A biomimetic spore nanoplatform for boosting chemodynamic therapy and bacteria-mediated antitumor immunity for synergistic cancer treatment

Bacterial-based antitumor immunity has become a promising strategy to activate the immune system for fighting cancer.However,the potential application of bacterial therapy is hindered by the presence of instability and susceptibility to infections within bacterial populations.Furthermore,monotherapy is ineffective in completely eliminating complex cancer with multiple contributing factors.In this study,based on our discovery that spore shell(SS)of Bacillus coagulans exhibits excellent tumor-targeting ability and adjuvant activity,we develop a biomimetic spore nanoplatform to boost bacteria-mediated antitumor therapy,chemodynamic therapy and antitumor immunity for synergistic cancer treatment.In detail,SS is separated from probiotic spores and then attached to the surface of liposome(Lipo)that was loaded with hemoglobin(Hb),glucose oxidase(GOx)and JQ1to construct SS@Lipo/Hb/GOx/JQ1.In tumor tissue,highly toxic hydroxyl radicals(·OH)are generated via sequential catalytic reactions:GOx catalyzing glucose into H_(2)O_(2)and Fe^(2+)in Hb decomposing H_(2)O_(2)into·OH.The combination of·OH and SS adjuvant can improve tumor immunogenicity and activate immune system.Meanwhile,JQ1-mediated down-regulation of PD-L1 and Hb-induced hypoxia alleviation synergistically reshape immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and potentiate immune response.In this manner,SS@Lipo/Hb/GOx/JQ1 significantly suppresses tumor growth and metastasis.To summarize,the nanoplatform represents an optimum strategy to potentiate bacteria-based cancer immunotherapy.

Enhancing metformin-induced tumor metabolism destruction by glucose oxidase for triple-combination therapy

Despite decades of laboratory and clinical trials,breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer-related disease burden in women.Considering the metabolism destruction effect of metformin(Met)and cancer cell starvation induced by glucose oxidase(GOx),after their efficient delivery to tumor sites,GOx and Met may consume a large amount of glucose and produce sufficient hydrogen peroxide in situ.Herein,a pH-responsive epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)-conjugated low-molecular-weight chitosan(LC-EGCG,LE)nanoparticle(Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs)was constructed.The coordination between iron ions(Fe3+)and EGCG in this nanoplatform can enhance the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy via the Fenton reaction.Met–GOx/Fe@LE NPs allow GOx to retain its enzymatic activity while simultaneously improving its stability.Moreover,this pH-responsive nanoplatform presents controllable drug release behavior.An in vivo biodistribution study showed that the intracranial accumulation of GOx delivered by this nanoplatform was 3.6-fold higher than that of the free drug.The in vivo anticancer results indicated that this metabolism destruction/starvation/chemodynamic triple-combination therapy could induce increased apoptosis/death of tumor cells and reduce their proliferation.This triple-combination therapy approach is promising for efficient and targeted cancer treatment.

CA IX-targeted Ag_(2)S quantum dots bioprobe for NIR-II imaging-guided hypoxia tumor chemo-photothermal therapy

Hypoxia is the common characteristic of almost all solid tumors,which prevents therapeutic drugs from reaching the tumors.Therefore,the development of new targeted agents for the accurate diagnosis of hypoxia tumors is widely concerned.As carbonic anhydrase IX(CA IX)is abundantly distributed on the hypoxia tumor cells,it is considered as a potential tumor biomarker.4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide(ABS)as a CA IX inhibitor has inherent inhibitory activity and good targeting effect.In this study,Ag_(2)S quantum dots(QDs)were used as the carrier to prepare a novel diagnostic and therapeutic bioprobe(Ag_(2)S@polyethylene glycol(PEG)-ABS)through ligand exchange and amide condensation reaction.Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can selectively target tumors by surface-modified ABS and achieve accurate tumor imaging by the near infrared-II(NIR-II)fluorescence characteristics of Ag_(2)S QDs.PEG modification of Ag_(2)S QDs greatly improves its water solubility and stability,and therefore achieves high photothermal stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency(PCE)of 45.17%.Under laser irradiation,Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS has powerful photothermal and inherent antitumor combinations on colon cancer cells(CT-26)in vitro.It also has been proved that Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can realize the effective treatment of hypoxia tumors in vivo and show good biocompatibility.Therefore,it is a new efficient integrated platform for the diagnosis and treatment of hypoxia tumors.

