Genetic Analysis of the VP2 Hypervariable Region of Thirty-six Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates in China during 2009-2012

[Objective] Infectious bursal disease （IBD） is a highly contagious immuno- suppressive disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV）. IBDV is ge- netically prone to mutation, which results in challenges to the disease prevention and control. Thus, it is necessary to continuously monitor the prevalence of IBDV. [Method] 36 IBDVs were identified from ten provinces in China from 2009 to 2012. Partial fragments of VP2, including the hypervariable region （HVR）, from new iso- lates were sequenced and analyzed through comparisons with published sequences of IBDV, including 18 strains isolated previously by our lab and 24 reference strains from China and around the world. [Result] Phylogenetic analysis showed a co-exis- tence of IBDV strains belonging to classic, variant, attenuated, and very virulent IB- DV （wlBDV） in China. wlBDVs remain the predominant strains in China and the new subgroup was emerging. Alignment analysis revealed several distinct amino acid mutations that might be involved in virulence or antigenicity variation. [Conclu- sion] The results offered evolutionary clues showing the emerging trend of obvious variations and diversity of IBDV in major poultry-producing regions of China particu- larly in recent years. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the genetic evolution of IBDV.

An improved scheme for infectious bursal disease virus genotype classification based on both genome-segments A and B

Infectious bursal disease(IBD)is caused by infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV),which has a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded linear RNA.IBDVs have been traditionally divided into four phenotypes based on their pathogenicity and antigenicity,including classic,variant,very virulent,and attenuated IBDV.With the emergences of divergent molecular characteristics of novel strains produced by continuous mutations and recombination,it is increasingly difficult to define new IBDV strains using the traditional descriptive classification method.The most common classification scheme for IBDV with segmented genome is based solely on segment A,while the significance of segment B has been largely neglected.In this study,an improved scheme for IBDV genotype classification based on the molecular characteristics of both VP2(a viral capsid protein encoded by segment A)and VP1(an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein encoded by segment B)was proposed for the first time.In this scheme,IBDV was classified into nine genogroups of A and five genogroups of B,respectively;the genogroup A2 was further divided into four lineages.The commonly used phenotypic classifications of classic,variant,very virulent,and attenuated IBDVs correspond to the A1 B1,A2 B1,A3 B2,and A8 B1 genotypes of the proposed classification scheme.The novel variant IBDVs including the strains identified in this study were classified as belonging to genotype A2 d B1.The flexibility and versatility of this improved classification scheme will allow the unambiguous identification of existing and emerging IBDV strains,which will greatly facilitate molecular epidemiology studies of IBDV.

Pathogenic Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of the Very Virulent Strain(Gx) of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated in China

The very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strain Gx was isolated from a poutl-try farm in Guangxi Province, China, during 1996. The mortality in the infected flock was 80% and occurred 5 days after immunization with serotype I IBD vaccine. The results of antigen-capture ELISA (AC-ELISA), pathogenicity testing, cloning and sequence analysis of the VP2 gene showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of strain Gx VP2 was the same as vvIBDV UK661, which is considered as a reference strain for European vvIBDVs. The antigenicity of the Gx strain was the same as an European vvIBDV strain 849. The EID50 of Gx virus was 10-8.25/0. 2 ml, and the mortality was 64% when 4 week-old SPF chickens were challenged at dosage of 2×10~3EID50. We have demonstrated that the IBDV strain Gx isolated in China is vvIBDV according to European standards.

