Construction Technology of Pile Foundation for Subway Tunnel Crossing Bridge

Urban infrastructure has become more complex with the rapid development of urban transportation networks.In urban environments with limited space,construction of facilities like subways and bridges may mutually influence each other,especially when subway construction requires passing under bridges.In such cases,pile foundation replacement technology is often necessary.However,this technology is highly specialized,with a lengthy and risky construction period,and high costs.Personnel must be proficient in key technical aspects to ensure construction quality.This article discusses the technical principle,construction process,and core technology of pile foundation replacement,along with the application of this technology in subway tunnel crossing bridge projects,supported by engineering examples for reference.

Three-dimensional displacement characteristics of adjacent pile induced by shield tunneling under influence of multiple factors

Shield tunneling inevitably passes through a large number of pile foundations in urban areas.Thus,an accurate assessment of tunneling-induced pile displacement and potential damage becomes a critical part of shield construction.This study presents a mechanism research of pile-soil-tunnel interaction through Pasternak-based two-stage analysis method.In the first stage,based on Mindlin’s solution,the soil displacement fields induced by shield thrust force,cutterhead frictions,shield shell frictions and grouting pressure are derived.The analytical solution of threedimensional soil displacement field is established by introducing Pinto’s three-dimensional volume loss formula,which solves the problems that shield construction factors are not taken into account in Loganathan’s formula and only twodimensional soil displacement field can be obtained.In the second stage,based on Pasternak’s two-parameter foundation model,the analytical solution of pile displacement induced by shield tunneling in layered soil is derived.A case was found in the project of interval tunnels from Wanjiali Square to Furong District Government of Changsha Metro Line 5,where the shield tunnels were constructed near viaduct piles.The reliability of the analytical solution proposed in this study is verified by comparing with the field measured data and the results of finite element method(FEM).In addition,the comparisons of longitudinal,horizontal and vertical displacements of soil and pile foundation analyzed by the analytical solution and FEM provide corresponding theoretical basis,which has significant engineering guidance for similar projects.

Influence of water-rich tunnel by shield tunneling on existing bridge pile foundation in layered soils

At present,shield tunneling often needs to pass through a large number of bridge pile foundations.However,there are few studies on the influence of shield tunneling on adjacent pile foundations by combining with groundwater seepage.Based on Winkler model,the calculation equations of shield tunneling on vertical and horizontal displacement of adjacent bridge pile are derived.Meanwhile,full and part three-dimensional finite element models are established to analyze the trend of bridge pier settlement,ground surface settlement trough,vertical and horizontal displacement of the pile and pile stress under three calculation conditions,i.e.,not considering groundwater effect,considering stable groundwater effect and fluid-soil interaction.The results show that the calculated value is small when the effect of groundwater is not considered;the seepage velocity of the soil above the excavation face is faster than that of the surrounding soil under fluid-soil interaction,and after the shield passing,the groundwater on both sides shows a flow trend of“U”shape on the ground surface supplying to the upper part of the tunnel;the vertical displacement of the pile body is bounded by the horizontal position of the top of the tunnel,the upper pile body settles,and the lower pile body deforms upward.The horizontal displacement of pile body presents a continuous“S”shape distribution,causing stress concentration near the tunnel.The calculated results of fluid-soil interaction are in good agreement with the field measured data and accord with the actual situation.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis on effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation

A three-dimensional finite element simulation was carried out to investigate the effects of tunnel construction on nearby pile foundation.The displacement controlled model (DCM) was used to simulate the tunneling-induced volume loss effects.The numerical model was verified based on the results of a centrifuge test and a set of parametric studies was implemented based on this model.There is good agreement between the trend of the results of the centrifuge test and the present model.The results of parametric studies show that the tunnelling-induced pile internal force and deformation depend mainly on the pile?tunnel distance,the pile length to tunnel depth ratio and the volume loss.Two different zones are separated by a 45° line projected from the tunnel springline.Within the zone of influence,the pile is subjected to tensile force and large settlement;whereas outside the zone of influence,dragload and small settlement are induced.It is also established that the impact of tunnelling on a pile group is substantially smaller as compared with a single pile in the same location with the rear pile in a group,demonstrating a positive pile group effect.

