Plasma Metabonomics of Human Adenovirus-infected Patients with Pneumonia and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Objective Human adenovirus(HAdV)infection is common and can develop to serious conditions with high mortality,yet the mechanism of HAdV infection remains unclear.In the present study,the serum metabolite profiles of HAdV-7-infected patients with pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infection(URTI)were explored.Methods In total,35 patients were enrolled in the study following an outbreak of HAdV-7 in the army,of whom 14 had pneumonia and 21 had URTI.Blood samples were collected at the acute stage and at the recovery stage and were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics.Results Over 90% of the differential metabolites identified between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients were lipids and lipid-like molecules,including glycerophospholipids,fatty acyls,and sphingolipids.The metabolic pathways that were significantly enriched were primarily the lipid metabolism pathways,including sphingolipid metabolism,glycerophospholipid metabolism,and linoleic acid metabolism.The sphingolipid metabolism was identified as a significantly differential pathway between the pneumonia patients and URTI patients and between the acute and recovery stages for the pneumonia patients,but not between the acute and recovery stages for the URTI patients.Ceramide and lactosylceramide,involved in sphingolipid metabolism,were significantly higher in the pneumonia patients than in the URTI patients with good discrimination abilities[area under curve(AUC)0.742 and 0.716,respectively;combination AUC 0.801].Conclusion Our results suggested that HAdV modulated lipid metabolism for both the patients with URTI and pneumonia,especially the sphingolipid metabolism involving ceramide and lactosylceramide,which might thus be a potential intervention target in the treatment of HAdV infection.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Vitamin C in the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Background:The effectiveness of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of pediatric upper respiratory tract infections was evaluated in a meta-analysis.Methods:A total 2,573 children with upper respiratory tract infections were included in the meta-analysis,1,280 of whom received vitamin C and 1,293 who received control medication.The analysis of findings related to the studies included was done through random or fixed effects model to determine whether vitamin C supplementation could stop and control upper respiratory tract infections in children using mean difference(MD)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs).Results:On average,vitamin C-treated children had fewer upper respiratory tract infection bouts,their illness lasted shorter(MD-0.84;95%CI-1.47 to-0.20,P=0.009),and they were less contagious than the control.Conclusions:The number of episodes and illness duration of upper respiratory tract-infected pediatric subjects were considerably reduced in the intervention group(vitamin C)compared to the control.Due to the small sample size in four of 11 studies and the limited number of studies included for comparison,the outcomes should be carefully examined.

The Effect of Comfort Nursing on the Compliance and Efficacy of Treatment for Children with Acute Otitis Media Caused by Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Objective:To explore and analyze the clinical effect of comfort nursing on children with acute otitis media.Methods:62 children with acute otitis media caused by upper respiratory tract infection who visited the outpatient clinic of our hospital from June 2022 to June 2023 were selected for this study.They were divided into a study group(n=31)and a control group(n=31).Children in the control group received basic care,while children in the study group received comfort nursing along with basic care.The hearing thresholds,body temperature,treatment compliance,and nursing satisfaction of the two groups of children were compared.Results:After the nursing intervention,the hearing threshold and average body temperature of the children in the study group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05);the treatment compliance of the children in the study group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05);the nursing satisfaction of the study group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comfort nursing can improve the treatment effect,treatment compliance,and nursing satisfaction of children with children with acute otitis media caused by upper respiratory tract infection.

Endoscopy dissection of small stromal tumors emerged from the muscularis propria in the upper gastrointestinal tract:Preliminary study