MDV-1 VP22 conjugated VP2 enhancing immune response against infectious bursal disease virus by DNA vaccination in mice

VP22 of Marek’s disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) could function in protein transduction. In this study, an infectious bursal disease virus VP2 gene was fused to the carboxyl termini of VP22. It showed that the fusion protein did not spread into the bystander cells from the cells transfected with pVP22-VP2, as the VP22 alone could. The VP22 proteins were found to be translocated into all the nuclei in the neighboring COS-1 cells, as analyzed by a fluorescence assay. Although mice were immunized with the recombinant DNAs mixed with polyethylenimine (PEI) at a dose of 1:2, it failed to enhance the antibody response against IBDV VP2, as measured by the indirect ELISA assay, yet the cell mediated immune response was significantly increased. The ratio of CD8+/CD4+ T cells was significantly increased in the immunized group with the fusion genes, compared with the group immunized with VP2 (P<0.05). Our results demonstrated that VP22 indeed enhances the cell-mediated response in the fused VP2 in a mice model system, possibly due to the fact that the IBDV VP2 could be carried into the surrounding cells at a limited level under pressure from MDV VP22.

A single mutation in the PBC loop of VP2 is involved in the in vitro replication of infectious bursal disease virus

To test whether amino acid mutations in the PBC and PHI loops of VP2 are involved in the replication and virulence of infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV), a pair of viruses, namely the moderately virulent IBDV(rG x-F9VP2) and the attenuated strain(rGt), were used. Residue mutations A222P(P_(BC)) and S330R(PHI), selected by sequence comparison, were introduced individually into r Gx-F9VP2 by using a reverse genetics system. In addition, the reverse mutation of either P222 A or R330 S was introduced into r Gt. The four modified viruses were then rescued and evaluated in vitro(CEF cells) and in vivo(SPF chickens). Results showed that A222 P elevated the replication efficiency of rG x-F9VP2 while P222 A reduced that of rG t in CEF cells. A mutation at residue 330 did not alter IBDV replication. In addition, animal experiments showed that a single mutation at either residue 222 or 330 did not significantly influence the virulence of IBDV. In conclusion, residue 222 in PBC of VP2 is involved in the replication efficiency of IBDV in vitro but does not affect its virulence in vivo, further facilitating our understanding of the gene-function of IBDV.

Effect of Chicken Akirin2 Gene on Immune Response Induced by VP2 DNA Vaccine of Infectious Bursal Dis-ease Virus

[ Abstracts ] In order to investigate the effect of chicken Akirin2 gene on the immune response induced by VP2 DNA vaccine of infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV）. [ Methods] The 14-day-old SPF chickens were immunized with recombinant plasmids expressing VP2 protein and Akirin2 protein, and strength- ened immunization was conducted at the 14＇~ day after the first immunization. Finally, test chickens were challenged with IBDVBC6-85 virulent strain. [ Resultss ] Test results showed that Akirin2 gene could enhance the specific immune response induced by VP2 DNA vaccine, improve the proliferation of peripheral blood lym- phocytes and ＇affect the expressing of cytokines TNF-a, IFN-Y, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL 6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-17 and IL-18. Effects of recombinant plasmids co-ex- pressing Akirin2 protein and VP2 protein on cytokine expression showed some differences with the recombinant plasmids expressing Akirir/2 protein or VP2 protein along. [ Conclusions] Chicken Akirin2 gene could significantly enhance the humoral immune response and cellular immune response induced by VP2 DNA vaccine of IBDV.

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2/4/3-ChIL-2融合基因DNA疫苗免疫原性研究

应用重叠延伸剪切技术(splicing by overlapping extension,SOE),经3次PCR将传染性法氏囊病病毒(infectiousbursal disease virus,IBDV)多聚蛋白(VP2/4/3)基因和鸡白细胞介素2(Chicken IL-2,ChIL-2)基因进行融合,定向插入真核表达载体pCI的CMV启动子下游,获得重组质粒pCI-VP2/4/3-IL-2和pCI-IL-2-VP2/4/3。将其制备成DNA疫苗,肌肉注射14日龄非免疫鸡,2周后加强免疫,定期测定鸡抗IBDV血清ELISA抗体效价及病毒中和抗体效价。加强免疫后3周用IBDV标准强毒株攻击,连续观察3天后全部扑杀,计算保护率及囊体比,并进行组织病理学检查。结果表明:1)融合基因重组质粒pCI-VP2/4/3-IL-2、pCI-IL-2-VP2/4/3免疫后能明显增强IBDVDNA疫苗对强毒的攻击保护(保护率分别为83.3%、91.6%),显著高于pCI-VP2/4/3单独免疫对照组(58.3%);2)诱导产生的抗IBDV血清ELISA抗体效价明显增高(P<0.05),同时能提高DNA疫苗诱导产生的中和抗体效价(P<0.05);3)能显著促进鸡外周血液T淋巴细胞增殖反应。上述结果提示:IBDV VP2/4/3与ChIL-2基因融合后发挥了相互协同作用,ChIL-2产生了分子免疫佐剂效应;融合基因DNA疫苗能增强IBDV DNA疫苗的免疫原性,促进了机体特异性免疫应答。

