Numerical Simulation of Surrounding Rock Deformation and Grouting Reinforcement of Cross-Fault Tunnel under Different Excavation Methods

Tunnel construction is susceptible to accidents such as loosening, deformation, collapse, and water inrush, especiallyunder complex geological conditions like dense fault areas. These accidents can cause instability and damageto the tunnel. As a result, it is essential to conduct research on tunnel construction and grouting reinforcementtechnology in fault fracture zones to address these issues and ensure the safety of tunnel excavation projects. Thisstudy utilized the Xianglushan cross-fault tunnel to conduct a comprehensive analysis on the construction, support,and reinforcement of a tunnel crossing a fault fracture zone using the three-dimensional finite element numericalmethod. The study yielded the following research conclusions: The excavation conditions of the cross-fault tunnelarray were analyzed to determine the optimal construction method for excavation while controlling deformationand stress in the surrounding rock. The middle partition method (CD method) was found to be the most suitable.Additionally, the effects of advanced reinforcement grouting on the cross-fault fracture zone tunnel were studied,and the optimal combination of grouting reinforcement range (140°) and grouting thickness (1m) was determined.The stress and deformation data obtained fromon-site monitoring of the surrounding rock was slightly lower thanthe numerical simulation results. However, the change trend of both sets of data was found to be consistent. Theseresearch findings provide technical analysis and data support for the construction and design of cross-fault tunnels.

Evaluation of new Austrian tunnelling method applied to Bolu tunnel’s weak rocks

Since the development of the new Austrian tunnelling method(NATM)in the 1960s,this technique has been applied successfully in many tunnels.However,opinions of NATM principles emerged till 2000,i.e.NATM is not a tunnelling method,but an approach covering all general principles of tunnelling.To investigate the general principles of the NATM,this study focused on tunnelling practises in the Bolu tunnel,and evaluated the conditions under which the NATM practises could be effective.The Bolu tunnel project was designed following the NATM principles.It is evident that practises adopted in this tunnel are important with respect to the NATM.In addition,it shows that the solutions to the problems encountered in this tunnel are consistent with the NATM principles.Finally,the study determines the ground types of the NATM principles and proposes associated updates.

Research on the stability analysis and design of soil tunnel surrounding rock

The paper first analyzes the failure mechanism and mode of tunnel according to model experiments and mechanical calculation and then discusses the deficiency of taking the limit value of displacement around the tunnel and the size of the plastic zone of surrounding rock as the criterion of stability. So the writers put forward the idea that the safety factor of surrounding rock calculated through strength reduction FEM(finit element method) should be regarded as the criterion of stability,which has strict mechanical basis and unified standard and would not be influenced by other factors. The paper also studies the safety factors of tunnel surrounding rock (safety factors of shear and tension failure) and lining and some methods of designing and calculating tunnels. At last,the writers take the loess tunnel for instance and show the design and calculation results of two-lane railway tunnel.

Estimation of convergence of a high-speed railway tunnel in weak rocks using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) approach

Estimation of tunnel diameter convergence is a very important issue for tunneling construction,especially when the new Austrian tunneling method（NATM） is adopted.For this purpose,a systematic convergence measurement is usually implemented to adjust the design during the whole construction,and consequently deadly hazards can be prevented.In this study,a new fuzzy model capable of predicting the diameter convergences of a high-speed railway tunnel was developed on the basis of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system（ANFIS） approach.The proposed model used more than 1 000 datasets collected from two different tunnels,i.e.Daguan tunnel No.2 and Yaojia tunnel No.1,which are part of a tunnel located in Hunan Province,China.Six Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference systems were constructed by using subtractive clustering method.The data obtained from Daguan tunnel No.2 were used for model training,while the data from Yaojia tunnel No.1 were employed to evaluate the performance of the model.The input parameters include surrounding rock masses（SRM） rating index,ground engineering conditions（GEC） rating index,tunnel overburden（H）,rock density（？）,distance between monitoring station and working face（D）,and elapsed time（T）.The model’s performance was assessed by the variance account for（VAF）,root mean square error（RMSE）,mean absolute percentage error（MAPE） as well as the coefficient of determination（R2） between measured and predicted data as recommended by many researchers.The results showed excellent prediction accuracy and it was suggested that the proposed model can be used to estimate the tunnel convergence and convergence velocity.