AIM:To investigate the feasibility and safety of the treatment of an upper gastrointestinal(GI) submucosal tumor with endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).METHODS:A total of 20 patients with esophageal and gastric submucosal tumors emerged from the muscular layer identified by endoscopic ultrasonography were collected from January 2009 to June 2010.Extramural or dumbbell-like lesions were excluded by an enhanced computerized tomography(CT) scan.All patients had intravenous anesthesia with propofol and then underwent the ESD procedure to resect these submucosal tumors.The incision was closed by clips as much as possible to decrease complications,such as bleeding or perforation,after resection of the tumor.All the specimens were collected and evaluated by hematoxylin,eosin and immunohistochemical staining,with antibodies against CD117,CD34,desmin,α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin to identify the characteristics of the tumors.Fletch's criteria was used to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs).All patients underwent a follow-up endoscopy at 3,6 and 12 mo and CT scan at 6 and 12 mo.RESULTS:The study group consisted of 5 men and 15 women aged 45-73 years,with a mean age of 60.2 years.Three tumors were located in the esophagus,9 in the gastric corpus,4 in the gastric fundus,3 lesions in the gastric antrum and 1 in the gastric angulus.Apart from the one case in the gastric angulus which was abandoned due to being deeply located in the serosa,94.7%(18/19) achieved complete gross dissection by ESD with operation duration of 60.52±30.32 min.The average maximum diameter of tumor was 14.8±7.6 mm,with a range of 6 to 30 mm,and another lesion was ligated by an endoscopic ligator after most of the lesion was dissected.After pathological and immunohistochemical analysis,12 tumors were identified as a GI stromal tumor and 6 were leiomyoma.Mitotic count of all 12 GIST lesions was fewer than 5 per 50 HPF and all lesions were at very low(9/12,75.0%) or low risk(3/12,25.0%) according to Fletch's criteria.Procedure complications mainly included perforation and GI bleeding;perforation occurred in 1 patient and conservative treatment succeeded by a suturing clip and no post-operative GI bleeding occurred.All patients were followed up for 6.5±1.8 mo(range,3-12 mo) by endoscopy and abdominal CT.Local recurrence and metastasis did not occur in any patient.CONCLUSION:ESD shows promise as a safe and feasible technique to resect esophageal and gastric submucosal tumors and the incidence of complications was very low.Clinical studies with more subjects and longer follow-up are needed to confirm its treatment value.

Aspirin plus Pseudoephedrine (Aspirin Complex) for the Treatment of Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Upper respiratory tract infections or common colds are a multi-symptom disease which is usually symptomatically treated with fixed dose multi-active ingredient medicinal products which are commonly used as non-prescription and over the counter. However, the active ingredients combined require a particular and clinically sound justification. Analgesics and decongestant can be combined to treat simultaneously the prominent symptoms cold-related pain (e.g. headache, muscle aches and pains), fever, inflammationand nasal/sinus congestion. This overview provides a summary of the evidence supporting the combination of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and pseudoephedrine available in the common cold product Aspirin? Complex.

A Survey of the Experience and Impact of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections on People in Six Countries in the 2011/2012 Common Cold and Flu Season

Introduction: Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs) are the most common infectious diseases of humankind. While usually mild and self-limiting, they are characterized by a series of simultaneously occurring symptoms/ signs that are sufficiently disruptive to sufferers’ normal activities in which medication is frequently sought. While the literature has many examples of epidemiological studies on these infections, there are few reports on patient experience and impact. This study was designed to investigate these aspects of Common Cold/Flu across six countries. Methods: A minimum of 500 adults aged 18 and older were recruited in each of six countries (Brazil, China, Germany, India, Russia, and the US) using customary survey research sampling techniques. Single 30-minute (online) or 40-minute door-to-door quantitative questionnaires with c. 50 questions were completed with each participant by the global research firm Ipsos. Main Findings: Across countries, incidence and seasonality of infections reported to this study were consistent with published data. There appears to be a need for patient education on the causes and transmission routes of respiratory infections. Getting good quality sleep and being able to continue with daily activities as an infection resolves are significant drivers to therapy. The most common non-prescription therapies reported were multi-ingredient products in line with the simultaneously occurring multi-symptom nature of the condition(s). Conclusions: This study indicated that acute URTIs exert a significant deleterious effect on sufferers. Public health education, possibly best undertaken by Pharmacists has the potential to impact the extent of virus transmission by ensuring that people know the true cause of the infection, how it is transmitted and how best to combat this. The several simultaneously occurring symptoms encourage sufferers to seek multi-ingredient remedies to allow them to continue with normal activities as their infection resolves naturally.

