Limiting Nuisance for Traffic during the Refurbishment of the Heinenoord Tunnel in The Netherlands:In Search of Resilience Possibilities

The Heinenoord Tunnel in The Netherlands connects the Hoeksche Waard Island with the city of Rotterdam.The tunnel is 614 m long,consists of two unidirectional tubes(3 lanes each)and has an average daily traffic load of 92,100 vehicles.The tunnel was opened for traffic in 1969.The structure is basically still sound,but a full refurbishment of the installations and systems is required,because they are end of life.A long closure of the tunnel(or even one tube)is not possible,because alternative routes are scarce and require significant extra travel time,not suitable for the high traffic load.Thus,various scenarios were considered to assure the accessibility of the Hoeksche Waard during the works,scheduled for 2023-2024.Multi-criteria analyses were performed for each scenario,taking into account the total project cost,societal cost(due to extra travel time)and the total required time span for the works.Refurbishment through“parallel assembly”proved to be optimal.This concept means that the new installations and systems are installed next to the current ones,that will remain in service until the end phase of the refurbishment.The existing installations and systems are only dismantled after integral testing has shown that the completed new ones work properly.This approach allows most of the works to be carried out during a series of night and weekend closures of just one tube.This limits nuisance,because one driving direction is always left undisturbed,while the closure for the other driving direction takes place in low-traffic periods.This paper describes the applied method to select the optimal refurbishment approach,as well as the(partly unconventional)measures that are implemented to enhance the resilience of the tunnel system to assure as much availability for traffic as possible,also during future maintenance works.

Resilience analysis of road tunnels subject to refurbishment work

After some tragic fire events,Directive 2004/54/EC was issued to ensure a minimum safety level for tunnels belonging to the Trans-European Road Network longer than 500 m.Nowadays,most of the Italian road tunnels are still not in compliance with the minimum safety requirements,thus refurbishment works are often planned.By developing a traffic macro-simulation model,this paper aims at assessing the resilience of an existing twin-tube motorway tunnel when one of its tubes is partially or completely closed due to planned activities.Several scenarios were investigated,also considering the availability or not of an alternative itinerary in the surrounding transportation network.The average vehicles’speed was used as a functionality parameter,while the resilience metrics were the resilience loss,the recovery speed,and the resilience index.The findings showed higher resilience losses for complete closure rather than partial closure of the tube under planned refurbishment works.The implementation of digital technologies,such as variable message signs,might reduce the resilience loss of the tunnel system.This research might represent a reference for tunnel management agencies in the choice of the most appropriate traffic control strategy to improve tunnel resilience in the event of planned activities.

Research on Traffic Safety at Tunnel Entrance and Exit

Highway tunnel entrances have a high rate of expressway traffic accidents.In this paper,the reasons for the high incidence of traffic accidents at highway tunnel entrances are analyzed in detail,and corresponding solutions are proposed,hoping to provide some reference to relevant parties.

Key technologies for construction of Jinping traffic tunnel with an extremely deep overburden and a high water pressure

Jinping traffic tunnel is one of the deepest traffic tunnels in the world with a maximum overburden of 2 375 m and the overburden over 73% of its total length is larger than 1 500 m. The tunnel is 17.5 km long and designed to provide a shortcut road between two hydropower stations： Jinping I and Jinping II of the Jinping Hydropower Project, located on Yalong River, Liangshan State, Sichuan Province, China. The tunnel is so deep that building any shafts is impossible. The construction starts from both ends （east and west ends）, and the construction length from the west end is 10 km with a blind heading. This paper deals with an overview of this project and analysis of the engineering features, as well as key technologies developed and applied during the construction, including geological prediction, rock burst prevention under a super high in-situ stress, sealing of groundwater with a high pressure and big flow rate, ventilation for a blind heading of 10 km, wet spraying of shotcrete at zones of rock burst and rich water, etc. The application of the new technologies to the construction achieved a high quality tunnel within the contract period.

Analysis of the Relationship between the Number of Traffic Accidents and the Traffic Flow &Section Location in Extra Long Tunnel

In order to study the influence of the traffic characteristics on traffic accidents in extra long tunnel, the main measurement indicators of traffic flow during the time of traffic accidents are matched with the accident information to form a data set of the number of traffic accidents and the hourly traffic flow of the accident. Vehicle ratio and the number of accidents are mainly used as the characteristic indicators of traffic flow. At the same time, the longitudinal distribution law of the average speed of traffic flow and the number of traffic accidents in the extra long tunnel is studied. Based on the superposition principle, the extra long tunnel is divided into 5 traffic safety zones. This paper analyzes the distribution of time, morphology, cause of accident, and other characteristics in different traffic safety zones, finding that the shape of traffic accidents in extra long tunnel is mainly rear-end collisions. Improper operation and illegal lane changes are the main causes of accidents.

