantlyhigherinthesurroundingmucosathaninnormal tissue.TNFR-p55was inverselycorrelatedto serousmembraneinvasionandlymphnodemetastasisof colorectalcancers.TNFR-p55expressioninDukes’A andB stageswassignificantlyhigherthanthatof C stage.Conclu sion:TNFR-p55expres-sionwasimportantto determinethedegreeof malignancyandassessinvasiondepth,lymphnodemetastasisandDukes’clas-sificationincolorectalcancer.

Elevated levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with knee articular cartilage injury

BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines play a vital role in the occurrence of osteoarticular injury and inflammation. Whether inflammation-associated factors interleukin-1β(IL- 1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of keen articular cartilage injury remains poorly understood. AIM To measure the levels of inflammatory factors [IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF] in patients with knee articular cartilage injury. METHODS Fifty-five patients with knee articular cartilage injury were selected as patient groups, who were divided into three grades [mild (n = 20), moderate (n = 19) and severe (n = 16)] according to disease severity and X-ray examinations. Meanwhile, 30 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination were selected as the control group. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF were measured by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Compared with the control group, patient groups displayed significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF, and the extent of increase was directly proportional to the severity of injury (P < 0.05). In addition, the number of cells with positive staining of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF in the synovial membrane were significantly increased, along with increased disease severity (P < 0.05). After treatment, the scores of visual analogue scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster University of Orthopaedic Index in patient groups were 2.26 ± 1.13 and 15.56 ± 7.12 points, respectively, which were significantly lower than those before treatment (6.98 ± 1.32 and 49.48 ± 8.96). Correlation analysis suggested that IL-1β and TNF-α were positively correlated with VEGF. CONCLUSION IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF levels are increased in patients with knee articular cartilage injury, and are associated with the disease severity, indicating they might play an important role in the occurrence and development of knee articular cartilage injury. Furthermore, therapeutically targeting them might be a novel approach for the treatment of keen articular cartilage injury.

Interleukin-1β,Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Lipopolysaccharide Induce Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Calf Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

Summary: To investigate whether interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 ) mRNA and protein in calf aortic smooth muscle cells(SMCs), calf aortic SMCs were cultured by a substrate-attached explant method. The cultured SMCs were used between the third to the fifth passage. After the cells became confluent, the SMCs were exposed to 2 ng/ml IL-1β, 20ng/ml TNF-1α and 100 ng/ml LPS respectively, and the total RNA of SMCs which were incubated for 4 h at 37℃ were extracted from the cells by using guanidinium isothiocyanate method. The expres- ion of MCP-1 mRNA in SMCs was detected by using dot blotting analysis using a probe of γ-32 P- end-labelled 35-mer oligonucleotide. After a 24-h incubation, the media conditioned by the cul- tured SMCs were collected. The MCP-1 protein content in the conditioned media was determined by using sandwich ELISA. The results were as follows: Dot blotting analysis showed that the cul- tured SMCs could express MCP-1 mRNA. After a 4-h exposure to IL-1β, TNF-α and LPS, the MCP-1 mRNA expression in SMCs was increased (3.6-fold, 2. 3-fold and 1. 6-fold, respectively). ELISA showed that the levels of MCP-1 protein in the conditioned media were also increased (2.9- fold, 1.7-fold and 1.1-fold, respectively). The results suggest that calf aortic SMCs could ex- press MCP-1 mRNA and protein. IL-1β and TNF-α can induce strong expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein, and the former is more effective than the latter.

Evaluation of leptin,interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in serum of malaria patients as prognostic markers of treatment outcome