Geotechnical investigations and remediation design for failure of tunnel portal section： a case study in northern Turkey

Mass movements are very common problems in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey due to its climate conditions, geological, and geomorphological characteristics. High slope angle, weathering, dense rainfalls, and anthropogenic impacts are generally reported as the most important triggering factors in the region. Following the portal slope excavations in the entrance section of Cankurtaran tunnel, located in the region, where the highly weathered andesitic tuff crops out, a circular toe failure occurred. The main target of the present study is to investigate the causes and occurrence mechanism of this failure and to determine the feasible remedial measures against it using finite element method(FEM) in four stages. These stages are slope stability analyses for pre-and postexcavation cases, and remediation design assessments for slope and tunnel. The results of the FEM-SSR analyses indicated that the insufficient initial support design and weathering of the andesitic tuffs are the main factors that caused the portal failure. After installing a rock retaining wall with jet grout columns and reinforced slope benching applications, the factor of safety increased from 0.83 to 2.80. In addition toslope stability evaluation, the Rock Mass Rating(RMR), Rock Mass Quality(Q) and New Austrian Tunneling Method(NATM) systems were also utilized as empirical methods to characterize the tunnel ground and to determine the tunnel support design. The performance of the suggested empirical support design, induced stress distributions and deformations were analyzed by means of numerical modelling. Finally, it was concluded that the recommended stabilization technique was essential for the dynamic long-term stability and prevents the effects of failure. Additionally, the FEM method gives useful and reasonably reliable results in evaluating the stability of cut slopes and tunnels excavated both in continuous and discontinuous rock masses.

Excavation of Inlet Tunnels at Geheyan Power Station

The Geheyan Power Station on the Qingjiang river has four inlet tunnels, on the right bank, with its excavation diameter of 11.3 m to 12.5 m, after lining diameter of 9.5 m, axis to axis spacing of 24 m. The thickness of the pillar between tunnels should usually be more than two times of tunnel diameter to ensure the stability of surrounding rock during excavation. In this paper, the excavation methods of tunnels with the pillar thickness as small as the tunnel diameter, such as smooth surface blasting, shotcrete support protection, are emphatically discussed.

穿断层破碎带隧道围岩大变形控制双梯度注浆机制

近些年,中国西部大量深埋隧道工程因关键线路控制无法避让一些活动性断裂,常常在跨越断裂带范围内出现围岩大变形破坏现象,例如侵限、偏压、塌方、底鼓等灾害,严重影响隧道工程施工和运营的安全可持续发展。为了控制断层破碎带隧道围岩大变形,隧道工程设计者和建设者采用了多种控制方案,例如超前注浆、多层钢拱架被动支护、锚杆索主动支护等,但是都因断层破碎带围岩强度过低而出现超前注浆诱发围岩拉裂破碎、主动支护锚杆锚固力不足等现象。为解决上述难题,首先,提出一种增强穿断层破碎带隧道围岩强度的双梯度注浆技术,建立双梯度注浆概念模型,构建3种双梯度注浆模式;然后,确定特定工况下注浆材料粒径梯度与注浆压力梯度的适配条件;最后,通过理论分析、物理模型试验和现场试验,探索双梯度注浆机制及其控制效果。研究结果表明:1)随着开挖步序的增加,穿断层破碎带隧道拱肩变形最大,构造应力对围岩稳定性影响较大。2)在双梯度注浆作用下,浆液扩散效果良好,围岩未出现大面积脱落破坏,隧道周围岩体应力分布均匀。3)双梯度注浆形成了坚硬交叉浆脉骨架,达到了应力补偿效果,将围岩变形量从原来的3 100 mm控制到278 mm以内,实现了“零换拱、零侵限、零突涌”的目标。

收敛约束法在挤压性围岩隧道中的应用

由于挤压性围岩隧道围岩性质与应力环境的特殊性,其围岩特征曲线与常规隧道有明显差异。为研究挤压性围岩隧道围岩-支护相互作用关系,考虑支护效应修正围岩特征曲线,研究不同变形等级对修正围岩特征曲线的影响规律,优化挤压性围岩双线铁路隧道初期支护。研究结果表明,毛洞状态下,受双线隧道断面应力集中影响,拱脚和墙脚为安全控制位置;随着变形等级和侧压力系数增加,支护特征曲线与修正围岩特征曲线不再相交;Ⅰ、Ⅱ级变形采用单层支护可满足安全要求,锚杆只需布置在拱部和边墙位置,Ⅱ级及以上变形锚杆需要全环布置;Ⅳ级变形在采用双层支护的同时,需考虑改善洞室形状、超前加固等措施。