A Statistical Analysis of China＇s Traffic Tunnel Development Data

Traffic tunnels include tunnel works for traffic and transport in the areas of railway, highway, and rail transit. With many mountains and nearly one fifth of the global population, China possesses numerous large cities and megapolises with rapidly growing economies and huge traffic demands. As a result, a great deal of railway, highway, and rail transit facilities are required in this country. In the past, the construction of these facilities mainly involved subgrade and bridge works; in recent years.

Drivers'fixation transfer characteristics in urban tunnels

To improve the safety performance of urban tunnels,the fixation transfer characteristics of drivers with different driving experience levels in urban tunnels were investigated.First,a real vehicle test was performed in an urban tunnel,and the eye movement data of 10 drivers with different driving experience levels were collected using a Dikablis eye-tracking system.Second,the driver fixation range was divided into eight areas of visual interest by using the K-means clustering method,and the fixations in different sections of the tunnel were comparatively analyzed.Finally,on the basis of the divided areas of visual interest,fixation transfer rules and the stationary distribution characteristics of drivers with different driving experience levels on different sections of the tunnel were discussed using Markov theory.Results indicate that drivers'probability of repeated fixation is greater and that the efficiency of visual search is lower at internal sections of tunnels than in external sections.Drivers obtain information mainly from the straight upper front and straight lower front areas,and the probabilities of fixation points in these two areas at the threshold and exit sections are significantly higher than those in other sections.Relative to experienced drivers,novice drivers allocate little attention to the straight upper front area and rear-view mirrors.Hence,they have weak fixation when looking forward,and they lack experience in obtaining information on rear-approaching vehicles and controlling speed.

Jam Formation of Traffic Flow in Harbor Tunnel

This paper reports a study concerning occurrence and growth of traffic jam in a harbor tunnel. The single-lane with three sections （downgrade, fiat, and upgrade） is taken into account and they are characterized with different velocity limit. At the low density, the traffic current increases linearly with density and saturates at some values of immediately density. As the density increases, the traffic jam appears firstly before the upgrade section and then extends to the downgrade section. Additionally, the relationships of the velocity and headway against position in different densities are obta/ned from simulation. These results clearly clarify where and when the traffic jam appears. Finally, the critical densities are derived via the theoretical analysis before and after the discontinuous fronts and the theoretical results are consistent with the critical values of simulation results.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Excavation and Support in Traffic Tunnel of a Power Station

To evaluate the rationality of the excavation and support structure design in tunnel engineering, numerical simulation and structural deformation stability analysis in excavation and support in a traffic tunnel are carried out in combination with the practical geological conditions study. The computation results demonstrate that following excavation, the surrounding rock deforms minimally and has a large self-bearing capacity. The shotcrete-bolt structure in the initial support has small deformation and stress, ensuring that it meets the safety and stability requirements. The stress of the secondary lining structure is calculated, which can also meet the structural strength requirements. The traffic tunnel’s supporting system is a practical and cost-effective manner. The proposed study will provide a specific reference for the design and research of the support structures in traffic tunnels.

Evaluating Market Benefits of Transportation Tunnels—The Carmel Tunnels as a Case Study

Since opening in 2010, The Carmel Tunnels have redirected some of the traffic from within the City of Haifa in Israel. This paper studies the direct and indirect financial and environmental benefits of the Carmel Tunnels compared to alternative routes. Di-rect benefits for drivers include financial savings thanks to savings on time and gas. Indirect benefits for drivers and for the public include reduced air pollution, green-house gas emissions and noise. Results show significant positive benefits from using the Carmel Tunnels compared to various alternative routes (i.e., reference scenarios). During peak hours (8 am and 4 pm), when there is heavy traffic on the alternative routes, the total benefits increase by about 25% - 47%. Using tunnels for transportation allows, among other benefits, efficient use of underground land, redirecting traffic congestion from town centers, decreasing landscape damage due to major roads passing through open spaces, and reducing air pollution in residential areas.

Research on Deformation Control Indicators and Standard of Urban Traffic Tunnel Construction Adjacent to High-rise Building

The biggest environmental problem caused by the construction of tunnels adjacent to high-rise buildings is the settlement of buildings.The paper analyzes the influence of tunnel excavation on the deformation of the superstructure and the deformation mode of the superstructure.It introduces the indicators and standards for the construction control of tunnel adjacent to the building at home and abroad.Combined with the Yuzhong tunnel project under construction in Chongqing,the main monitoring indicators and control standards of the Yuzhong Tunnel passing through the main buildings are given after comprehensive analysis and considerations,which provide a reference for the deformation control indicators of similar urban traffic tunnels adjacent to high-rise buildings.