Analysis of the Real-world Efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊)in the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Objective:To explore the efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊)on upper respiratory tract infection,to understand the impact of Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊)on the treatment outcome of upper respiratory tract infection,and provide reference for rational clinical drug use.Methods:The HIS database based on 18 large third-grade class-A hospitals was selected to match 1:1 for upper respiratory tract infection patients using and without Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊)according to certain standards.The recombination of treatment outcome as"recovery"and"improvement"in the database was defined as effective treatment,"ineffectiveness","death"and"other"as ineffectivetreatment populations,and the effectiveness of treatment outcomes in the remerged 2 groups was compared by propensity score method.Results:After matching,454 cases were in both the patients treated by(experimental group)and without(control group)Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊).Analysis was performed by three Logistic regression methods,all showing regression coefficients greater than 0 and statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:Patients with upper respiratory tract infection treated by Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊)are more effective than that without Lianhua Qingwen Capsule(莲花清瘟胶囊),it can improve the clinical efficacy of patients with upper respiratory tract infection。

Primary Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract: Report of 4 Cases

Primary tumors of the upper urinary tract are rarely reported in the literature. We thus report here four cases of primary tumors of the upper urinary tract that were difficult to diagnose, in three women and one man. Preoperative diagnosis was established in only two cases requiring a nephro-ureterectomy. The other two cases were surprisingly diagnosed during anatomopatho- logical examination. Preoperative diagnosis was a pyonephrosis in one case and a renal failure resulting from stenosis of the pelvic ureter in the other. Despite modern methods, primary tumors of the upper urinary tract remain difficult to diagnose.

Detection of Streptococci in the Throat Swabs from Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Kurdistan Region

The study was conducted for the detection of streptococcus bacteria of two groups of people with pharyngitis and tonsillitis. All the plates with α-haemolytic and β-haemolytic colonies were identified by conventional methods. β-haemolytic colonies was further identified by observing its sensitivity towards bacitracin disc tested on sheep blood agar plate. Alpha-hemolytic colonies on blood agar plate were identified with optchin disc. Different bacteria which included Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pnenmoniae and S. celis that had proportions 48.57%, 51.43%, 59.1% and 40.9% respectively isolated by the sensitivity test （depends on agents bacitracin and optchin）. Isolates of beta-Streptococcal which included S. pyogenes at child group （A） and the isolates alpha- Streptococcal which included S. pnenmoniae at adults group （B） showed marked rise.

Meta-analysis of the comparison between reduning injection and ribavirin injection for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of reduning injection in acute upper respiratory tract infection of children.Methods:Use computer to search PubMed,the Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Database,Weipu database(VIP)and China Biomedical studies Service System(CBM)for randomized controlled trials(RCT)of acute upper respiratory tract infection in children,and the retrieval time is from their establishment to May,2022.After two researchers independently screened the studies,extracted data and evaluated the risk bias of studies,RevMan5.3 software was used to perform meta-analysis.Results:10 studies in total were included,involving 1466 patients.Results of the meta-analysis:total effective rate[RR=1.12,95%CI(1.07,1.16),P<0.00001],cure time[MD=-1.51,95%CI(-1.71,-1.32),P<0.00001],antipyretic time[MD=-1.32,95%CI(-1.72,-0.92),P<0.00001],disappearing time of nasal obstruction and nose running[MD=-1.04,95%CI(-1.45,-0.62),P<0.00001],disappearing time of cough[MD=-1.35,95%CI(-1.58,-1.13),P<0.00001],disappearing time of throat congestion[MD=-1.36,95%CI(-1.68,-1.03),P<0.00001],disappearing time of sore throat[MD=-1.55,95%CI(-1.74,-1.35),P<0.00001],the incidence of adverse reactions[RR=0.34,95%CI(0.20,0.57),P<0.0001].The differences between two groups in total effective rate,cure time,antipyretic time,disappearing time of nasal obstruction and nose running,disappearing time of cough,disappearing time of throat congestion,disappearing time of sore throat and the incidence of adverse reactions are all statistically significant(P<0.05).The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that three outcomes(total effective rate,cure time and disappearing time of sore throat)have unstable results,while others having stable results.Conclusion:Reduning injection is more effective than ribavirin injection in clinical,and it is better than ribavirin injection at relieving fever,nasal obstruction and nose running,cough and throat congestion.In addition,it’s safer in clinical than ribavirin injection.