Numerical simulation and analysis of the pile underpinning technology used in shield tunnel crossings on bridge pile foundations

Currently,the pile foundation underpinning technology is widely used when underground transportation infrastructure passes through existing buildings or structures in urban areas.This study aims to investigate stress transfer mechanisms in pile foundations during an underpinning process as well as the influence of shield tunnel construction on pile stability.To this end,the pile foundation underpinning technology used in China’s Shenzhen Metro Line 10 crossing through the bridge pile foundation group of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen highway was analyzed in detailed.The refined numerical simulation of the pile foundation underpinning and shield tunnel construction processes were conducted using the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions(FLAC3D)software.The results demonstrate that after the pile foundation underpinned,the previous bridge load system of bridge panel→pile foundation→bearing soil would transform into a bridge panel→existing pile foundation→new underpinning pile→deep bearing soil stratum structure.The overlying load on the underpinned pile could be effectively transferred to a new underpinning pile.In the process of underpinning and tunnel excavation,the settlement and deformation of the foundation can improve the tip resistance and shaft friction of piles,which in turn,can reduce the maximum principal stress in the pile foundation group.The deformation of the bridge pile foundation is mainly caused by ground loss and excavation disturbance generated during shield tunneling as the settlement induced by pile foundation underpinning accounts for approximately 20%-30% of the total settlement.The reduction effects of settlement deformation,lateral displacement,and principal stress are mainly manifested in underpinning piles,while the non-underpinning pile exhibits minimal variation.Meanwhile,the deformation of the segment lining structure of the shield tunnel primarily occurs near the underpinning area of the pile foundation,and it is mainly settlement deformation with a small horizontal displacement.

Response of carrying capacity of piles induced by adjacent Metro tunneling

Construction of tunnels in urban areas requires assessment of the impact of tunneling on the stability and integrity of existing pile foundations. We have focused our attention to the analysis of the carrying capacity of pile foundations provided by the impact of construction of urban tunnels on adjacent pile foundations, under the engineering background of the construction of the # 2 Line of the Guangzhou subway. It is carried out using a fast Lagrangian analysis of a continuum in a 3D numerical code, which is an elastoplastic three-dimensional finite difference model, to simulate the response of piles under the entire process of metro tunneling （deactivation of soil element and activation of the lining）. The adjacent stratum around the tunnel is classified into three regions： Zone Ⅰ （upper adjacent stratum of tunnel）, Zone Ⅱ （45°-upper-lateral adjacent stratum of tunnel） and Zone Ⅲ （lateral adjacent stratum of tunnel）. In each region one typical pile is chosen to be calculated and analyzed in detail. Numerical simulations are mainly conducted at three points of each pile shaft： the side-friction force of the pile, the tip resistance of the pile and the axial loading of the pile. A contrasting analysis has been conducted both in the response of typical piles in different regions and from computer calculated values with site monitoring values. The results of numerical simulations show that the impact on carrying capacity of the piles lies mainly in the impact of construction of urban tunnels on the side-friction forces and the tip resistance of piles. The impact differs considerably among the different strata zones where the pile tips are located. The complicated rules of side-friction force and tip resistance of piles has resulted in complicated rules of pile axial loading thus, in the end, it impacts the carrying capacity of pile-foundations. It is necessary to take positive measures, such as stratum grouting stabilization or foundation underpinning, etc, to deal with the carrying capacity and the settlement of pile-foundations. The results are of value to similar engineering projects.

Horizontal freezing study for cross passage of river-crossing tunnel

To determine the appropriate soft foundation treatment for a river-crossing tunnel, freezing reinforcement design and technology were introduced based on the channel tunnel design and construction practice. Through finite element analysis and engineering practices, two rows of horizontal perforated freezing pipes were designed and installed on both sides of a passage for tunnel rein- forcement, which produced the thickness and strength of frozen crust that satisfied the design requirements. These information are valuable for guiding the design and construction of river-crossing tunnels in coastal areas.

盾构隧道近接斜交侧穿桥梁桩基变形计算方法

以圆形截面桩为例,基于修正后的Loganathan公式,利用文克尔弹性地基梁模型、m法计算理论和荷载传递法,建立盾构隧道近接斜交侧穿既有桥梁桩基的变形计算方法.通过现场监测结果验证计算方法的工程适用性,并利用该方法分析侧穿桥梁桩基施工引起桩身水平挠曲变形的主要影响因素.结果表明:桩身水平位移和桩顶竖向位移的理论计算结果与监测结果之间的最大误差分别不超过14.6%和2.7%.与现有方法相比,所提方法的计算结果更接近实测值.入土段桩身水平挠曲程度与隧道轴心和桩基中心轴线之间的水平距离、隧道侧穿斜交角呈负相关;最大水平挠曲位移与隧道侧穿斜交角呈负相关.当水平侧穿距离为6.0 m时,最大水平挠曲变形为7.4 mm;当隧道盾构侧穿斜交角为70.0°时,入土段桩身最大水平挠曲位移为15.4 mm.