IBDV流行强毒HQ-b株与其细胞适应毒生物学特性比较及VP2、VP5基因序列分析

为了解IBDV流行强毒HQ-b株囊毒与其细胞适应毒间生物学特性差异及2毒株毒力变化与VP2、VP5基因变异的关系,对2毒株的细胞适应性、致病性等进行比较,同时对其VP2、VP5基因序列进行分析。结果表明,HQ-b株囊毒对CEF、CEK、CELi、DF-1和Vero均不适应,而细胞适应毒HQ株仅不能适应Vero细胞、且批内及批间毒价稳定。致病性结果显示HQ-b株对4周龄SPF鸡致死率高达80%,是真正的超强毒,而细胞适应毒致死率已降为0%。对VP2基因高变区研究表明,HQ-b株具备IBDV超强毒株的分子特征,即222A、256I、294I和299S;其细胞适应毒HQ株除222A→P、256I→V、294I→L和299S→N外,在VP2公认的毒力位点253(Q→H)、279(D→N)、284(A→T)位氨基酸也发生改变,导致细胞适应毒具备经典弱毒株的分子特征,即222P、256V、279N、284T、294L和299N。对VP5基因研究表明:流行强毒HQ-b株也具有IBDV超强毒株的分子特征;其细胞适应毒VP5基因有12个位点碱基突变并导致9处氨基酸变异,尤其是ORF区第2个碱基由"T"突变为"C"后,导致细胞适应毒VP5的N端丢失了4个氨基酸,这种突变与现有的疫苗毒完全一致。本研究提供了超强毒HQ-b培育、驯化后致病性和细胞适应性转变的分子机理,也丰富了IBDV分子流行病学的理论。

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒内蒙古毒株VP2基因的克隆和序列分析

以鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒内蒙古毒株（ＩＢＤＶＮＭ）ｄｓＲＮＡ为模板，用ＲＴＰＣＲ法扩增其主要寄主保护抗原ＶＰ２基因的全长ｃＤＮＡ，克隆于ｐＵＣ１９的ＸｂａＩ／ＫｐｎＩ位点，进行了全序列分析。序列比较发现ＩＢＤＶＮＭ毒株ＶＰ２基因与已报道的其它７个ＩＢＤＶＣＪ８０１ｂｋｆ、Ｃｕ１、ＰＢＧ９８、５２／７０、００２—７３、ＳＴＣ及ＶａｒｉａｎｔＥ毒株之间高度同源，其核苷酸序列的同源率为９１６％～９６．２％，推测的氨基酸序列的同源率为９６２％～９８．６％。ＩＢＤＶＮＭ毒株ＶＰ２高变异区的第一个亲水区氨基酸序列与ＣＪ８０１ｂｋｆ、Ｃｕ１、ＰＢＧ９８、５２／７０、ＳＴＣ、００２—７３比较，有一个氨基酸差异，第二个亲水区氨基酸序列与上述６个毒株完全相同。而与ＶａｒｉａｎｔＥ比较，两个亲水区内各有两个氨基酸差异。此外，ＩＢＤＶＮＭ毒株ＶＰ２具有强毒株所特有的７肽保守区：ＳＷＳＡＳＧＳ。这些结果表明，ＩＢＤＶＮＭ毒株为标准血清Ⅰ型ＩＢＤＶ强毒株。

