Process parameter optimization for local post-weld heat treatment.of turbine rotor based on uniform design

During the process of local post-weld heat treatment （ PWHT） , the temperature difference inside the weld overlay is a very influential factor on relieving residual stress. In this paper, a commercial program （ABAQUS） was used to simulate the temperature field in turbine rotor, and the influence of heat treatment parameters on temperature was investigated by finite element method. Weight analysis shows that the holding temperature and heating rate are the main factors affecting on temperature, especially the holding temperature. Besides, two regression equations that reflect the relationship between temperature and heat treatment parameters were fitted with uniform design method. Both the correlation coefficients of the regression equations are up to O. 999 2, and the maximum residual error is only O. 7. The agreement between simulation results and regression results is shown to be excellent. At the end, local heat treatment parameters were optimized using the simplex method.

Steam turbine rotor crack detection using sifting process of EMD and B-spline wavelet on the interval element model

A high-precision identification method for steam turbine rotor crack is presented. By providing me nrst three measured natural frequencies, contours for the specified natural frequency are plotted in the same coordi- nate, and the intersection of the three curves predicts the crack location and size. The cracked rotor system is mod- eled using B-spline wavelet on the interval （BSWI） finite element method, and a method based on empirical mode decomposition （EMD） and Laplace wavelet is implemented to improve the identification precision of the first three measured natural frequencies. Compared with the classical nondestructive testing, the presented method shows its effectiveness and reliability. It is feasible to apply this method to the online health monitoring for rotor structure.

Effects of Rotor Solidity on the Performance of Impulse Turbine for OWC Wave Energy Converter

Impulse turbine, working as a typical self-rectifying turbine, is recently utilized for the oscillating water column（OWC） wave energy converters, which can rotate in the same direction under the bi-directional air flows. A numerical model established in Fluent is validated by the corresponding experimental results. The flow fields, pressure distribution and dimensionless evaluating coefficients can be calculated and analyzed. Effects of the rotor solidity varying with the change of blade number are investigated and the suitable solidity value is recommended for different flow coefficients.

Flow Visualization and Topological Analysis of a Turbine Rotor Cascade with Tip Clearance

By means of ink trace visualization and topological allalysis, this paper investigates the topological structure of the flow pattern surrounding both endwalls and blade surfaces for a low aspect ratio linear rotor cascade with tip cIearance. The structure of the flow pattern shows that most of the singular points and separation lines are located in the upper half span region of the tested cascade where the aerodynamic behaviors are deteriorated.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR THE EFFECT OF ROTATION ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW FIELD IN FILM-COOLED TURBINE

An experimental investigation of three-dimensional flow field in a film-cooled turbine model is carried out by using particle image velocimeter （PIV） in a low-speed wind tunnel. The effects of different blowing ratios （M=1.5, 2） on the flow field are studied. The experimental results reveal the classical phenomena of the formation of kidney vortex pair and secondary flow in wake region behind the jet hole. And the changes of the kidney vortex pair and the wake at different locations away from the hole on the suction and pressure sides are also studied. Compared with the flow field in stationary cascade, there are centrifugal force and Coriolis force existing in the flow field of rotating turbine, and these forces bring the radial velocity in the jet flow. The effect of rotatien on the flow field of the pressure side is more distinct than that on the suction side from the measured flow fields in Y-Z plane and radial velocity contours. The increase of blowing ratio makes the kidney vortex pair and the secondary flow in the wake region stronger and makes the range of the wake region enlarged.

Criterion of aerodynamic performance of large-scale offshore horizontal axis wind turbines

With the background of offshore wind energy projects, this paper studies aerodynamic performance and geometric characteristics of large capacity wind turbine rotors （1 to 10 MW）, and the main characteristic parameters such as the rated wind speed, blade tip speed, and rotor solidity. We show that the essential criterion of a high- performance wind turbine is a highest possible annual usable energy pattern factor and a smallest possible dimension, capturing the maximum wind energy and producing the maximum annual power. The influence of the above-mentioned three parameters on the pattern factor and rotor geometry of wind turbine operated in China＇s offshore meteoro- logical environment is investigated. The variation patterns of aerodynamic and geometric parameters are obtained, analyzed, and compared with each other. The present method for aerodynamic analysis and its results can form a basis for evaluating aerodynamic performance of large-scale offshore wind turbine rotors.

Study on the Rotor Design Method for a Small Propeller-Type Wind Turbine

Small propeller-type wind turbines have a low Reynolds number,limiting the number of usable airfoil materials.Thus,their design method is not sufBciently established,and their performance is often low.The ultimate goal of this research is to establish high-performance design guidelines and design methods for small propeller-type wind turbines.To that end,we designed two rotors:Rotor A,based on the rotor optimum design method from the blade element momentum theory,and Rotor B,in which the chord length of the tip is extended and the chord length distribution is linearized.We examined performance characteristics and flow fields of the two rotors through wind tunnel experiments and numerical analysis.Our results revealed that the maximum output tip speed ratio of Rotor B shifted lower than that of Rotor A,but the maximum output coefficient increased by approximately 38.7%.Rotors A and B experienced a large-scale separation on the hub side,which extended to the mean in Rotor A.This difference in separation had an impact on the significant decrease in Rotor A's output compared to the design value and the increase in Rotor B's output compared to Rotor A.