新建隧道近接上穿对既有盾构隧道纵向变形的影响

新建隧道近接上穿将诱发下卧盾构隧道隆起变形,预测既有盾构隧道位移发展对近接上穿施工控制和既有盾构隧道保护具有重要意义。基于两阶段法,提出新建隧道近接上穿引发既有盾构隧道纵向位移解析解;通过可考虑环间接头弱化的非连续盾构隧道模型模拟既有盾构隧道,采用Riftin地基考虑盾构隧道-土层相互作用,同时通过Mindlin经典解得到新建隧道开挖卸载应力,并作用于既有盾构隧道之上,建立新建隧道上穿作用下既有盾构隧道纵向变形解答;通过将杭州圆形顶管隧道上穿既有地铁1号线、上海地铁8号线隧道上穿既有地铁2号线两个工程案例实测值与本文方法和常用Euler-Bernoulli(EB)等效连续梁模型计算结果进行对比,验证本文方法的合理性。研究结果表明:本文方法和EB连续梁模型预测的隧道纵向位移均接近实测值;本文方法预测的隧道弯矩和接头张开量均大于EB连续梁模型;但EB等效连续梁模型预测的纵向位移曲线整体呈现为光滑连续,而本文方法预测的位移曲线是由一系列短直线连接而成,在接头处存在“尖点”。

双线大直径输水隧道建设对既有桥梁及桩基的影响分析

为准确分析双线大直径输水隧道下穿对既有桥梁结构的影响,构建桥梁-地层-桩基-盾构隧道高精度数值仿真模型,对桥梁桩基结构及盾构过程进行精细化模拟,结合基于智能算法的土层参数反演模型,获取更接近真实情况的土层参数,以提高数值模拟精度。结果表明:输水隧道盾构开挖引起的地表最大沉降量为15.01 mm,基于反演的地表变形计算结果与实际监测值的误差减少约70%;盾构隧道双线开挖会引起地表二次沉降变形,两条盾构隧道中间区域的地表二次沉降量最大,约占总沉降量的60%,最大二次沉降量为5.06 mm;隧道两侧的桩基受到影响较大,最大位移为10.03 mm,位于桩基顶部,而隧道开挖对桩基内应力分布影响较小,可以认为无影响。

盾构隧道近距离侧穿立交桥桩基的变形影响分析

[目的]盾构掘进会引起附近桥梁基础发生位移变形,降低桥梁基础承载能力,为此结合某工程实例对盾构隧道近距离侧穿桥梁桩基的变形影响进行研究。[方法]依托合肥地铁5号线盾构侧穿立交桥桩基工程,建立三维数值模型,分析盾构施工引起的桩基横向水平位移、纵向水平位移以及桩基沉降规律。[结果及结论]研究结果表明,桩底横向水平位移呈现“离开—靠近—离开”隧道的动态变化,桩身横向水平位移近似“C”形扰曲曲线,位移沿桩深呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,极值位于桩深9~10 m处。桩底纵向(平行隧道轴向)水平位移表现为“双峰”形曲线,盾构通过桩基后,桩身发生与掘进方向相反的纵向位移,在盾构通过桩基12 m后桩身纵向水平位移出现回弹变化,表明盾构掘进对桩基的纵向变形影响一定程度上是可逆的。桩基沉降变化呈陡峭趋势,同侧桩基距离隧道越近沉降越大,且远侧隧道开挖会引起桩端二次沉降,最大沉降值发生在4号桩基桩底处,沉降值为4.94 mm。

基坑开挖引起下穿交叉隧道变形效应分析

以某地铁站换乘大厅工程为例,利用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,分析总结了上跨深大基坑开挖对不同空间距离和分布形式的下穿立体交叉隧道的变形影响规律,并结合现场监测数据与数值模拟结果进行相互验证,结果表明:(1)基坑开挖卸荷对下穿隧道结构变形的影响主要表现为竖向位移,其变形量与基坑的空间位置和基坑岩土体开挖卸荷量密切相关;(2)1号线左、右线隧道全施工周期监测数据与数值模拟结果吻合较好,验证了数值计算方法对施工活动影响判断的准确性;(3)多种应力状态耦合的叠落隧道竖向位移受叠加效应影响显著,最大竖向位移位于影响因素较多的区域,最大竖向位移值为34.84 mm;(4)埋深较浅隧道对施工扰动比深埋隧道更加敏感,不同位置处的变形离散性更强,变形具有一定的整体性和协同性。