非线性破坏准则下浅埋隧道的稳定性分析

隧道围岩压力值是浅埋隧道设计计算的重要参数。为进一步提高围岩压力计算结果的可靠性,以传统浅埋隧道坍塌模型为基础,提出了圆弧滑移面破坏模式,同时基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,运用极限分析上限法推导了地震力作用下浅埋隧道围岩压力的计算公式,验证了计算结果的可靠性,并对影响因素进行了探讨。与实际工程和已有成果的对比分析证明了理论公式具有较高的可靠性和准确度。研究还发现:围岩压力受非线性系数和初始粘聚力的影响较为显著,非线性系数越大、初始粘聚力越小,围岩压力越大;随着待定参数K(水平围岩压力与竖向围岩压力的比值)的减小,水平围岩压力减小,竖向围岩压力增大;地震力对围岩压力的影响不容忽视,竖向地震力单独作用对围岩压力的影响最大,水平和竖向地震力共同作用的影响次之,而仅有水平地震力作用的影响最小。随着水平与竖向地震力系数的增大,围岩压力也在增大。分析结果对于大部分的隧道,尤其是易受地震影响的浅埋隧道研究具有较高的参考价值。

基于位移等代法的深部直墙半圆拱形隧洞松动圈厚度预测

【目的】位移等代法是在工程实践中被广泛应用的一种等效圆法。为进一步探索该方法在深部非均匀应力场下预测松动圈厚度的工程效果,并建立具有工程适用性的等效圆半径计算公式,【方法】选取深部隧洞常采用的直墙半圆拱形断面为研究对象,根据位移等代法基本原理,利用FLAC~(3D)数值模拟和理论计算相结合的方式,建立了侧压系数λ为1.1~1.5,跨高比b_0/h为1.3~1.5条件下的等效圆半径函数关系式,并应用到江西曲江某煤矿水仓围岩的松动圈厚度预测。【结果】结果显示:根据等效圆公式计算出的水仓围岩松动圈的纵轴厚度为1.41 m,横轴为1.20 m,呈椭圆形;现场实测的松动圈也呈椭圆形,厚度平均值在1.15~1.45 m,其中最大均值在纵轴1.45 m,最小均值在横轴为1.15 m。理论预测值与实测值相吻合。【结论】结果表明:位移等代法适用于深部软岩松动圈厚度预测;所建等效圆半径公式具有良好的工程适用性,可为评价和预测类似隧洞工程松动圈厚度提供一种简化的、可借鉴的方法和思路。

天山胜利隧道敞开式TBM钢管片支护作用效果研究

针对TBM穿越断层破碎带地层洞壁围岩松动掉块严重的问题,依托乌尉天山胜利隧道,采用数值模拟的方法,通过对比研究传统支护方式与新型钢管片支护方式下围岩变形和围岩塑性区情况,研究钢管片支护的作用效果;同时,为说明不同支护的适用条件,采用现场调研方法开展不同支护方式下施工效率和经济性对比分析。结果表明:1)断层破碎带地层中,当围岩出露护盾后,变形量与塑性区范围增大,围岩破坏程度加剧,以锚杆和钢拱架为主的传统支护方式无法较好地控制围岩变形和塑性区发展。2)断层破碎带地层中,钢管片支护较传统支护的围岩累计沉降值降低53%,围岩变形收敛快,能更好地控制围岩变形和发展。3)钢管片支护较传统支护的围岩塑性区范围小,其中边墙的最终塑性区缩小44%,且钢管片支护可实现早封闭、及时支护,塑性区均匀,更有利于围岩的稳定。4)一般地层中,传统支护方式的经济性和效率更佳;断层破碎带地层中,钢管片支护方式可提供安全作业空间,减小钢拱架+喷锚支护作业量,较传统支护经济性和施工效率更佳。

基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究

针对有限差分法及有限元法等连续介质数值方法无法模拟砂卵石地层的离散介质属性的问题,基于块体离散元方法,建立离散元模型,模拟盾构穿越砂卵石地层的掘进过程,研究盾构掘进过程中砂卵石地层中块体或颗粒间结构面的位移以及围岩与管片变形;将砂卵石地层等效为连续介质,建立有限差分模型模拟盾构掘进过程,并且对比离散元模型与有限差分模型计算结果之间的差异。结果表明:离散元模型中结构面正法向位移超过0.1 mm的区域主要集中在仰拱处,结构面负法向位移超过0.1 mm的区域位于两侧拱腰处,结构面切向位移超过0.4 mm的区域主要集中在仰拱处;对于围岩和管片的变形,离散元法的计算结果均大于有限差分法,因此采用离散元方法对砂卵石地层中隧道及管片的设计方案进行验证相对更加安全、合理。