DNA Damage-driven Inflammatory Cytokines:Reprogramming of Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Application of Oncotherapy

DNA damage occurs across tumorigenesis and tumor development.Tumor intrinsic DNA damage can not only increase the risk of mutations responsible for tumor generation but also initiate a cellular stress response to orchestrate the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME)and dominate tumor progression.Accumulating evidence documents that multiple signaling pathways,including cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes(cGAS-STING)and ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein(ATM/ATR),are activated downstream of DNA damage and they are associated with the secretion of diverse cytokines.These cytokines possess multifaced functions in the anti-tumor immune response.Thus,it is necessary to deeply interpret the complex TIME reshaped by damaged DNA and tumor-derived cytokines,critical for the development of effective tumor therapies.This manuscript comprehensively reviews the relationship between the DNA damage response and related cytokines in tumors and depicts the dual immunoregulatory roles of these cytokines.We also summarize clinical trials targeting signaling pathways and cytokines associated with DNA damage and provide future perspectives on emerging technologies.

New method of local adjuvant therapy with bicarbonate Ringer’s solution for tumoral calcinosis: A case report

BACKGROUND Tumoral calcinosis is a condition characterized by deposits of calcium phosphate crystals in extra-articular soft tissues,occurring in hemodialysis patients.Calcium phosphate crystals are mainly composed of hydroxyapatite,which is highly infilt-rative to tissues,thus making complete resection difficult.An adjuvant method to remove or resolve the residual crystals during the operation is necessary.CASE SUMMARY A bicarbonate Ringer’s solution with bicarbonate ions(28 mEq/L)was used as the adjuvant.After resecting calcium phosphate deposits of tumoral calcinosis as much as possible,while filling with the solution,residual calcium phosphate deposits at the pseudocyst wall can be gently scraped by fingers or gauze in the operative field.A 49-year-old female undergoing hemodialysis for 15 years had swelling with calcium deposition for 2 years in the shoulders,bilateral hip joints,and the right foot.A shoulder lesion was resected,but the calcification remained and early re-deposition was observed.Considering the difficulty of a complete rection,we devised a bicarbonate dissolution method and excised the foot lesion.After resection of the calcified material,the residual calcified material was washed away with bicarbonate Ringer’s solution.CONCLUSION The bicarbonate dissolution method is a new,simple,and effective treatment for tumoral calcinosis in hemodialysis patients.

Nanomaterials for refining tumor microenvironment and enhancing therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a prevalent and lethal solid tumor with a high mortality rate. Conventional cancertreatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, primarily target cancer cell eradication. However, uncontrolled proliferation and metabolic activities of these cells result in abnormalities in nutrient levels, hypoxia, and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME). These factors constrain the efficacy of traditional treatments by promoting drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Nanomaterials (NMs), such as nanozymes, can exhibit enzymatic activity similar to that of natural enzymes and offer a promising avenuefor the direct modification of the TME through catalytic oxidation-reduction processes. Moreover, they can serve as sensitizers or drug deliverycarriers, enhancing the efficacy of traditional treatment methods. Recently, NMs have garnered significant attention from oncologists. Thisreview begins with an overview of the composition and unique characteristics of the TME. Subsequently, we comprehensively exploredthe application of NMs in the treatment of HNSCC. Finally, we discuss the potential prospects and challenges associated with usingNMs in biomedical research.