自动化集装箱码头ARMG轨道基础设计

自动化集装箱码头堆场常采用ARMG进行集装箱自动化装卸作业,ARMG轨道基础的合理设计是保证ARMG自动化作业安全高效运行的关键。通过对比分析天然地基轨道基础、复合地基轨道基础、桩基轨道基础3种常用ARMG轨道基础设计方案的特点,并针对3种方案进行全生命周期的费用分析,提出自动化集装箱码头ARMG轨道基础的推荐方案以及轨道基础过路段差异沉降的控制措施。研究成果可为自动化集装箱码头ARMG轨道基础设计提供借鉴。

Effect of constructing twin tunnels under a building supported by pile foundations in the Sydney central business district

In congested cities such as Sydney,competition for underground space escalates within the built environment because various assets require finite geotechnical strength and support.Specific problems such as damage to buildings may develop when high-rise buildings on piled foundations are subject to ground movements as tunnels are constructed.This paper focuses on the risks of tunneling beneath Sydney’s Martin Place and how buildings are subject to additional loads caused by tunneling.The key objective of this study is to improve the understanding of tunnel-rock-pile interactions and to encourage sustainable development.A finite element model is developed to predict the interaction between tunnel construction and piled foundations.The tunnel,rock,and pile components are studied separately and are then combined into a single model.The ground model is based on the characteristics of Hawkesbury Sandstone and is developed through a desktop study.The piles are designed using Australian Standards and observations of high-rise buildings.The tunnel construction is modeled based on the construction sequence of a tunnel boring machine.After combining the components,a parametric study on the relationship between tunnel location,basements,and piles is conducted.Our findings,thus far,show that tunneling can increase the axial and flexural loads of piles,where the additional loading exceeds the structural capacity of some piles,especially those that are close to basement walls.The parametric study reveals a strong relationship between tunnel depth and lining stresses,while the relationship between tunnel depth and induced pile loads is less convincing.Furthermore,the horizontal tunnel position relative to piles shows a stronger relationship with pile loads.Further research into tunnel-rock-pile interactions is recommended,especially beneath basements,to substantiate the results of this study.

考虑地层蠕变效应的桥梁桩基施工对邻近运营地铁隧道的影响

为研究桥梁桩基施工引起地层蠕变效应对邻近地铁隧道安全运营的影响,采用卸荷条件下黏土蠕变特性试验确定了隧道周围土体的蠕变模型,通过数值仿真FLAC^(3D)与现场监测相结合的方法,分析了桩基开挖期间地铁隧道的竖向位移、水平位移和应力分布状态。结果表明:广义Kelvin本构模型能够较为准确地描述黏土体开挖卸荷时的蠕变效应;桩基开挖后,邻近地铁隧道衬砌位移不断增大,随后进入稳定状态;随着桩基开挖数量的增加,地铁隧道竖向位移和水平位移总体表现为下沉和向外收敛趋势;桩-隧最小净距越小,桩基施工对隧道影响越大,采用隧道双侧布桩的施工方式,能够有效降低桩基开挖时隧道拱腰的累计水平位移,有利于地铁隧道的安全稳定运营。

地铁盾构不同角度侧穿既有铁路桥梁桩基变形分析

地铁盾构隧道侧穿既有铁路桥梁时,对桥梁桩基会产生不同程度的影响,而不同的侧穿角度又会引起二者交叉范围内土体和桥桩产生不同的变形。基于天津地铁4号线北段某区间盾构隧道下穿某铁路桥工程,建立隧道-土体-桩基-桥梁整体三维数值分析模型,结合工程实测,针对隧道与铁路桥成85°、80°、76°、70°夹角的4种侧穿工况,分析不同夹角下隧道掘进对桥梁桩基的影响。结果表明,穿越角度的改变会对桥梁桩基变形和受力产生不同程度的影响,穿越角度越小,其对桥桩变形影响越大,存在最佳的穿越角度。当实际工程中无法选定最佳穿越角度(90°)时,在隧道与桥桩间设置隔离桩加固能有效减小地表沉降和桩基变形,进而对既有桥梁起到保护作用。

