Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fa...Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.展开更多
Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span ...Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century. The facts justifying the connection are given by Siberian Fan Reliefs and the Tunguska Cosmic Body. It is most natural to assume that we are dealing with the falling of numerous fragments of a collapsed comet. The more likely version is that the comet is captured by the Earth-Moon system and remains in Earth orbit for some time.展开更多
Although more than 100 years have passed since the Tunguska event, no hypothesis has yet been proposed that would be consistent with the entire set of available facts and observations. A hypothesis has been put forwar...Although more than 100 years have passed since the Tunguska event, no hypothesis has yet been proposed that would be consistent with the entire set of available facts and observations. A hypothesis has been put forward that the Tunguska Cosmic Body was an ice comet and its fall was accompanied by the fall of smaller fragments, whereas the TCB and fragments fell from intermediate Earth orbits. This explains all the observed phenomena without exception, including those that occurred long before the catastrophe. In this paper, we present eyewitnesses’ reports and objective materials obtained in the event area and confirming the TCB passage in the direction from West to East. The western trajectory has been traced for 3500 km from the Volga to the Lower Tunguska. We have carried out a detailed analysis of the eyewitnesses’ reports revealing the circumstances of passage of a huge fireball. We provide criticism of trajectories constructed without taking new information into account. We have estimated the energy released during this event and determined the mechanical properties of the comet matter. Science may obtain with new objects to study the direct impact of the comet matter on the Earth’s surface. This may be useful for evaluating the comet-related hazard.展开更多
Previous studies substantiated the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in a near-Earth orbit prior to falling. This paper considers the events preceding the June 30 catastrophe. Identified are the Tunguska Cosmic Body ...Previous studies substantiated the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in a near-Earth orbit prior to falling. This paper considers the events preceding the June 30 catastrophe. Identified are the Tunguska Cosmic Body orbital parameters and the factors resulting in the falling. The information from the Mount Wilson Observatory is provided, which confirms the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in near-Earth orbit. The circumstances surrounding Tunguska Cosmic Body entry into near-Earth orbit are reviewed, and the event timing is identified. Substantiation is proposed of the relationship between Tunguska Cosmic Body and Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann. As to the Tunguska Cosmic Body breakup circumstances, the structure and the properties of its materials are proposed.展开更多
There is a hypothesis that fragments of a body from outer space fell to Earth as a result of the Tunguska event. During decades of investigations at the site of the disaster, stone or iron pieces from a cosmic body we...There is a hypothesis that fragments of a body from outer space fell to Earth as a result of the Tunguska event. During decades of investigations at the site of the disaster, stone or iron pieces from a cosmic body were not found. In spite of this, the number of adherents of this hypothesis is growing. For one thing, it was determined that the formation of swamp craters at the epicentre of the disaster is contempory with the Tunguska event. Secondly, it was proven that the swamp craters are the result of thermokarst processes: their formation is connected with heat exchange in a permafrost zone. Now we can affirm that fragments of the Tunguska cosmic body (as a comet) with a mass of 10-3 ≤ M ≤ 10 kg reached the Earth’s surface, but they did not form craters. This conclusion was made from the isotopes and composition of element in peat deposits as determined by Kolesnikov’s group and L’vov.展开更多
In this paper, the asteroid “rockburst plus nuclear explosion” model of Tunguska explosion is proposed for the first time, and it is believed that the Tunguska explosion is a thermonuclear explosion in the air trigg...In this paper, the asteroid “rockburst plus nuclear explosion” model of Tunguska explosion is proposed for the first time, and it is believed that the Tunguska explosion is a thermonuclear explosion in the air triggered by a “rockburst” after the asteroid entered the atmosphere, and all the abnormal phenomena produced by the Tunguska explosion are explained by using this model. The “rockburst” is the sudden release of the stress potential energy formed by the expansion of atoms in solid objects caused by the cosmic expansion. According to the “rockburst plus nuclear explosion” model, the “rockburst” was firstly triggered by the heat produced by the friction between the asteroid and the atmosphere after it entered the atmosphere, and then the high temperature and high pressure generated by the “rockburst” ignited the fusion fuel inside the asteroid, resulting in a thermonuclear explosion.展开更多