IBDV VP2/4/3-ChIL-2融合基因真核表达载体的构建及其在Vero细胞中的表达

构建含有传染性法氏囊病病毒(InfectiousBursalDiseaseVirus,IBDV)VP2/4/3和鸡白细胞介素2(ChickenInterleukin2,ChIL2)融合基因的真核表达载体pCIVP2/4/3IL2、pCIIL2VP2/4/3,并在Vero细胞中进行表达.应用重叠延伸剪切技术(splicingbyoverlappingextension),分别经3次PCR获得融合基因片段VP2/4/3IL2、IL2VP2/4/3,定向插入真核表达载体pCI中,获得重组质粒pCIVP2/4/3IL2、pCIIL2VP2/4/3,在脂质体介导下,分别转染Vero细胞.RTPCR检测证实导入的外源基因在Vero细胞中得到了转录;间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)和Westernblot检测证实重组质粒在Vero细胞中正确表达了插入的外源基因编码的融合蛋白,且表达的融合蛋白具有免疫反应性.重组真核表达载体pCIVP2/4/3IL2、pCIIL2VP2/4/3的成功构建及其在Vero细胞中的有效表达,为进一步探讨ChIL2作为分子免疫佐剂对IBDVDNA疫苗的特异性免疫增强作用奠定了基础.

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒BJ-10株VP2基因的克隆及原核表达

【目的】克隆鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)BJ-10株VP2基因,构建其原核表达载体,并在大肠埃希菌中进行高效表达。【方法】根据IBDVVP2基因序列设计1对特异性引物,应用RT-PCR技术克隆IBDV BJ-10株VP2基因;将目的基因插入pMD18-T连接载体,筛选出阳性重组质粒;将该质粒克隆至原核表达载体pET-32α中,转化入JM109,经IPTG诱导表达,对产物进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析,确定IPTG的最佳诱导表达时间和浓度。【结果】克隆到了全长1 356bp的IBDV BJ-10株VP2基因;PCR、酶切鉴定分析表明,成功构建了重组质粒pET-32α-VP2;SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明,在宿主菌JM109中成功表达了约为60ku的VP2蛋白;IPTG诱导表达时间以4.5h为宜,诱导最佳浓度为0.8mmol/L。【结论】成功克隆了IBDV BJ-10株VP2基因,并在大肠埃希菌中表达了VP2蛋白。

共表达鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒LX株VP2基因及鸡新城疫病毒PX02/3株F基因的重组火鸡疱疹病毒的构建

为构建表达传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)VP 2基因和鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因的重组火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)。本研究利用基因重组技术,在HVT基因组的非必需区UL45-46插入CMV启动子调控下的IBDV LX株的VP 2基因表达盒,然后在HVT基因组的非必需区US1-10插入pec启动子调控下的NDV PX02/3株的F基因表达盒,成功构建并拯救出同时表达IBDV和NDV保护性抗原基因的重组HVT病毒(rHVT-VP2-F)。经PCR、Western Blot、IFA鉴定,重组病毒能稳定表达具有生物学活性的VP2蛋白和F蛋白。本研究为研制rHVT-VP2-F活载体疫苗提供了科学依据。

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2基因的克隆和鉴定

以鸡胚成纤维细胞培养ＩＢＤＶ弱毒疫苗株Ｄ７８，经蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化，电镜下见典型ＩＢＤＶ粒子。用ＳＤＳ－蛋白酶Ｋ法提取病毒基因组，低熔点胶回收，琼脂糖凝胶电泳，可见ＩＢＤＶ典型双节段基因组。根据已发表的ＩＢＤＶ基因组序列，设计并合成了１对特异扩增ＩＢＤＶＶＰ２基因的引物。以ＩＢＤＶ基因组为模板，利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术扩增出了１．５ｋｂ的ｃＤＮＡ产物，将ＰＣＲ产物适当处理后与经ＳｍａⅠ酶切的ｐＵＣ１９质粒平端连接，转化大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α，在含Ａｍｐ、Χ－ｇａｌ和ＩＰＴＧ的琼脂平板上培养，产生大量白色菌落。挑取白色菌落，经质粒大小比较分析初步筛选到一重组质粒。以重组质粒ＤＮＡ为模板作ＰＣＲ检测和部分酶切分析证实。