公路隧道入口区域驾驶人吸睛效应综合评价

为全面和系统评价公路隧道入口区域视觉吸引对驾驶人吸睛效应视觉表现的影响,本文招募30名被试开展自然驾驶实验,采集驾驶人在公路隧道入口区域不同视觉吸引条件下的眼动数据,基于因子分析法选取驾驶人吸睛效应敏感评价指标,并分别构建线性混合效应模型和数据包络分析模型,识别和探究公路隧道入口区域视觉吸引对驾驶人吸睛效应视觉表现的影响特征和作用机理。结果表明:因子分析结果显示,驾驶人吸睛效应敏感视觉指标为注视持续时间、瞳孔直径、扫视持续时间和扫视幅度;公路隧道入口区域不同视觉吸引条件对驾驶人吸睛效应的视觉表现和综合效率有显著影响,且受驾驶人年龄和驾驶经验的个体特质因素影响显著,而性别因素对其没有显著性影响;视觉吸引的存在均会不同程度地损害驾驶人的正常视觉绩效,降低其合理有效性;提示标语视觉吸引条件下,驾驶人的视觉注意水平最差,视觉认知负荷程度最高,吸睛效应的负面影响最大,广告牌条件次之。

基于Topsis改进因子分析的公路隧道入口段视觉负荷研究

为探究直线公路隧道入口段驾驶者的视觉负荷,首先,通过实车试验采集5种视觉指标,采用Topsis改进因子分析法建立视觉负荷评价模型;然后,分析不同时间及位置下视觉负荷的变化特征,基于构建的视觉负荷曲线提出行车舒适评价标准,并运用已发表数据验证构建负荷模型的泛化能力;最后,通过敏感度分析探究视觉指标对视觉负荷的影响程度。结果表明:当驾驶者位于距洞口-13~55 m(12:00)、-10~49 m(15:00)时,视觉负荷超过临界值(0.906),驾驶者的行车舒适度和安全性极低;洞口驾驶者的视觉负荷值和接近度远大于洞内和洞外;18:00的视觉负荷和接近度远低于12:00和15:00。视觉指标的敏感度参数从大到小依次为注视时间、瞳孔面积、注视次数、扫视幅度、扫视速度。

城市隧道允许变车道分界线设置方法研究

为了缓解低速车辆对隧道行车安全的影响,探讨城市隧道内部允许变车道分界线的设置方法,采用VISSIM仿真软件,分析城市隧道内部车道分界线设置为允许变道和禁止变道两种状态下低速行驶车辆对隧道交通流的影响。结果表明:城市隧道内低速行驶车辆对本车道的交通流平均速度影响最大,车道分界线设置为允许变道时可以明显缓解低速行驶车辆对交通流平均速度的影响。低速车辆的存在显著增加了本车道的平均延误时间,且车辆时速越低、道路交通量越大,平均延误时间越长;禁止变道状态下,低速车辆的存在造成本车道后方车辆的排队积压,导致交通密度显著增大,设置允许变道能够缓解低速车辆对交通流的影响。研究成果可为城市隧道的运营管理提供科学依据。

城市交通隧道电动汽车火灾安全研究进展

城市电动汽车数量增加给城市交通隧道消防安全带来了新的挑战。论文首先归纳了隧道内电动车辆火灾研究的科学问题和关键技术问题,总结了电动汽车火灾成因及研究手段、火灾燃烧热特性、燃烧产物特性等领域的研究成果,分析了隧道狭长受限空间结构对电动汽车火灾发展过程的影响,探讨了城市交通隧道电动汽车火灾的消防救援。根据现行消防标准规范及隧道消防设计指南,讨论了应对电动汽车火灾交通隧道消防系统设计需要改进的要点。研究表明,新能源车火灾场景比燃油车火灾场景更复杂,主要表现在电池不稳定的喷射火源、持续时间、峰值热释放和峰值温度、汽车带电风险等方面。目前电动汽车火灾实体试验研究主要是在大空间或者开放空间中进行,隧道受限空间对电池燃烧特性影响、电动汽车火灾羽流特性以及有毒烟气蔓延及控制还缺乏系统性研究。研究成果能够为城市交通隧道的消防设计、安全运营以及应急救援预案制定提供参考。