双洞八车道特大跨度隧道Ⅴ级石质围岩开挖工法

为减小双洞八车道特大跨度隧道洞口Ⅴ级石质围岩后行导坑爆破对已完成支护结构的不利影响,该文以平潭牛寨山隧道工程为例,针对原设计双侧壁导坑法在后行的临近导坑爆破时,易将原先已施工完成的临时钢支撑震塌,提出取消临时横向支撑的变更方案1,以及带竖向支撑的上下台阶法(变更方案2),再利用有限元法计算,模拟3种不同开挖工法对隧道变形及受力的影响。计算结果表明:3种方案引起的拱顶沉降相差较小,最大相差约11.8%;变更方案2引起的围岩应力最大,但变更方案2同时取消了左右侧壁导坑的横向支撑以及左右侧壁导坑下台阶的竖向支撑,大大简化了施工工序。最后,结合监测数据进行分析,隧道结构安全稳定,变更方案2不仅合理可靠,而且加快了施工进度,节约了造价。

基于Mohr-Coulomb强度准则的锚杆支护效应研究

从围岩与锚杆相互作用的力学特性出发,基于围岩增强理论,采用数值模拟手段,探究锚杆支护作用下隧道开挖后围岩的力学特性,得到围岩特性曲线(GRC曲线)。通过对比各种锚杆支护参数下与未支护状态下围岩特性曲线的差异,建立锚杆密度与围岩收敛降低比例之间的关系。结果表明:锚杆对围岩收敛的限制作用显著,能很好地控制围岩变形,且锚杆密度越大,支护效果越明显,但当锚杆密度大于3时,收敛限制效果开始减弱;锚杆对围岩收敛的约束作用存在极限值,锚杆密度与收敛减低比例之间满足二次函数关系,Ⅳ级围岩限制比例极限为40.9%,Ⅴ级围岩限制比例极限为33.8%;锚杆支护对围岩收敛的约束作用与围岩性质有关,Ⅳ级围岩的约束效果显著优于Ⅴ级围岩。

分块掘进工序对偏压隧道围岩变形及结构受力的影响分析

以融福高速公路振彩隧道为工程背景,提出预留核心土下台阶分块开挖法,采用FLAC3D有限差分程序进行三维仿真分析,对比分析预留核心土下台阶分块法、传统预留核心土法和中隔墙法的围岩变形及支护结构受力,并探讨其合理开挖顺序。研究结果表明:隧道在浅埋偏压条件下,围岩变形及结构受力呈不对称性,地表沉降最大值均出现在隧道中心偏深埋侧,拱肩和拱腰竖向位移均表现为深埋侧大于浅埋侧;预留核心土下台阶分块法先开挖浅埋侧的地表沉降、拱顶沉降和锚杆轴力最大值均小于传统预留核心土法,有利于控制围岩及支护稳定性;中隔墙法先开挖深埋侧对地表沉降和围岩竖向位移控制较优,而先开挖浅埋侧对水平位移控制较优,衬砌结构受力较小。

不同隧道开挖方式对连拱隧道稳定性的研究

以湖南某公路隧道为工程背景,利用FLAC 3D对不同开挖方式的施工过程进行模拟计算,研究了不同开挖方式对围岩稳定性的影响。研究表明:①隧道的拱顶及仰拱两侧极易出现裂缝,应加强支护;②隧道开挖方式对围岩稳定影响巨大,应根据工程地质条件、施工条件等因素选择合适的隧道开挖方法;③三导洞法开挖相比于全断面开挖法,能较好地控制围岩变形及变形速率,有效地限制围岩塑性区的发展.

基于Hoek-Brown强度准则的锚杆支护效应研究

基于围岩增强理论原理,通过数值模拟对锚杆支护效应的量化问题进行了研究分析,建立锚杆密度与GSI之间的等效换算关系,从而对锚杆的支护效应进行量化,并得到以下结论:①锚杆密度与GSI分数之间成线性正相关,锚杆密度越大,GSI分数越高,对围岩的提升作用越大;②在锚杆密度一定的情况下,减小锚杆的排距比减小锚杆的间距对提高围岩强度的效果更为明显;③锚杆支护对硬岩的提升作用不显著,对软岩的增加效果十分明显,岩石越软锚杆的增强作用越明显。

基于隧道超前地质探测的围岩分级研究

为探明隧道掌子面前方的围岩等级以保证后续施工安全,进行超前地质预报是最常用的技术手段。该文以青海加西公路JX-1标互助北山特长隧道为例,依据2种超前地质预报方法即地震波法和地质雷达法,探明隧道掌子面前方的围岩等级,纠正隧道设计阶段围岩等级不明确的误差,验证依靠超前地质探测查明围岩等级方法的可行性。此方法预测的围岩等级与开挖情况符合,能够为后续隧道工程建设提供参考。