Systemic therapy in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs)are the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma in the gastrointestinal tract.Most GISTs have been attributed to activated gain-of-function mutations in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptorα,making these molecular features essential targets for therapeutic interventions.Although surgery is the standard treatment for localized GISTs,patients often experience relapse and disease progression even after surgery.In recent years,targeted therapy has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with advanced GISTs.Imatinib mesylate,a KIT inhibitor,is the first-line treatment for advanced GISTs and has revolutionized the treatment of this disease.However,drug resistance remains a major issue with imatinib treatment,as a significant majority of patients become resistant to imatinib either after initiation or after 2–3 years of treatment.Consequently,novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib,regorafenib,ripretinib,and avapritinib have been introduced to address drug resistance.Immunotherapy has emerged as a potential approach for the treatment of advanced GISTs.This review comprehensively summarizes the pathogenesis of GISTs and the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies,provides an overview of the emergence of drug resistance in advanced GISTs,and discusses the challenges and prospects associated with the treatment of GISTs.

Effect of Individualized Exercise Therapy on Cancer-related Fatigue and Negative Emotion in Patients with Gastrointestinal Tumor during Perioperative Period

[Objectives]To investigate the effect of exercise therapy in gastric cancer patients during perioperative period.[Methods]100 patients with gastric cancer who underwent elective operation in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine were divided into observation group and control group by convenience sampling.The control group received routine nursing measures,and the experimental group received exercise therapy intervention measures on the basis of the control group.The patients were evaluated by the General Information Questionnaire,Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,Self-Rating Depression Scale and Cancer-related Fatigue Scale at the time of admission,the second week and the sixth week after operation.[Results]The time effect,intervention effect and interaction effect of anxiety score,depression score and cancer-related fatigue score were significant(all P<0.05)and the index of enhanced recovery after surgery was significant(P<0.05)in the two groups at the second and sixth week after operation.[Conclusions]Exercise therapy is beneficial to promoting the enhanced recovery after surgery in advance,reduce cancer-related fatigue,negative emotion and accelerate rehabilitation in patients with gastrointestinal tumors.

Tumor neoantigens: Novel strategies for application of cancer immunotherapy

Neoantigen-targeted immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field that holds great promise for treating cancer.The recognition of antigens by immune cells is a crucial step in tumor-specific killing,and neoantigens generated by mutations in cancer cells possess high immunogenicity and are selectively expressed in tumor cells,making them an attractive therapeutic target.Currently,neoantigens find utility in various domains,primarily in the realm of neoantigen vaccines such as DC vaccines,nucleic acid vaccines,and synthetic long peptide vaccines.Additionally,they hold promise in adoptive cell therapy,encompassing tumor-infiltrating cells,T cell receptors,and chimeric antigen receptors which are expressed by genetically modified T cells.In this review,we summarized recent progress in the clinical use of tumor vaccines and adoptive cell therapy targeting neoantigens,discussed the potential of neoantigen burden as an immune checkpoint in clinical settings.With the aid of state-of-the-art sequencing and bioinformatics technologies,together with significant advancements in artificial intelligence,we anticipated that neoantigens will be fully exploited for personalized tumor immunotherapy,from screening to clinical application.

Innovative strategies for photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is applied as a robust therapeutic option for tumor,which exhibits some advantages of unique selectivity and irreversible damage to tumor cells.Among which,photosensitizer(PS),appropriate laser irradiation and oxygen(O_(2))are three essential components for PDT,but the hypoxic tumor microenvironment(TME)restricts the O_(2) supply in tumor tissues.Even worse,tumor metastasis and drug resistance frequently happen under hypoxic condition,which further deteriorate the antitumor effect of PDT.To enhance the PDT efficiency,critical attention has been received by relieving tumor hypoxia,and innovative strategies on this topic continue to emerge.Traditionally,the O_(2) supplement strategy is considered as a direct and effective strategy to relieve TME,whereas it is confronted with great challenges for continuous O_(2) supply.Recently,O_(2)-independent PDT provides a brand new strategy to enhance the antitumor efficiency,which can avoid the influence of TME.In addition,PDT can synergize with other antitumor strategies,such as chemotherapy,immunotherapy,photothermal therapy(PTT)and starvation therapy,to remedy the inadequate PDT effect under hypoxia conditions.In this paper,we summarized the latest progresses in the development of innovative strategies to improve PDT efficacy against hypoxic tumor,which were classified into O_(2)-dependent PDT,O_(2)-independent PDT and synergistic therapy.Furthermore,the advantages and deficiencies of various strategies were also discussed to envisage the prospects and challenges in future study.