亮度和速度协同下公路隧道口路段驾驶舒适度研究

为探究山区双车道公路隧道口路段驾驶心理负荷的变化特性,本文采用实车试验的研究手段,招募27名驾驶人作为被试,选择重庆市境内的9座隧道作为试验场景,采集驾驶人、车辆和驾驶环境的行车数据,使用驾驶人的心率增长率表征驾驶心理负荷。通过数据分析,对驾驶人在隧道口路段的驾驶心理负荷与亮度和速度的相关性进行研究。结果表明,山区双车道公路隧道入口段的驾驶心理负荷大于出口段;在环境亮度小于500 cd·m^(-2)时,驾驶心理负荷对亮度的变化更为敏感,进而提出亮度变化率的计算公式,当亮度变化率在60%时,黑洞和白洞效应对驾驶人的心理影响趋于相同;在隧道口路段,速度对驾驶心理负荷具有放大效应;根据驾驶心理负荷值,划分隧道口路段的驾驶舒适度区间,提出基于驾驶舒适度需求的亮度变化率和速度的安全阈值,并给出计及亮度变化率和隧道口净空高度的亮度曲线。

城市连续隧道交织区主线交织车辆换道点选择行为研究

基于城市连续隧道交织区分析主线交织车辆换道点选择行为,以实地采集的车行轨迹数据为基础,利用随机森林模型分析主线车辆换道点选择行为特征及影响行为决策的影响因素,而后分别采用支持向量机模型与随机森林模型进行换道点选择行为决策建模和对比分析。研究结果表明:影响主线交织车辆换道点选择的主要因素为目标车辆状态以及本车道的后车状态,且经特征筛选之后建立换道决策模型的精度更高,其中支持向量机模型可以较好的刻画换道行为,模型的预测精度不低于85%。研究成果有助于在仿真模型中更准确描述换道点选择行为,同时为城市连续隧道交织区的优化和辅助驾驶策略制定提供支撑。

交通活塞风作用下H型隧道火灾烟气蔓延规律数值模拟研究

为探究非事故隧道交通风对火灾烟气蔓延的影响规律,基于理论分析,通过FDS数值模拟,研究了不同车流量产生的交通风速在H型隧道中不同火源功率情况下对烟气扩散、温度分布和流速变化的影响。结果表明,不同交通风在不同火源功率条件下,烟气扩散、温度分布和流速变化规律基本相同。随着交通活塞风速的增加,横通道两端压力差越大,火灾烟气运动到非事故隧道时间越短,在隧道内蔓延的长度越长;随着火源功率增大,火灾烟气逆流到事故隧道入口和扩散到非事故隧道内的时间越短,非事故隧道内流速场发生变化的时间越晚。

一种基于多模型融合的隐蔽隧道和加密恶意流量检测方法

高级持续威胁APT攻击为了躲避检测,攻击者往往采用加密恶意流量和隐蔽隧道等策略隐匿恶意行为,从而增加检测的难度。目前大多数检测DNS隐蔽隧道的方法基于统计、频率、数据包等特征,这种方法不能很好地进行实时检测,从而导致数据泄露,因此,需要根据单个DNS请求进行检测而不是对流量进行统计后再检测,才能够实现实时且可靠的检测,当系统判定单个DNS请求为隧道流量,便可做出响应,进而避免数据泄露。而现有的加密恶意检测方法存在无法完整提取流量特征信息、提取特征手段单一、特征利用少等问题。因此,文章提出了基于多模型融合的隐蔽隧道加密恶意流量检测方法。对于DNS隐蔽隧道,文章提出了MLP、1D-CNN、RNN模型融合的检测方法并根据提出的数学模型计算融合结果,该方法能够对隐蔽隧道实时监测,进一步提高检测的整体准确率。对于加密恶意流量,文章提出了1D-CNN、LSTM模型的并行融合的检测方法,并行融合模型能够更加全面地提取特征信息,反应流量数据的全貌,进而提高模型的检测精度。

多源数据驱动的隧道场景驾驶员识别方法

针对隧道环境中监控图像分辨率低与车辆运动轨迹特征异质性减弱导致的驾驶员识别准确率偏低问题,本文提出一种融合卷积与多头注意力机制的驾驶员识别方法(Multi-scale CNN with Multi Attention),通过充分利用驾驶过程人—车—路—环境多源信息的协同耦合关系提升识别精度。首先,设计开展实车驾驶试验,构建针对隧道路段的人—车—路多源驾驶数据库并设计特征集合;其次,搭建驾驶员识别模型框架,该框架通过多尺度卷积神经网络学习驾驶过程中的局部波动,并通过并行的多头自注意力层结构捕捉驾驶时间序列的长期依赖性,实现局部信息与全局信息的有效整合,从而提升隧道场景的驾驶员识别效果。结果显示,与其他先进的算法相比,所提出的模型在驾驶员身份识别任务中的准确率高达99.07%,调和F_(1)分数达到99.03%,充分证明了所提方法的有效性。此外,通过特征贡献度评估方法对隧道场景下驾驶员身份识别任务中的特征重要性进行深入探究发现,相较于车辆历史运动数据,驾驶员心理、生理及视觉特征显示出更高的贡献度。研究结果可为隧道场景多源数据应用提供支持,并对隧道安全监管提供技术支撑。