Many years have passed since the two cosmic bodies of the Tunguska meteorite and the Vitim bollid fell to Earth, but so far the substance of these bodies has not been found on Earth. Therefore, each metal body found o...Many years have passed since the two cosmic bodies of the Tunguska meteorite and the Vitim bollid fell to Earth, but so far the substance of these bodies has not been found on Earth. Therefore, each metal body found on the territory of their passage is of particular interest. The body of iron silicide weighing 12 kg was studied, which was accidentally discovered by a hunter of the village of Kyker in the Siberian taiga on the right bank of the Nercha River, Tungokochensky district, Trans-Baikal Territory. Coordinates of the place of discovery are: 53º19'N lat, 116º19'E long. The territory is located in the zone of the passage of the Tunguska meteorite and the Vitim bollid, 25 km from the hunting village of Green Lake. The body is named “Ilekta” after the nearest stream flowing into the Nercha River. The composition and magnetic properties of the exotic find have been determined. It is established that its main mass is composed of iron silicide, gupesiite Fe3Si (zussite?) and contains inclusions of needle-like rhabdite. On the surface, the body is covered with a melting crust, with signs of boiling, a bubbly structure and a film of clay minerals of terrestrial origin. In the molten porous crust, eutectic-schreibersite-gupeiite is observed, and rare titanium carbide crystals are also noted. The magnetic susceptibility of the samples is not uniform (286.6 - 461.8 10-6E-06 m<sup>3</sup>/kg). It is assumed that a drop of melt separated from the flying space body, and experienced overheating and boiling of the surface layer in the dense layers of the atmosphere.展开更多
Twenty-two peat samples collected at different depths of a core including the layer affected by the 1908 explosion in Tunguska area of Central Siberia, Russia, and three basalt samples collected near the site, are ana...Twenty-two peat samples collected at different depths of a core including the layer affected by the 1908 explosion in Tunguska area of Central Siberia, Russia, and three basalt samples collected near the site, are analyzed by ICP-MS. The concentrations of Pd, Ni, Co, ΣREE, Ti and Sr in the event layers are 4–35 times higher than the background values in the normal layers. The variation of Pd is closely related to Ni, Co and ΣREE in the event layers, but not to these elements in the normal layers. It indicates that these excess elements came from the same source, i.e. the Tunguska explosion body. In addition, the patterns of Cl-chondrite-normalized REE in the event layers ((La/Yb)N ≈2–3) are much flatter than those in the normal layers ((La/Yb)N ≈7–143), and differ from those in the three basalt samples. The concentrations of REE in the three basalt samples are tens times higher than those in the event layers. It may be inferred that these excess elements could not be produced by the contamination of the terrestrial material, but probably by the Tunguska explosion body. Additionally, the ratios of Ti/Ni and Sr/Co in the event layers are close to those in comet. It implies that the solid part of the explosion body was compositionally similar to carbonaceous chondrites (Cl) and more probably a small comet. In terms of the Pd excess fluxes in the explosion area, it can be estimated that the celestial body that exploded over Tunguska in 1908 weighed more than 107 tons, corresponding to a radius of 】 126 m.展开更多
Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. These reliefs consist of several tens (up to hundreds) of stripes that have ...Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. These reliefs consist of several tens (up to hundreds) of stripes that have arisen as a result of the destruction of vegetation and the surface layer of the ground. Structures of stripes are extended, ranging in size from 6 km to ≥20 km, with a width of several kilometers. Every strip (scratch on the ground) is roughly estimated to be up to 50 m wide and ≥500 m long. The stripes start from one edge of the relief and stretch at inter-vals to the other, slightly diverging symmetrically from the central axis. It was determined that these reliefs are not associated with the movement of soil (avalanches, mudflows) or with the impact of air currents (hurricanes, storm, tornado). Geographically, these struc-tures of stripes are located within a circle with a radius of 770 km, described around the epicenter of the Tunguska catastrophe.展开更多
This paper summarizes the challenges of identifying planetary-origin meteorites of non-igneous composition - particularly those of sedimentary origin.Evidence for putative sedimentary-origin (sedtype) meteorites and t...This paper summarizes the challenges of identifying planetary-origin meteorites of non-igneous composition - particularly those of sedimentary origin.Evidence for putative sedimentary-origin (sedtype) meteorites and their potential parent bodies is reviewed,suggesting that the list of candidate parent bodies for sed-type meteorites includes,but is not limited to,Mars,Enceladus,Ganymede,Europa,Ceres,Vesta,and other hypothetical planets that existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the past.The extraterrestrial origin and probable parent body for sed-type meteorites should be assessed based on multiple lines of evidence,and not solely limited to tests of oxygen and noble gas isotopes,whose signatures may undergo terrestrial contamination and which may exhibit significant heterogeneity within both the Solar System and parent cosmic bodies.The observed fall of a cosmic body,evidence of hypervelocity fall,signs of impact,presence of fusion crust,melting,and/or shock deformation features in impactor fragments should be considered as priority signs of meteoritic origin.展开更多
文摘Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
文摘Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century. The facts justifying the connection are given by Siberian Fan Reliefs and the Tunguska Cosmic Body. It is most natural to assume that we are dealing with the falling of numerous fragments of a collapsed comet. The more likely version is that the comet is captured by the Earth-Moon system and remains in Earth orbit for some time.