Tumor microenvironment-responsive artesunate loaded Z-scheme heterostructures for synergistic photo-chemodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumor

Tumor microenvironment(TME)with the particular features of severe hypoxia,insufficient endogenous H2O2,and overexpression of glutathione(GSH)markedly reduced the antitumor efficacy of monotherapy.Herein,a TME-responsive multifunctional nanoplatform(Bi2S3@Bi@PDA-HA/Art NRs)was presented for synergistic photothermal therapy(PTT),chemodynamic therapy(CDT),and photodynamic therapy(PDT)to achieve better therapeutic outcomes.The Z-scheme heterostructured bismuth sulfide@bismuth nanorods(Bi2S3@Bi NRs)guaranteed excellent photothermal performance of the nanoplatform.Moreover,its ability to produce O2 and reactive oxygen species(ROS)synchronously could relieve tumor hypoxia and improve PDT outcomes.The densely coated polydopamine/ammonium bicarbonate(PDA/ABC)and hyaluronic acid(HA)layers on the surface of the nanoplatform enhanced the cancer-targeting capacity and induced the acidic TME-triggered in situ“bomb-like”release of Art.The CDT treatment was achieved by activating the released Art through intracellular Fe2+ions in an H2O2-independent manner.Furthermore,decreasing the glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)levels by Art could also increase the PDT efficiency of Bi2S3@Bi NRs.Owing to the synergistic effect,this nanoplatform displayed improved antitumor efficacy with minimal toxicity both in vitro and in vivo.Our design sheds light on the application of phototherapy combined with the traditional Chinese medicine monomer-artesunate in treating the hypoxic tumor.

Remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment via siRNA therapy for precision cancer treatment

How to effectively transform the pro-oncogenic tumor microenvironments(TME)surrounding a tumor into an anti-tumoral never fails to attract people to study.Small interfering RNA(siRNA)is considered one of the most noteworthy research directions that can regulate gene expression following a process known as RNA interference(RNAi).The research about siRNA delivery targeting tumor cells and TME has been on the rise in recent years.Using siRNA drugs to silence critical proteins in TME was one of the most efficient solutions.However,the manufacture of a siRNA delivery system faces three major obstacles,i.e.,appropriate cargo protection,accurately targeted delivery,and site-specific cargo release.In the following review,we summarized the pharmacological actions of siRNA drugs in remolding TME.In addition,the delivery strategies of siRNA drugs and combination therapy with siRNA drugs to remodel TME are thoroughly discussed.In the meanwhile,the most recent advancements in the development of all clinically investigated and commercialized siRNA delivery technologies are also presented.Ultimately,we propose that nanoparticle drug delivery siRNA may be the future research focus of oncogene therapy.This summary offers a thorough analysis and roadmap for general readers working in the field.

Revolutionizing gastric cancer treatment:The potential of immunotherapy

Gastric cancer,a prevalent malignancy worldwide,ranks sixth in terms of frequency and third in fatality,causing over a million new cases and 769000 annual deaths.Predominant in Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia,risk factors include family medical history,dietary habits,tobacco use,Helicobacter pylori,and Epstein-Barr virus infections.Unfortunately,gastric cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage,leading to a grim prognosis,with a 5-year overall survival rate below 5%.Surgical intervention,particularly with D2 Lymphadenectomy,is the mainstay for early-stage cases but offers limited success.For advanced cases,the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends chemotherapy,radiation,and targeted therapy.Emerging immunotherapy presents promise,especially for unresectable or metastatic cases,with strategies like immune checkpoint inhibitors,tumor vaccines,adoptive immunotherapy,and nonspecific immunomodulators.In this Editorial,with regards to the article“Advances and key focus areas in gastric cancer immunotherapy:A comprehensive scientometric and clinical trial review”,we address the advances in the field of immunotherapy in gastric cancer and its future prospects.

Adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma:Dilemmas at the start of a new era

Approximately 50%-70%of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma experience recurrence within five years after curative hepatic resection or ablation.As a result,many patients receive adjuvant therapy after curative resection or ablation in order to prolong recurrence-free survival.The therapy recommended by national guidelines can differ,and guidelines do not specify when to initiate adjuvant therapy or how long to continue it.These and other unanswered questions around adjuvant therapies make it difficult to optimize them and determine which may be more appropriate for a given type of patient.These questions need to be addressed by clinicians and researchers.

Research Status of CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy in Tumor Treatment

In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has made breakthroughs in the treatment of hematological tumors. However, due to the different characteristics of solid tumors from hematological tumors, CAR-T has not achieved good efficacy in the treatment of solid tumors. The key factors limiting the efficacy of CAR-T mainly include the solid tumor cells themselves and their special tumor microenvironment (TME), which damage CAR-T function in multiple processes such as CAR-T infiltration to tumor tissue sites, CAR-T maintaining anti-tumor activity in TME, and target recognition and killing of tumor cells by CAR-T. To solve these problems, more and more preclinical studies have proposed potentially effective solutions, and corresponding clinical studies have been carried out one after another. In this article, the existing challenges and corresponding optimization strategies of CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors will be reviewed, to provide a reference for the future exploration of CAR-T therapy.

Mn-based cGAS-STING activation for tumor therapy

Immunotherapy has efficiently revolutionized the treatment of human neoplastic diseases.However,the overall responsive rate of current immunotherapy is still unsatisfactory,benefiting only a small proportion of patients.Therefore,significant attention has been paid to the modulation of tumor microenvironment(TME)for the enhancement of immunotherapy.Interestingly,recent studies have shown that cyclic GMP-AMP synthasestimulator of interferon gene(cGAS-STING)was initially found as an innate immune sensor to recognize cytoplasmic DNA(such as bacterial,viral,micronuclei,and mitochondrial).It is a promising signaling pathway to activate antitumor immune responses via type I interferon production.Notably,Mn^(2+)was found to be a critical molecule to sensitize the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway for better immunotherapy.This activation led to the development of Mn^(2+)-based strategies for tumor immunotherapy via the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway.In this critical review,we aimed to summarize the recent progress of this field,focusing on the following three aspects.First,we briefly introduced the signaling pathway of cGAS-STING activation,and its regulation effect on the antitumor immunity cycle has been discussed.Along with this,several agonists of the cGAS-STING pathway were introduced with their potential as immunotherapeutic drugs.Then,the basic biological functions of Mn^(2+)have been illustrated,focusing on its critical roles in the cGAS-STING pathway activation.Next,we systematically reviewed the Mn^(2+)-based strategies for tumor immunotherapy,which can be classified by the methods based on Mn^(2+)alone or Mn^(2+)combined with other therapeutic modalities.We finally speculated the future perspectives of the field and provided rational suggestions to develop better Mn^(2+)-based therapeutics.

Immune modulations of the tumor microenvironment in response to phototherapy

The tumor microenvironment(TME)promotes pro-tumor and anti-infammatory metabolismsand suppresses the host immune system.It prevents immune cells from fighting against cancereffectively,resulting in limited efficacy of many current cancer treatment modalities.Differenttherapies aim to overcome the immunosuppressive TME by combining various approaches tosynergize their effects for enhanced antitumor activity and augmented stimulation of the im-mune system.Immunotherapy has become a major therapeutic strategy because it unleashes thepower of the immune system by activating,enhancing,and directing immune responses to pre-vent,control,and eliminate cancer.Phototherapy uses light iradiation to induce tumor celldeath through photothermal,photochemical,and photo-immunological interactions.Photo-therapy induces tumor immunogenic cell death,which is a precursor and enhancer for anti-tumorimmunity.However,phototherapy alone has limited effects on long-term and systemic anti-tumor immune responses.Phototherapy can be combined with immunotherapy to improve thetumoricidal effect by killing target tumor cells,enhancing immune cell infiltration in tumors,andrewiring pathways in the TME from antinfammatory to pro-inflammatory.Phototherapy-enhanced immunotherapy triggers effective cooperation bet ween innate and adaptive immunities,specifically targeting the tumor cells,whether they are localized or distant.Herein,the successes and limitations of phototherapy combined with other cancer treatmentmodalities will be discussed.Specifically,we will review the symergistic effects of phototherapy combined with different cancer therapies on tumor elimination and remodeling of the immuno-suppressive TME.Overll,phototherapy,in combination with other therapeutic modalities,canestablish anti-tumor pro-infammatory phenotypes in activated tumor-infiltrating T cells andB cells and activate systemic anti-tumor immune responses.