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

本研究将鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒（very virulent infectious bursal disease virus,vvIBDV）JM-1/10株VP2基因克隆至pcDNA-3.1（＋）启动子CMV之后,随后将CMV-VP2基因序列一同克隆入杆状病毒表达系统的质粒 pFastBacTM Daul中构建了pFast-CMV-VP2。将pFast-CMV-VP2转化Escherichia coli DH10Bac感受态细胞,筛选出重组质粒Bacmid-CMV-VP2。用 Bacmid-CMV-VP2转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得了重组杆状病毒vBac-CMV-VP2。将该重组杆状病毒转导BHK-21细胞,48~72 h后经间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）检测到VP2蛋白具有特异性荧光;样品经Western blotting分析,结果显示目的蛋白得到表达。结果表明,本试验制备的重组 vBac-CMV-VP2 既能在昆虫细胞中表达,也可在哺乳动物细胞中表达。

IBDV VP2蛋白在果蝇S2细胞中的表达与抗原性分析

利用果蝇S2细胞表达鸡传染性囊病病毒(IBDV)超强毒株VP2蛋白,并检测其抗原活性。通过扩增IBDV VP2蛋白的编码基因,与果蝇S2细胞表达载体pMT/BiP/V5/HisA连接构建重组表达载体pMT/BiP/V5/HisA-VP2,将重组表达载体与筛选质粒pCoBlast共转染果蝇S2细胞,表达VP2融合蛋白后纯化目的蛋白,并对表达产物进行抗原性分析。Western-blotting分析表明,融合蛋白相对分子质量为49 kDa,该融合蛋白具有与VP2单抗良好的结合能力。结论 IBDV VP2融合蛋白能在果蝇S2细胞中进行有效地表达,并且能分泌到上清中,融合蛋白具有良好的抗原性,可作为诊断抗原用于该病的诊断检测。

鸡白细胞介素2增强传染性法氏囊病病毒多聚蛋白DNA疫苗免疫原性的研究

鸡白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )基因是新近被确定的非哺乳类IL 2基因。将鸡白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )基因和传染性法氏囊病病毒 (IBDV)多聚蛋白基因 (VP2 VP4 VP3 )分别插入真核表达载体pCI的CMV启动子下游 ,制备DNA疫苗 ,免疫 14日龄SPF鸡 ,14d后二免 ,二免后 3d攻击标准强毒株。结果表明共注射鸡IL 2质粒能明显增强DNA疫苗对强毒攻击 ,保护率达 80 % ;能增强DNA疫苗诱导的中和抗体效价 (P <0 0 5 ) ;能显著促进鸡胸腺、脾脏和外周血液T淋巴细胞及法氏囊B淋巴细胞增殖反应 (P <0 0 5 )。这些结果提示鸡IL 2能明显增强IBDV多聚蛋白DNA疫苗的免疫原性 ,是一种优良的禽类DNA疫苗佐剂。

