Hazelnuts are an economically important nut which is consumed world-wide.It is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus and contamination with aflatoxins.Taking Tukey’s hazelnuts as a research object,the objective of...Hazelnuts are an economically important nut which is consumed world-wide.It is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus and contamination with aflatoxins.Taking Tukey’s hazelnuts as a research object,the objective of this study were to(a)quantify respiration rates and(b)dry matter losses(DMLs)and(c)aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1))contamination of naturally stored shelled hazelnuts at different temperatures and water availabilities.Subsequently,shelled hazelnuts were inoculated with additional A.flavus inoculum prior to storage to examine effects on dry matter losses and on AFB_(1) contamination.Maximum respiration of hazelnuts and associated mycoflora was under wetter conditions of 0.90~0.95 water activity(aw=12.5%~18%moisture content).This resulted in between approx.10%DML at 25 and 30℃after 5 days storage.Inoculation and storage of shelled hazelnuts+A.flavus inoculum resulted in similar patterns of respiration with optimal levels at 25~30℃and>0.90 aw.Indeed,AFB_(1) contamination was highest at the maximum water levels tested of 0.90 aw.Indeed the contamination level exceeded the legislative limits set by the EU for AFB_(1) contamination of these nuts.Correlation between DMLs and all the AFB_(1) data in both sets of studies showed that very small changes in DML due to poor drying or storage of≥0.6%resulted in AFB_(1) contamination levels exceeding the EU legislative limits.Thus,efficient drying and safe monitored storage is necessary to minimise the risk of AFB_(1) contamination in this economically important commodity and to avoid exposure of consumers to such toxins.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Introduction:</strong> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disease ...<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Introduction:</strong> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer’s disease. Multifactorial risk factors including environmental, nutritional and genetic factors may affect the frequency, risks, and genetic features of PD in different geographic and ethnic regions. <strong>Background:</strong> Our aim was to investigate the sociodemographic and disease characteristics, cognitive performances of patients with PD in Nusaybin, a southeastern city, and Hendek a northwestern city which have different geographical-cultural status, and to investigate the possible effects of regional differences on disease characteristics. <strong>Method: </strong>This retrospective study includes the data of patients with the diagnosis of PD who presented to outpatient Neurology clinics of Hendek State Hospital which is a city in the northwestern region of Turkey between April 2017 and June 2018 and patients who presented to the outpatient Neurology clinics of Nusaybin State Hospital, which is a city in the southeastern region of Turkey between October 2015 and January 2017. SPSS.23c (Statistical package for Windows) database was used for statistical analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> Our study included 114 cases with Parkinson’s disease in Hendek and 96 cases in Nusaybin.The majority of patients had idiopathic PD (IPD) in both provinces (96.9% in Hendek, and 92.1% in Nusaybin). Educational status of female patients was significantly lower in Nusaybin when compared with Hendek (9.3% and 63.3%, respectively). Family history for IPD was significantly higher in Hendek than Nusaybin (31.7% and 9.9%, respectively). There was a positive correlation between educational status and cognitive performances of the patients in both groups. Negative correlation was found between standardized mini mental test (s-mmt) scores and stage, severity of IPD in both groups. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The socio-cultural status of our country decreases by going from west to east. Thus knowledge about PD, accessibility to the hospitals and health centers with the opportunity to get optimum treatments may show variabilities in between the regions. We believe that our study provides a comparison of patients with PD in two different regions of our country with different geographic, genetic characteristics, and development levels.</span> </div>展开更多
Turkey is a member of several international nonproliferation treaties and organizations. It has supported to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons and furthermore suggested to establish a nuclear-weapon free zone i...Turkey is a member of several international nonproliferation treaties and organizations. It has supported to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons and furthermore suggested to establish a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East. In contrast to its nonproliferation policies, it is hosting US tactical nuclear warheads in its own territory. In addition, Turkey＇s positive stance towards Iranian nuclear program was questioned. Despite the West＇s warnings and concerns over the Iranian nuclear program, Turkey has supported Iran＇s right to have a peaceful nuclear program as suggested in the Nonproliferation Treaty. It also opposed to further economic sanctions and military intervention against Iran and endorsed diplomatic solution as the only viable option for convincing Iran to respond fully to the concerns of the international community. Therefore, Turkey welcomed the Geneva Agreement reached by Iran and P5＋l. This article argues that the current uncertainties about the Geneva Accord and the comprehensive treaty necessitates Turkey to revise its nonproliferation policies, which should be based on the norm of nonproliferation, rather than the non-use and deterrence norms, in order to suggest long-term and permanent solution to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.展开更多