Prescription practice of antihistamines for acute upper respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients in a local emergency department in Hong Kong

BACKGROUND: Currently there is very limited data in the literature assessing the prevalence of antihistamine prescription, and there is no local prevalence data about the prescription of antihistamine agents among primary practitioner and emergency physicians. The objectives are 1) to report the prevalence of antihistamine prescription for children less than 6 years old with acute upper respiratory infection and 2) to explore the associated factors for the prescription practice.METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. All consecutive cases of paediatric patients aged 6 or below who presented to the emergency department during a study period of one week from April 1 to July 4, 2009 with diagnosis of acute upper respiratory infection were included. Totally 162 patients were included.RESULTS: Among the 162 cases, 141(87%) patients were prescribed one antihistamine of any group. Sixty(37%) patients were prescribed two or more antihistamines. In multivariate logistic regression model, age was found to be signi? cantly(P<0.001) associated with multiple antihistamine prescription(OR=1.042, 95%CI=1.02 to 1.06). Years of graduation of attending physician for more than 5 years was also a strong predictor of multiple antihistamine prescription(OR=4.654, 95%CI=2.20 to 9.84, P<0.001).CONCLUSION: In the local emergency department, patients' age and the years of graduation from medical school of the attending physician were predictors of multiple antihistamine prescription for acute upper respiratory infections for children aged less than 6.

Effects of cartilaginous rings on airflow and particle transport through simplified and realistic models of human upper respiratory tracts

In the present study, computational fluid dynamics （CFD） is used to investigate inspiratory and expiratory airflow characteristics in the human upper respiratory tract for the purpose of identifying the probable locations of particle deposition and the wall injury. Computed tomography （CT） scan data was used to reconstruct a three dimensional respiratory tract from trachea to first generation bronchi. To compare, a simplified model of respiratory tract based on Weibel was also used in the study. The steady state results are obtained for an airflow rate of 45 L/min, corresponding to the heavy breathing condition. The velocity distribution, wall shear stress, static pressure and particle deposition are compared for inspiratory flows in simplified and realistic models and expiratory flows in realistic model only. The results show that the location of cartilaginous rings is susceptible to wall injury and local particle deposition.

Study on Molecular Mechanism of Yiqing Capsule in Treating Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Based on Network Pharmacology

Objective: To investigate the possible mechanism of Yiqing Capsules in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection based on network pharmacology. Methods: The main active components of Yiqing Capsules were selected on TCMSP database;the targets of upper respiratory tract infection were selected on GeneCards database. The drug-compound-target network and PPi network were constructed through STRING database and soft Cytoscape 3.7.2. Soft R was used to perform GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of main targets. Results: According to the screening conditions, 48 active compounds and 171 related targets were obtained. GO enrichment analysis obtained 2333 items, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis obtained 2248 items, including Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, Human cytomegalovirus infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, etc. Conclusion: Yiqing capsules play a therapeutic role in upper respiratory tract infection through multi-target and multi-pathway.

Target Prediction and Molecular Mechanism of Compound Honggencao for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Based on Network Pharmacology

Objective: The target prediction and molecular mechanism of compound Honggencao in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection were investigated based on network pharmacology. Methods: In the database of Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, chemical composition and potential targets of compound Honggencao were mined, and the target gene of upper respiratory tract infection of compound Honggencao was extracted from GeneCards databases. The protein-protein interaction of target genes was constructed. Then, the essential genes of enrichment of KEGG pathway analysis and functional analysis were analysed. Results: Compound Honggencao had 69 kinds of active ingredients. The upper respiratory tract infection of the target gene was 186 that built compound Honggencao on the relationship between upper respiratory tract infections of protein interaction networks, which had a total of 186 nodes, 3515 sides. Fifty-six essential genes were including IL-17, EGFR and CDND1, and so on. Gene ontology analysis had 2567 items, and pathway analysis was 166 items. The main signaling pathways involved with IL-17 signaling pathways, tumour necrosis factor signal pathway and human cytomegalovirus infection, and so on. Conclusion: The pharmacological action of compound Honggencao on upper respiratory tract infection was characterized by the synergistic effect of multiple components and multiple targets, which provided an absolute theoretical basis for the research on the pharmacological direction of molecular signaling pathway and a specific theoretical basis for clinical use.