文摘Although more than 100 years have passed since the Tunguska event, no hypothesis has yet been proposed that would be consistent with the entire set of available facts and observations. A hypothesis has been put forward that the Tunguska Cosmic Body was an ice comet and its fall was accompanied by the fall of smaller fragments, whereas the TCB and fragments fell from intermediate Earth orbits. This explains all the observed phenomena without exception, including those that occurred long before the catastrophe. In this paper, we present eyewitnesses’ reports and objective materials obtained in the event area and confirming the TCB passage in the direction from West to East. The western trajectory has been traced for 3500 km from the Volga to the Lower Tunguska. We have carried out a detailed analysis of the eyewitnesses’ reports revealing the circumstances of passage of a huge fireball. We provide criticism of trajectories constructed without taking new information into account. We have estimated the energy released during this event and determined the mechanical properties of the comet matter. Science may obtain with new objects to study the direct impact of the comet matter on the Earth’s surface. This may be useful for evaluating the comet-related hazard.
文摘Previous studies substantiated the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in a near-Earth orbit prior to falling. This paper considers the events preceding the June 30 catastrophe. Identified are the Tunguska Cosmic Body orbital parameters and the factors resulting in the falling. The information from the Mount Wilson Observatory is provided, which confirms the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in near-Earth orbit. The circumstances surrounding Tunguska Cosmic Body entry into near-Earth orbit are reviewed, and the event timing is identified. Substantiation is proposed of the relationship between Tunguska Cosmic Body and Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann. As to the Tunguska Cosmic Body breakup circumstances, the structure and the properties of its materials are proposed.
文摘There is a hypothesis that fragments of a body from outer space fell to Earth as a result of the Tunguska event. During decades of investigations at the site of the disaster, stone or iron pieces from a cosmic body were not found. In spite of this, the number of adherents of this hypothesis is growing. For one thing, it was determined that the formation of swamp craters at the epicentre of the disaster is contempory with the Tunguska event. Secondly, it was proven that the swamp craters are the result of thermokarst processes: their formation is connected with heat exchange in a permafrost zone. Now we can affirm that fragments of the Tunguska cosmic body (as a comet) with a mass of 10-3 ≤ M ≤ 10 kg reached the Earth’s surface, but they did not form craters. This conclusion was made from the isotopes and composition of element in peat deposits as determined by Kolesnikov’s group and L’vov.
文摘In this paper, the asteroid “rockburst plus nuclear explosion” model of Tunguska explosion is proposed for the first time, and it is believed that the Tunguska explosion is a thermonuclear explosion in the air triggered by a “rockburst” after the asteroid entered the atmosphere, and all the abnormal phenomena produced by the Tunguska explosion are explained by using this model. The “rockburst” is the sudden release of the stress potential energy formed by the expansion of atoms in solid objects caused by the cosmic expansion. According to the “rockburst plus nuclear explosion” model, the “rockburst” was firstly triggered by the heat produced by the friction between the asteroid and the atmosphere after it entered the atmosphere, and then the high temperature and high pressure generated by the “rockburst” ignited the fusion fuel inside the asteroid, resulting in a thermonuclear explosion.