传染性法氏囊病病毒X毒株不同代次的致病性及VP_2可变区序列分析

分别以传染性法氏囊病病毒 ( IBDV) X毒株细胞适应的第 5代、第 1 1代和第 1 7代毒感染 38日龄非免疫雏鸡进行致病性试验 ,确定 X毒株的毒力 ,并比较 3个代次毒的致病性差异 ,进而利用 RT-PCR扩增其VP2 基因可变区 ,测定其核苷酸序列 ,从分子生态学角度研究了非鸡胚源细胞传代培养对 IBDV X毒株毒力和抗原性的影响。结果表明 ,IBDV X毒株表现为中等毒力 ,在 Vero细胞上传代后 ,其毒力有所减弱。VP2 可变区氨基酸序列有 3个位置发生了替换 ,即第 5代毒氨基酸残基 2 62位为半胱氨酸 ,而第 1 1代毒和第 1 7代毒则变为酪氨酸 ( Cys→ Tyr) ;第 5代毒的 2 90位为缬氨酸 ,而第 1 1代和第 1 7代毒则变为蛋氨酸 ( Val→Met) ;第 5代毒和第 1 1代毒的 31 6位为赖氨酸 ,而第 1 7代毒则变为精氨酸 ( Lys→Arg)。 2 90位氨基酸替换导致该区域二级结构的改变 ,并对 IBDV的抗原性有显著影响。上述结果提示 ,这些氨基酸残基可能对维持IBDV的毒力和抗原性是必要的。通过毒株间 VP2 可变区序列的比较和系统发生树的分析 ,证明 IBDV X毒株与 Bursin-2疫苗毒关系很近。

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP_2基因真核细胞表达载体的构建及免疫应用研究

应用 DNA重组技术将含有 IBDV保护性抗原 VP2 质粒 ,以 Eco RI、xho I酶切 ,将酶切得到的 VP2 基因移入到载体 pc DNA3 CMV启动子下游 ,得到含有 IBDV VP2 基因的真核表达载体 pc D-VP2 基因疫苗。pc DVP2 体外转染细胞能正确表达目的蛋白。免疫雏鸡后 2 0 d,在体内可检测到特异性抗体。

不同传染性腔上囊病病毒株结构蛋白表达差异性研究

目的 :了解不同传染性腔上囊病病毒株 (ICBDV)结构蛋白表达的差异。 方法 :将在不同时间、地域 ,从鸭、麻雀及传染性腔上囊病发病鸡群中获得的 18株 ICBDV,分别用 SPF鸡、鸡胚和鸡胚成纤维细胞增生 ,经氯仿处理后 ,采用聚乙二醇沉淀、超速离心和不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心的方法纯化病毒 ,并对纯化病毒进行 SDS- PAGE分析。 结果 :病毒主要分布于 40 %蔗糖层 ;鸡源、鸭源、麻雀源 ICBDV在 SDS- PAGE中均出现 5条特异的蛋白带 ,各蛋白带的电泳迁移率毒株间差异不明显 ;15株鸡源 ICBDV结构蛋白 VP2 在不同毒株表达量有较大差异。 结论 :不同传染性腔上囊病病毒株结构蛋白 VP2

禽IL-2与传染性法氏囊VP2融合蛋白免疫学特性

为研究禽细胞因子IL-2与IBDV主要保护性抗原VP2基因融合蛋白的免疫学特性,将重组的rVP2-IL-2融合蛋白免疫鸡,通过IBDV-VP2 ELISA抗体效价、抗体亚型(IgG1和IgG2a)、淋巴细胞增殖、INF-γ和IL-4细胞因子的分泌水平、中和抗体以及动物攻毒试验检测评价其对鸡体免疫水平的影响。抗体滴度测定和淋巴细胞增殖试验结果显示,rVP2-IL-2融合蛋白免疫鸡体的体液和细胞免疫应答水平均明显高于单独的VP2蛋白免疫组。抗体亚型测定结果显示,rVP2-IL-2融合蛋白免疫组鸡体能产生一个平衡的IgG1和IgG2a抗体反应。细胞因子ELISA试验结果表明rVP2-IL-2融合蛋白能有效平衡Th1(γ-IFN)和Th2(IL-4)类型的细胞免疫反应。动物攻毒试验rVp2-IL-2融合蛋白免疫组鸡体获得了85%的保护率,表明构建的rVP2-IL-2融合蛋白对IBDV的攻击具有较好的免疫保护作用。本研究为进一步研制IBD高效的基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。