Novel Approach to Microbiological Study of Chronic Inflammations at Upper Respiratory Tract: Research of Blood L-Form Microbiota

Background: The recognition of human blood microbiota, consisting of cell wall-deficient microbes (L-forms), is a major challenge today in the field of microbiology. There are accumulating data confirming the concept of “internal” blood L-form microbiota and its significance for health and diseases. Finding out whether the blood microbiota can be of diagnostic and prognostic importance for detection and evaluation of chronic infections anywhere in the body is a major objective. In the context of chronically infected upper respiratory tract (URT), the aim of the current study was to understand whether a local infection can be a source for entry of bacteria and fungi in the blood. Methods: Blood samples from six persons with chronic inflammations in URT diagnosed with hypertrophied adenoids, chronic sinusitis, nasal polyps, chronic naso-pharyngitis and one control healthy person were studied. Blood microbiota assessment methodology that be used, included three phases: 1) isolation of L-form cultures from blood-development and propagation;2) cultivation directed to conversion of L-forms into bacterial and fungal cultures;3) isolation of pure classical bacterial and fungal cultures and their identification by MALDI-TOF method. Results: From the patients were isolated L-forms of opportunistic bacteria (Streptococcus mitis, Roseomonas mucosa, Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas luteola, Enterobacter cloacae) and fungi such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucorales. Conclusion: The novel innovative methodology for assessment of blood L-form microbiota was successfully applied for detection of microbes responsible for chronic infections at URT.

Effectiveness and Safety of Jinye Baidu Granules(金叶败毒颗粒)for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Jinye Baidu Granules(金叶败毒颗粒)for acute upper respiratory tract infection(AURTI).Database such as CNKI,Wan-fang,VIP,Sino Med,Web of science,Clinical Trials gov,Medline、EMBASE,CENTRAL,Cochrane Library were retrieved to collect randomized controlled trials(RCTs)on Jinye Baidu Granules(金叶败毒颗粒)in treating AURTI from the estabslishment of the database to March 2019.A total of 2 reviewers independently screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,and extracted material and the quality evaluation of the included studies.Quality evaluation adopted Cochrane Handbook 5.1 evaluation standards and tools.Rev Man5.3 was used to perform Meta-analysis for the adopted study.Finally a total of 4 RCTs involving 636 patients were included.Meta-analysis results showed that:compared with conventional Western medicine alone,Jinye Baidu Granules(金叶败毒颗粒)combined with Western medicine in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infection can improve the total effective rate of clinical efficacy[RR=0.13,95%CI(0.06,0.29),P<0.00001],shorten the time of antipyretic time for acute upper respiratory tract infection[MD=–1.22,95%CI(–1.43,–1.00),P<0.00001],shorten the time of pharyngeal pain[MD=–1.97,95%CI(–2.97,–0.96),P<0.0001]and shorten the cough disappear time[MD=–1.97,95%CI(–2.97,–0.96),P<0.0001].There were 2 papers reporting adverse reactions during the study period,and one of them specifically reported diarrhea,nausea,vomiting and stomachache in the experimental group.In the control group:diarrhea,nausea and adverse reactions disappeared after drug withdrawal;the incidence of adverse reactions was 3.92%in the control group and 5.88%in the observation group.There was no significant difference between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Based on existing data and methods,the systematic evaluation showed that,compared with Western medicine alone,Jinye Baidu Granules(金叶败毒颗粒)combined with Western medicine alone could improve the total effective rate of clinical efficacy,reduce the time of fever,sore throat,and the disappearance of cough with less adverse reactions.However,due to the low quality of the included study,large samples,multicenter,randomized,double-blind trials and trials are still needed to randomized controlled trials with reference to the CONSORT standard and the STRICTA statement.