深基坑工程对现有桥梁桩基变形的影响分析

城市交通基础设施建设条件日趋复杂。由于道路快速化改造,新建明挖下穿隧道近距离穿越既有桥梁桩基时,造成桥梁桩基水平位移,影响桥梁结构的安全。通过计算分析华南地区典型软基地质条件修建下穿隧道进行基坑开挖引起桥梁桩基的位移,对比分析不同支护条件下的基坑开挖对桥梁桩基位移的影响。结果表明:不同基坑围护结构的刚度对桩基位移影响显著,采用ϕ0.8m、ϕ1.0m、ϕ1.2m钻孔灌注桩作为支护结构时,桥梁桩基的水平移位分别为9.4mm、6.3mm、4.5mm。同时,基坑的基底处理方式对桩基的位移、基坑的整体安全、桥梁的安全也具有重要的作用。结合监测成果,基坑采用ϕ1.2m钻孔灌注桩围护结构+高压旋喷桩基底处理方案时,基坑和桥梁桩基水平位移的控制效果较好。

双线盾构隧道开挖对临近桥桩的影响规律研究

为了研究盾构隧道近距侧穿既有桥桩产生的影响,基于呼和浩特地铁1号线侧穿鼓楼立交桥桩工程实例,借助ABAQUS进行数值建模,采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性理论,对桩长、桩径、隧道埋深和桩顶荷载等影响因素进行了对比分析。结果表明:在隧道开挖土体扰动的影响下,随着桩长、桩径和桩顶荷载的增加,3根桩的水平位移都逐渐降低,Ⅰ号桩和Ⅲ号桩的桩身弯矩都逐渐增加;因Ⅱ号桩位于双线隧道之间,在开挖过程中桩身弯矩受到左右两线隧道开挖产生的叠加效应而相互抵消,使其桩身弯矩不呈规律性变化;随着隧道埋深的增加,3根桩的水平位移均未产生规律性变化,但桩身弯矩显著增加,且桩身弯矩最大值位于隧道埋深范围内;当隧道埋深较浅时,其开挖影响范围较小,对临近桩的影响也较小;注浆加固可有效控制隧道开挖过程中桩基的水平位移和地面沉降,但桩基水平位移的控制效果随着盾构隧道与桩基间净距的减小而逐渐降低。

基于能量法的隧道穿越引起既有管线变形研究

针对隧道穿越引起既有管线变形的问题,本文出发点并非沿用力学平衡,而是从系统能量入手。将既有管线视为Euler-Bernoulli梁,并搁置于可考虑地基连续变形的Pasternak地基上。参考Rayleigh-Ritz法给出位移函数,写出地基梁系统各部分的功能表达式,建立关于管线变形的总势能方程。依据最小势能原理对其进行变分运算并求解,推导得到计算管线变形的理论解析。分别利用有限元软件的模拟结果和已发表文献中实际工程的监测数据验证所提方法的合理性。进一步对既有管线抗弯刚度、新旧结构穿越角度以及地层损失率展开参数分析。研究结果表明,随着既有管线抗弯刚度和新旧结构穿越角度的增大,既有管线的变形减小;而随着地层损失率的增大,既有管线的变形也随之增大。所提方法可快速评估隧道开挖对既有管线的影响。

软土基坑开挖对相邻建(构)筑物结构变形影响研究进展

近些年,随着我国城市化进程的不断加快,城市空间开始向地下发展,基坑开挖对相邻建(构)筑物的影响日益受到人们的关注。基坑开挖卸荷会对周围岩土体产生扰动,进而对相邻建(构)筑物产生不良影响。因此,应采取相应的保护措施,控制其结构变形,确保相邻建(构)筑物的安全。为全面了解软土地区基坑开挖对相邻建(构)筑物影响的研究进展,首先,将相邻建(构)筑物分为既有隧道,邻近桩基和邻近建筑物三类进行讨论;然后从理论解析、数值模拟、现场监测3个方面对软土基坑开挖对相邻建(构)筑物的影响研究进展进行阐述;最后对既有研究成果进行展望:建议未来研究应多因素综合分析,利用物联网等先进技术实时监测基坑施工对相邻建(构)筑物的影响,探索新型支护结构,开发智能决策支持工具,希望能为城市基础设施建设提供更全面和可靠的参考。