Noise reduction effect of airfoil and small-scale rotor using serration trailing edge in a wind tunnel test

This paper discussed a noise reduction effect of airfoil and small-scale model rotor by using attached serration trailing edge in the wind tunnel test condition. In order to analyze the changes in the performance due to the inclusion of a serrated trailing edge designed to reduce noise, a 10 k W wind turbine rotor was equipped with a thin serrated trailing edge. The restrictive condition for the serrated trailing edge equipped with the using of a 2D airfoil was examined through the using of a wind tunnel experiment after studying existing restrictive condition and analyzing prior research on serrated trailing edges. The aerodynamic performance and noise reduction effect of a small-scale model were investigated with the using of a serrated trailing edge. Moreover, the noise levels from the experiment were considered that the noise prediction method could be used for a full-scale rotor. It is confirmed that noise reduction effect is compared with wind tunnel test data at the 2D airfoil and model rotor condition.

Flowfield and Heat Transfer past an Unshrouded Gas Turbine Blade Tip with Different Shapes

This paper describes the numerical investigations of flow and heat transfer in an unshrouded turbine rotor blade of a heavy duty gas turbine with four tip configurations. By comparing the calculated contours of heat transfer coefficients on the flat tip of the HP turbine rotor blade in the GE-E3 aircraft engine with the corresponding ex- perimental data, the K：-o~ turbulence model was chosen for the present numerical simulations. The inlet and outlet boundary conditions for the turbine rotor blade are specified as the real gas turbine, which were obtained from the 3D full stage simulations. The rotor blade and the hub endwall are rotary and the casing is stationary. The influ- ences of tip configurations on the tip leakage flow and blade tip heat transfer were discussed. It＇s showed that the different tip configurations changed the leakage flow patterns and the pressure distributions on the suction surface near the blade tip. Compared with the flat tip, the total pressure loss caused by the leakage flow was decreased for the full squealer tip and pressure side squealer tip, while increased for the suction side squealer tip. The suction side squealer tip results in the lowest averaged heat transfer coefficient on the blade tip compared to the other tip configurations.

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR FLOW FIELD AND FILM COOLING EFFECTIVENESS IN FILM-COOLED TURBINE

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow field and film cooling effectiveness in film-cooled turbine rotor and stationary turbine cascade were carried out by using the k- ε turbulence model, and the predictions of the three-dimensional velocities were compared with the measured results by Laser-Doppler Velocimetry （LDV）. Results reveal the secondary flow near the blade surface in the wake region behind the jet hole. Compared with the stationary cascade, there are the centrifugal force and Coriolis force existing in the flow field of the turbine rotor, and these forces make the three-dimensional flow field change in the turbine rotor, especially for the radial velocity. The effect of rotation on the flow field and the film cooling effectiveness on the pressure side is more apparent than that on the suction side as is shown in the computational and measured results, and the low film cooling effectiveness appears on the pressure surface of the turbine rotor blade compared with that of the stationary cascade.

Investigation of the Compressible Flow through the Tip-Section Turbine Blade Cascade with Supersonic Inlet

The contribution deals with the experimental and numerical investigation of compressible flow through the tip-section turbine blade cascade with the blade 54″ long. Experimental investigations by means of optical(interferometry and schlieren method) and pneumatic measurements provide more information about the behaviour and nature of basic phenomena occurring in the profile cascade flow field. The numerical simulation was carried out by means of the EARSM turbulence model according to Hellsten [5] completed by the bypass transition model with the algebraic equation for the intermittency coefficient proposed by Straka and P?íhoda [6] and implemented into the in-house numerical code. The investigation was focused particularly on the effect of shock waves on the shear layer development including the laminar/turbulent transition. Interactions of shock waves with shear layers on both sides of the blade result usually in the transition in attached and/ or separated flow and so to the considerable impact to the flow structure and energy losses in the blade cascade.

Finite Element Simulation of Metal Quenching

The evolution of the phase transformation and the resulting internal stresses and strains in me- tallic parts during quenching were modeled numerically. The numerical simulation of the metal quenching process was based on the metallo-thermo-mechanical theory using the finite element method to couple the temperature, phase transformation, and stress-strain fields. The numerical models are presented for the heat treatment and kinetics of the phase transformation. The finite element models and the phase transition kinetics accurately predict the distribution of the microstructure volume fractions, the temperature, the distor- tion, and the stress-strain relation during quenching. The two examples used to validate the models are the quenching of a small gear and of a large turbine rotor. The simulation results for the martensite phase vol- ume fraction, the stresses, and the distortion in the gear agree well with the experimental data. The models can be used to optimize the quenching conditions to ensure product quality.

Decoupling Scheme for Virtual Synchronous Generator Controlled Wind Farms Participating in Inertial Response

In this paper,the dynamic coupling between the wind turbine rotor speed recovery(WTRSR)and inertial response of the conventional virtual synchronous generator(VSG)controlled wind farms(WFs)is analyzed.Three distinguishing features are revealed.Firstly,the inertial response characteristics of VSG controlled WFs(VSG-WFs)are impaired by the dynamic coupling.Secondly,when the influence of WTRSR is dominant,the inertial response characteristics of VSG-WFs are even worse than the condition under which WFs do not participate in the response of grid frequency.Thirdly,this phenomenon cannot be eliminated by only enlarging the inertia parameter of VSG-WFs,because the influence of WTRSR would also increase with the enhancement of inertial response.A decoupling scheme to eliminate the negative influence is then proposed in this paper.By starting the WTRSR process after inertial response period,the dynamic coupling is eliminated and the inertial response characteristics of WFs are improved.Finally,the effectiveness of the analysis and the proposed scheme are verified by simulation results.