Flu Vaccine Coupled to Vitamin D Decrease the Frequency of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (Randomized Controlled Trial)

Introduction: Influenza disease is one of the major health concerns in pediatrics. One of the most recently suggested effects of vitamin D is preventing infectious diseases. The aim of our study was to compare flu vaccine effect to flu vaccine associated to vitamin D (100,000 UI per OS) in reducing respiratory tract infections in children. Patients and Methods: 347 healthy children aged 2 to 5 years randomly selected during fall 2012 and the following season fall 2013 were included;upper and lower respiratory tract infections following vaccination were noted. Our results were analyzed using SPSS program (Chi-square and T-test). Results: Out of a total of 347 children included, 150 received flu vaccine and 197 received flu vaccine plus vitamin D. 88 children from both groups manifested upper respiratory tract infections and 64 had lower respiratory tract infections. The statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two groups concerning the upper respiratory tract infection (p = 0.207) and a significant difference between groups for the lower respiratory tract infection (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Coupling vitamin D to flu vaccine provides no protection against upper respiratory infections but provides an effective strategy to decrease the rate of lower respiratory infections in children 2 - 5 years of age.

Effect of gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome on gut microbiota in children with upper respiratory tract infection and lung-heat syndrome

Objective:Gastrointestinal heat retention syndrome(GHRS)is associated with lung-heat syndrome and is related to recurrent respiratory infection.Upper respiratory tract infection(URTI)lung heat syndrome is common in children.The study will explore the effect of GHRS on the structure and function of gut microbiota in children with URTI lung-heat syndrome.Methods:Participants were divided into both groups using the self-developed URTI scale and the“GHRS Diagnostic Scale$Pediatric Part”:GHRS-positive children(LS group)and GHRS-negative children(L group).General information,clinical symptoms,and stool were collected.We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology to determine the gene sequence of the V3eV4 region in feces and measure the gut microbiota of the both groups at the genus level.Results:A total of 23 children were included in the both groups.There were 12 cases in the LS group and 11 cases in the L group.There was no statistical difference between the both groups in age,gender,height,weight,and body mass index.The effective sequences shared by the both groups accounted for 85.66%of the total.In the gut microbiota,there was no difference in the a diversity and the b diversity between the both groups.Compared with the L group,the LS group had a significant increase in the relative abundance of the Ruminococcus gnavus group,Prevotella-9,Staphylococcus,and Actinomyces(P<.05).The functions of the both groups of microbiota primarily concentrate on metabolism,genetic information processing,and environmental information processing.The relative abundance of signaling molecules and interactions in the LS group were higher than that in the L group(P<.05).The redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that the URTI score had the greatest impact on the distribution of microbiota.Conclusion:GHRS may affect the development of URTI lung-heat syndrome by changing the relative abundances of gut microbiota.

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract and disease severity in COVID-19 patients

Due to the disease's broad clinical spectrum,it is currently unclear how to predict the future prognosis of patients at the time of diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RTPCR)is the gold standard molecular technique for diagnosing COVID-19.The number of amplification cycles necessary for the target genes to surpass a threshold level is represented by the RT-PCR cycle threshold(Ct)values.Ct values were thought to be an adequate proxy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)viral load.A body of evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 viral load is a possible predictor of COVID-19 severity.The link between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and the likelihood of severe disease development in COVID-19 patients is not clearly elucidated.In this review,we describe the scientific data as well as the important findings from many clinical studies globally,emphasizing how viral load may be related to disease severity in COVID-19 patients.Most of the evidence points to the association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and disease severity in these patients,and early anti-viral treatment will reduce the severe clinical outcomes.

Effect of secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drugs on inflammatory response and immune response in children with upper respiratory tract infection

Objective: To investigate the effect of secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drugs on inflammatory response and immune response in children with upper respiratory tract infection. Methods: A total of 130 children with upper respiratory tract infection who were treated in the hospital between February 2016 and February 2017 were divided into control group and secretory IgA group by random number table method, each group with 65 cases. Control group received routine anti-infectious drug treatment, and secretory IgA group received the secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drug treatment, which lasted for 1 week. The differences in serum levels of routine inflammatory factors, fat inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in serum levels of normal inflammatory factors, fat inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin between the two groups before treatment. After 1 week of treatment, serum conventional inflammatory factors CRP, IL-1 and IL-8 levels of secretory IgA group were lower than those of control group;serum fat inflammatory factors SAA and Chemerin levels were lower than those of control group whereas Leptin level was higher than that of control group;serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgG and IgM contents were higher than those of control group. Conclusion: The secretory IgA combined with conventional anti-infectious drugs can effectively inhibit the systemic inflammatory response and enhance the humoral immune response in children with upper respiratory tract infection.