Discovering metabolic vulnerability using spatially resolved metabolomics for antitumor small molecule-drug conjugates development as a precise cancer therapy strategy

Against tumor-dependent metabolic vulnerability is an attractive strategy for tumor-targeted therapy.However,metabolic inhibitors are limited by the drug resistance of cancerous cells due to their metabolic plasticity and heterogeneity.Herein,choline metabolism was discovered by spatially resolved metabolomics analysis as metabolic vulnerability which is highly active in different cancer types,and a choline-modified strategy for small molecule-drug conjugates(SMDCs)design was developed to fool tumor cells into indiscriminately taking in choline-modified chemotherapy drugs for targeted cancer therapy,instead of directly inhibiting choline metabolism.As a proof-of-concept,choline-modified SMDCs were designed,screened,and investigated for their druggability in vitro and in vivo.This strategy improved tumor targeting,preserved tumor inhibition and reduced toxicity of paclitaxel,through targeted drug delivery to tumor by highly expressed choline transporters,and site-specific release by carboxylesterase.This study expands the strategy of targeting metabolic vulnerability and provides new ideas of developing SMDCs for precise cancer therapy.

Opportunities and challenges of CD47-targeted therapy in cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer,with the tumor microenvironment(TME)playing a pivotal role in modulating the immune response.CD47,a cell surface protein,has been identified as a crucial regulator of the TME and a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.However,the precise functions and implications of CD47 in the TME during immunotherapy for cancer patients remain incompletely understood.This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of CD47’s multifaced role in TME regulation and immune evasion,elucidating its impact on various types of immunotherapy outcomes,including checkpoint inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapy.Notably,CD47-targeted therapies offer a promising avenue for improving cancer treatment outcomes,especially when combined with other immunotherapeutic approaches.The review also discusses current and potential CD47-targeted therapies being explored for cancer treatment and delves into the associated challenges and opportunities inherent in targeting CD47.Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of CD47-targeted therapies,there are potential problems,including unintended effects on healthy cells,hematological toxicities,and the development if resistance.Consequently,further research efforts are warranted to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of resistance and to optimize CD47-targeted therapies through innovative combination approaches,ultimately improving cancer treatment outcomes.Overall,this comprehensive review highlights the significance of CD47 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and provides valuable insight into the challenges and opportunities in developing effective CD47-targeted therapies for cancer treatment.

A review of the literature on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy to treat hepatocellular carcinoma

Noncoding RNAs instruct the Cas9 nuclease to site speifillyl cleave DNA in the CRISPR/Cas9 system.Despite the high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the patient's outcome is poor.As a result of the emergence of therapeutic resistance in HCC patients,dlinicians have faced difficulties in treating such tumor.In addition,CRISPR/Cas9 screens were used to identify genes that improve the dlinical response of HCC patients.It is the objective of this article to summarize the current understanding of the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the treatment of cancer,with a particular emphasis on HCC as part of the current state of knowledge.Thus,in order to locate recent developments in oncology research,we examined both the Scopus database and the PubMed database.The ability to selectively interfere with gene expression in combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 screening can lead to the discovery of new effective HCC treatment regimens by combining clinically approved drugs.Drug resistance can be overcome with the help of the CRISPR/Cas9 system.HCC signature genes and resistance to treatment have been uncovered by genome-scale CRISPR activation screening although this method is not without limitations.It has been extensively examined whether CRISPR can be used as a tool for disease research and gene therapy.CRISPR and its applications to tumor research,particularly in HCC,are examined in this study through a review of the literature.