Turkey,as a major power in the Middle East,which competes,cooperates,and interacts with major powers in the region,is a“player”in shaping the Middle East pattern.However,compared with other world powers,such as the ...Turkey,as a major power in the Middle East,which competes,cooperates,and interacts with major powers in the region,is a“player”in shaping the Middle East pattern.However,compared with other world powers,such as the United States and Russia,Turkey has an obvious disadvantage in comprehensive national strength,so it is also a“chess piece”in the geopolitical game of the Middle East.Although the United States and Turkey are both members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO),the United States’actions on the Gülen and Kurdish issues have reduced Turkey’s trust in the United States.On the one hand,Erdogan made a firm stance to defend the secular state,suppressing the military;on the other hand,he promoted some Islamization measures in the political and social life,in order to consolidate his authority.In the triangle of U.S.-Russian-Turkish relations,Turkey pursued a pragmatic policy and played a game with the United States and Russia on the Syrian issue.展开更多
The article focuses on the nature of the relations between Turkey and Syria during the Syrian crisis.Although the relationship between Turkey and Syria had undergone some ups and downs in the last several years,both c...The article focuses on the nature of the relations between Turkey and Syria during the Syrian crisis.Although the relationship between Turkey and Syria had undergone some ups and downs in the last several years,both countries tried their best to improve their economic,political,cultural,and diplomatic relations.Indeed,Turkey introduced its model,“Moderate Islamic ideologies”,through Syria in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA).The“Arab Spring”of 2011 was a very good opportunity for Turkey to introduce its democratic Islamic dogmas which were welcomed by the Muslim Brotherhood leaders in some Arab Countries.But,the President of Syria,Bashar Al Assad,and his allies were very critical of Turkey’s policy.Thus,the article mainly explores the role of Turkey in Syria’s internal affairs,in particular,Erdogan’s policy towards Syrian crises.Besides,it examines Turkey’s domestic challenges and how Turkey has presented itself as a big supporter of the Arab Spring in the MENA.However,the article has found out that the current policies of Turkey towards the Syrian crisis are critical within the Middle East region.In other words,the conflicts and the wars against the Islamic State(ISIS)and the Kurdistan Workers’Party(PKK)weakened the bilateral relations.The Syrian refugees and the PKK are posing overwhelming challenges to Turkey’s economy and internal security.展开更多
Pancarli Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit occurs in the Neoproterozoic basement complex of the Bitlis massif,which is one of the Andean-type active continental margin fragments with arc-type assemblages represented by ...Pancarli Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit occurs in the Neoproterozoic basement complex of the Bitlis massif,which is one of the Andean-type active continental margin fragments with arc-type assemblages represented by the Cadomian orogenic belt.Pancarli sulfides are associated with quartzo-feldspathic gneisses(country rock)and mafic intrusions(host rock).Composed of only semi-massive ore,the Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit is a small-scale deposit,and it does not contain net-textured and disseminated ore.The mineral assemblage comprises pyrrhotite,pentlandite,and chalcopyrite.The semi-massive ore samples contain 2.2 wt.%-2.9 wt.%Ni,0.8 wt.%-2.2 wt.%Cu(Cu/(Cu+Ni)=0.2-0.5)and 0.13 wt.%-0.17 wt.%Co.The Cu/Ni ratios(average 0.57)are consistent with the segregation of sulfides from a basaltic magma.Low Pt+Pd100%S values of 0.08 ppm-0.89 ppm,relatively low Pt/Pd ratios of 0.2-1.4,and Pd/Ir ratios of 4.5-39 have also been revealed.These values demonstrate that the magma reached S saturation before its emplacement and the mineralization with high Cu/Pd ratios formed by sulfides segregated from a PGE-depleted magma.δ^34S isotope values(average-3.1‰)of Pancarli sulfides are lower than mantle source.Negativeδ^34S value indicates contamination from surrounding rocks.Concerning the composition,remobilization style and magma type,the Pancarli Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit is similar to the deposits associated with Andean-type magmatic arcs located in the convergent plate margin settings.展开更多
In this study,acetone extracts of thirteen different species distributed in Turkey Coasts including tunicates,sea anemones,sponges and corals were investigated for their superoxide(SO)radical scavenging and cytotoxic ...In this study,acetone extracts of thirteen different species distributed in Turkey Coasts including tunicates,sea anemones,sponges and corals were investigated for their superoxide(SO)radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities.VWhile SO radical scavenging activity was tested using alkaline DMSO method,cytotoxic activity was tested by MTT assay against Hep-2 cancer cell line.As a result of bioactivity studies,Paramuricea clavata extract showed展开更多
文摘Hazelnuts are an economically important nut which is consumed world-wide.It is prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus and contamination with aflatoxins.Taking Tukey’s hazelnuts as a research object,the objective of this study were to(a)quantify respiration rates and(b)dry matter losses(DMLs)and(c)aflatoxin B_(1)(AFB_(1))contamination of naturally stored shelled hazelnuts at different temperatures and water availabilities.Subsequently,shelled hazelnuts were inoculated with additional A.flavus inoculum prior to storage to examine effects on dry matter losses and on AFB_(1) contamination.Maximum respiration of hazelnuts and associated mycoflora was under wetter conditions of 0.90~0.95 water activity(aw=12.5%~18%moisture content).This resulted in between approx.10%DML at 25 and 30℃after 5 days storage.Inoculation and storage of shelled hazelnuts+A.flavus inoculum resulted in similar patterns of respiration with optimal levels at 25~30℃and>0.90 aw.Indeed,AFB_(1) contamination was highest at the maximum water levels tested of 0.90 aw.Indeed the contamination level exceeded the legislative limits set by the EU for AFB_(1) contamination of these nuts.Correlation between DMLs and all the AFB_(1) data in both sets of studies showed that very small changes in DML due to poor drying or storage of≥0.6%resulted in AFB_(1) contamination levels exceeding the EU legislative limits.Thus,efficient drying and safe monitored storage is necessary to minimise the risk of AFB_(1) contamination in this economically important commodity and to avoid exposure of consumers to such toxins.