Objective:To analyze scrum leptin levels in patients with malaria falciparum and compare them with healthy controls and correlate with development and outcome of malaria infection.Methods:Sixty cases of malaria falciparum were included in this study as patients.Thirty healthy individuals of comparable age,racial and body mass index were taken as controls.All patients were diagnosed by clinical picture and the presence of malaria parasites in blood film.Estimation of liver function test,kidney function test,complete blood count,fasting blood sugar,fasting serum insulin,pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNFα)and interleukin 1(IL1),estimation of morning serum leptin and calculation of body mass index(kg/m^2)were done in both groups on the day of admission,on discharge and 7 d after discharge.Results:At admission,leptin levels were significantly higher in patients group than in control while lasting serum insulin levels were not significantly different between the two groups.There were significant increases as regard to TNFαand IL1 in malaria patients.Significant differences were observed between the control and the patient group for leptin,TNFαand IL1 at the time of admission and discharge.After discharge for 7 d.a significant decline in scrum leptin levels,TNFαand IL1 in the patients group was observed as compared with time of admission and time of discharge,a positive correlation between serum leptin levels and TNFαand IL1.Conclusions:Leptin hormone level might play an important role in development and outcome of malaria infection.

Association between genetic variations in tumor necrosis factor receptor genes and survival of patients with T-cell lymphoma

The prognosis of T-cell lymphoma (TCL) has been shown to be associated with the clinical characteristics of patients. However, there is little knowledge of whether genetic variations also affect the prognosis of TCL. This study investigated the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily(TNFRSF) genes and the survival of patients with TCL. A total of 38 tag SNPs in 18 TNFRSF genes were genotyped using Sequenom platform in 150 patients with TCL. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were plotted and significance was assessed using log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze each of these 38 SNPs with adjustment for covariates that might influence patient survival, including sex and international prognostic Index score. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals(CIs) were calculated. Among the 38 SNPs tested, 3 were significantly associated with the survival of patients with TCL. These SNPs were located at LTβR (rs3759333C>T) and TNFRSF17(rs2017662C>T and rs2071336C>T). The 5-year survival rates were significantly different among patients carrying different genotypes and the HRs for death between the different genotypes ranged from 0.45 to 2.46. These findings suggest that the SNPs in TNFRSF genes might be important determinants for the survival of TCL patients.

Upregulation of stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha/CXCR4 axis-induced migration of human neural progenitors by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8

BACKGROUND： Studies of several animal models of central nervous system diseases have shown that neural progenitor cells （NPCs） can migrate to injured tissues. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha （SDF-la）, and its primary physiological receptor CXCR4, have been shown to contribute to this process. OBJECTIVE： To investigate migration efficacy of human NPCs toward a SDF-1α gradient, and the regulatory roles of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-8 （IL-8） in SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis-induced migration of NPCs. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： An in vitro, randomized, controlled, cellular and molecular biology study was performed at the Laboratory of Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University between October 2005 and November 2007. MATERIALS： SDF-1α and mouse anti-human CXCR4 fusion antibody were purchased from R＆D Systems, USA. TNF-αwas purchased from Biomyx Technology, USA and IL-8 was kindly provided by the Biotechnology Research Institute of Soochow University. METHODS： NPCs isolated from forebrain tissue of 9 to 10-week-old human fetuses were cultured in vitro. The cells were incubated with 0, 20, and 40 ng/mL TNF-α, or 0, 20, and 40 ng/mL IL-8, for 48 hours prior to migration assay. For antibody-blocking experiments, cells were further pretreated with 0, 20, and 40 μg/mL mouse anti-human CXCR4 fusion antibody for 2 hours. Subsequently, the transwell assay and CXCR4 blockade experiments were performed to evaluate migration of human NPCs toward a SDF-1α gradient. Serum-free culture medium without SDF-1α served as the negative control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The transwell assay was performed to evaluate migration of human NPCs toward a SDF-1α gradient, which was blocked by fusion antibody against CXCR4. In addition, CXCR4 expression in human NPCs stimulated by TNF-α and IL-8 was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS： Results from the transwell assay demonstrated that SDF-1α was a strong chemoattractant for human NPCs （P 〈 0.01）, and 20 ng/mL produced the highest levels of migration. Anti-human CXCR4 fusion antibody significantly blocked the chemotactic effect （P 〈 0.05）. Flow cytometry results showed that treatment with TNF-α and IL-8 resulted in increased CXCR4 expression and greater chemotaxis efficiency of NPCs towards SDF-1α（P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： These results demonstrated that SDF-la significantly attracted NPCs in vitro, and neutralizing anti-CXCR4 antibody could block part of this chemotactic function. TNF-α and IL-8 increased chemotaxis efficiency of NPCs towards the SDF-1αgradient by upregulating CXCR4 expression in NPCs.