文摘Many years have passed since the two cosmic bodies of the Tunguska meteorite and the Vitim bollid fell to Earth, but so far the substance of these bodies has not been found on Earth. Therefore, each metal body found on the territory of their passage is of particular interest. The body of iron silicide weighing 12 kg was studied, which was accidentally discovered by a hunter of the village of Kyker in the Siberian taiga on the right bank of the Nercha River, Tungokochensky district, Trans-Baikal Territory. Coordinates of the place of discovery are: 53º19'N lat, 116º19'E long. The territory is located in the zone of the passage of the Tunguska meteorite and the Vitim bollid, 25 km from the hunting village of Green Lake. The body is named “Ilekta” after the nearest stream flowing into the Nercha River. The composition and magnetic properties of the exotic find have been determined. It is established that its main mass is composed of iron silicide, gupesiite Fe3Si (zussite?) and contains inclusions of needle-like rhabdite. On the surface, the body is covered with a melting crust, with signs of boiling, a bubbly structure and a film of clay minerals of terrestrial origin. In the molten porous crust, eutectic-schreibersite-gupeiite is observed, and rare titanium carbide crystals are also noted. The magnetic susceptibility of the samples is not uniform (286.6 - 461.8 10-6E-06 m<sup>3</sup>/kg). It is assumed that a drop of melt separated from the flying space body, and experienced overheating and boiling of the surface layer in the dense layers of the atmosphere.
基金the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Grant No. 40072046), Russian Foundation of Fundamental Investigations (Grant No. 99-05-39082), and Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 0104).
文摘Twenty-two peat samples collected at different depths of a core including the layer affected by the 1908 explosion in Tunguska area of Central Siberia, Russia, and three basalt samples collected near the site, are analyzed by ICP-MS. The concentrations of Pd, Ni, Co, ΣREE, Ti and Sr in the event layers are 4–35 times higher than the background values in the normal layers. The variation of Pd is closely related to Ni, Co and ΣREE in the event layers, but not to these elements in the normal layers. It indicates that these excess elements came from the same source, i.e. the Tunguska explosion body. In addition, the patterns of Cl-chondrite-normalized REE in the event layers ((La/Yb)N ≈2–3) are much flatter than those in the normal layers ((La/Yb)N ≈7–143), and differ from those in the three basalt samples. The concentrations of REE in the three basalt samples are tens times higher than those in the event layers. It may be inferred that these excess elements could not be produced by the contamination of the terrestrial material, but probably by the Tunguska explosion body. Additionally, the ratios of Ti/Ni and Sr/Co in the event layers are close to those in comet. It implies that the solid part of the explosion body was compositionally similar to carbonaceous chondrites (Cl) and more probably a small comet. In terms of the Pd excess fluxes in the explosion area, it can be estimated that the celestial body that exploded over Tunguska in 1908 weighed more than 107 tons, corresponding to a radius of 】 126 m.
文摘Unusual reliefs on the Earth’s surface were found in aerial photographs of Eastern Siberia in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. These reliefs consist of several tens (up to hundreds) of stripes that have arisen as a result of the destruction of vegetation and the surface layer of the ground. Structures of stripes are extended, ranging in size from 6 km to ≥20 km, with a width of several kilometers. Every strip (scratch on the ground) is roughly estimated to be up to 50 m wide and ≥500 m long. The stripes start from one edge of the relief and stretch at inter-vals to the other, slightly diverging symmetrically from the central axis. It was determined that these reliefs are not associated with the movement of soil (avalanches, mudflows) or with the impact of air currents (hurricanes, storm, tornado). Geographically, these struc-tures of stripes are located within a circle with a radius of 770 km, described around the epicenter of the Tunguska catastrophe.
基金partially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (project No.4.8192.2017/ 8.9)
文摘This paper summarizes the challenges of identifying planetary-origin meteorites of non-igneous composition - particularly those of sedimentary origin.Evidence for putative sedimentary-origin (sedtype) meteorites and their potential parent bodies is reviewed,suggesting that the list of candidate parent bodies for sed-type meteorites includes,but is not limited to,Mars,Enceladus,Ganymede,Europa,Ceres,Vesta,and other hypothetical planets that existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the past.The extraterrestrial origin and probable parent body for sed-type meteorites should be assessed based on multiple lines of evidence,and not solely limited to tests of oxygen and noble gas isotopes,whose signatures may undergo terrestrial contamination and which may exhibit significant heterogeneity within both the Solar System and parent cosmic bodies.The observed fall of a cosmic body,evidence of hypervelocity fall,signs of impact,presence of fusion crust,melting,and/or shock deformation features in impactor fragments should be considered as priority signs of meteoritic origin.