Genes of tumor necrosis factors and their receptors and the primary open angle glaucoma in the population of Central Russia

AIM：To examine the association of genetic polymorphisms（-308）G/A TNFα,（＋250）A/G Ltα,（＋36）A/G TNFR1,（＋1663）A/G TNFR2 with the development of primary open angle glaucoma（POAG）among people in Central Russia.METHODS：The study sample included 443 individuals,of which 252 patients with POAG and 191 individuals in the control group.Genotyping of（-308）G/A TNFα,（＋250）A/G Ltα,（＋36）A/G TNFR1,（＋1663）A/G TNFR2 was performed using polymerase chain reaction.The distribution of alleles and genotypes of the studied DNA markers in the groups was examined by 2×2 contingency tables andχ2with the Yates’s correction for continuity and odds ratios（OR）with95%confidence intervals（CI）.RESULTS：Allele（-308）G TNFα（Р=0.01,OR=1.78,95%CI1.12-2.85）was identified as a risk factor for POAG.Homozygotes（-308）AA TNFαare at a lowest risk for development of the disease（Р=0.01,OR=0.0005）.The following combination of genetic variants of cytokines were associated with a reduced risk of POAG：（＋1663）A TNFR2 and（＋250）G Ltα（OR=0.34）CONCLUSION：Genetic polymorphisms（-308）G/A TNFα,（＋250）A/G Ltα,（＋1663）A/G TNFR2 associated with the development of POAG in the population of Central Russia.

Tumor necrosis family receptor superfamily member 9/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated f

Hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection is an excellent immunological model for understanding the mechanisms developed by non-cytopathic viruses and tumors to evade the adaptative immune response.The antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response is essential for keeping HCV under control,but during persistent infection,these cells become exhausted or even deleted.The exhaustion process is progressive and depends on the infection duration and level of antigenemia.During high antigenic load and long duration of infection,T cells become extremely exhausted and ultimately disappear due to apoptosis.The development of exhaustion involves the impairment of positive co-stimulation induced by regulatory cytokines,such as transforming growth factor beta 1.This cytokine downregulates tumor necrosis factor receptor(TNFR)-associated factor 1(TRAF1),the signal transducer of the T cell co-stimulatory molecule TNFR superfamily member 9(known as 4-1BB).This impairment correlates with the low reactivity of T cells and an exhaustion phenotype.Treatment with interleukin-7 in vitro restores TRAF1 expression and rescues T cell effector function.The process of TRAF1 loss and its in vitro recovery is hierarchical,and more affected by severe disease progression.In conclusion,TRAF1 dynamics on T cells define a new pathogenic model that describes some aspects of the natural history of HCV,and sheds light on novel immunotherapy strategies for chronic viral infections and cancer.

EFFECTS OF PHYTOLACCA ACINOSA POLYSACCHARIDES I ON CYTOTOXICITY OF MACROPHAGES AND ITS PRODUCTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR AND INTERLEUKIN 1

The in vivo effects of Phytolacca acinosa poly-saccharides I (PEP-I) on immunologic cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal macrophages and its production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) were studied. PEP-I 80 or 160 mg kg was given ip twice every 4 day. Both doses were found to have significant enhancing activity on macrophages cytotoxicity against S180 sarcoma cells and malignant transformed fibroblast L929 cells. Peritoneal activated macrophages were incubated with LPS for 2 and 24 hrs to induce TNF and IL-1, respectively. The TNF and IL-1 activities were tested from cytotoxicity against L929 cells in an absorbence assay of enzymatic reaction and proliferation of thymocytes co-stimulated assay separately. The optimal time for TNF production was found on day 8. Significant increases in TNF and IL-1 were observed. In comparison of the effect of PEP-I on TNF with that of known priming agent BCG, there was no difference between them, but PEP-I had a high effect on IL-1. These results suggest that cytotoxicity of macrophages primed by PEP-I is closely related to its TNF and IL-1 production.