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Introduction:</strong> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer’s disease. Multifactorial risk factors including environmental, nutritional and genetic factors may affect the frequency, risks, and genetic features of PD in different geographic and ethnic regions. <strong>Background:</strong> Our aim was to investigate the sociodemographic and disease characteristics, cognitive performances of patients with PD in Nusaybin, a southeastern city, and Hendek a northwestern city which have different geographical-cultural status, and to investigate the possible effects of regional differences on disease characteristics. <strong>Method: </strong>This retrospective study includes the data of patients with the diagnosis of PD who presented to outpatient Neurology clinics of Hendek State Hospital which is a city in the northwestern region of Turkey between April 2017 and June 2018 and patients who presented to the outpatient Neurology clinics of Nusaybin State Hospital, which is a city in the southeastern region of Turkey between October 2015 and January 2017. SPSS.23c (Statistical package for Windows) database was used for statistical analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> Our study included 114 cases with Parkinson’s disease in Hendek and 96 cases in Nusaybin.The majority of patients had idiopathic PD (IPD) in both provinces (96.9% in Hendek, and 92.1% in Nusaybin). Educational status of female patients was significantly lower in Nusaybin when compared with Hendek (9.3% and 63.3%, respectively). Family history for IPD was significantly higher in Hendek than Nusaybin (31.7% and 9.9%, respectively). There was a positive correlation between educational status and cognitive performances of the patients in both groups. Negative correlation was found between standardized mini mental test (s-mmt) scores and stage, severity of IPD in both groups. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The socio-cultural status of our country decreases by going from west to east. Thus knowledge about PD, accessibility to the hospitals and health centers with the opportunity to get optimum treatments may show variabilities in between the regions. We believe that our study provides a comparison of patients with PD in two different regions of our country with different geographic, genetic characteristics, and development levels.</span> </div>
文摘Turkey is a member of several international nonproliferation treaties and organizations. It has supported to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons and furthermore suggested to establish a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East. In contrast to its nonproliferation policies, it is hosting US tactical nuclear warheads in its own territory. In addition, Turkey＇s positive stance towards Iranian nuclear program was questioned. Despite the West＇s warnings and concerns over the Iranian nuclear program, Turkey has supported Iran＇s right to have a peaceful nuclear program as suggested in the Nonproliferation Treaty. It also opposed to further economic sanctions and military intervention against Iran and endorsed diplomatic solution as the only viable option for convincing Iran to respond fully to the concerns of the international community. Therefore, Turkey welcomed the Geneva Agreement reached by Iran and P5＋l. This article argues that the current uncertainties about the Geneva Accord and the comprehensive treaty necessitates Turkey to revise its nonproliferation policies, which should be based on the norm of nonproliferation, rather than the non-use and deterrence norms, in order to suggest long-term and permanent solution to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
文摘Turkey,as a major power in the Middle East,which competes,cooperates,and interacts with major powers in the region,is a“player”in shaping the Middle East pattern.However,compared with other world powers,such as the United States and Russia,Turkey has an obvious disadvantage in comprehensive national strength,so it is also a“chess piece”in the geopolitical game of the Middle East.Although the United States and Turkey are both members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO),the United States’actions on the Gülen and Kurdish issues have reduced Turkey’s trust in the United States.On the one hand,Erdogan made a firm stance to defend the secular state,suppressing the military;on the other hand,he promoted some Islamization measures in the political and social life,in order to consolidate his authority.In the triangle of U.S.-Russian-Turkish relations,Turkey pursued a pragmatic policy and played a game with the United States and Russia on the Syrian issue.
文摘The article focuses on the nature of the relations between Turkey and Syria during the Syrian crisis.Although the relationship between Turkey and Syria had undergone some ups and downs in the last several years,both countries tried their best to improve their economic,political,cultural,and diplomatic relations.Indeed,Turkey introduced its model,“Moderate Islamic ideologies”,through Syria in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA).The“Arab Spring”of 2011 was a very good opportunity for Turkey to introduce its democratic Islamic dogmas which were welcomed by the Muslim Brotherhood leaders in some Arab Countries.But,the President of Syria,Bashar Al Assad,and his allies were very critical of Turkey’s policy.Thus,the article mainly explores the role of Turkey in Syria’s internal affairs,in particular,Erdogan’s policy towards Syrian crises.Besides,it examines Turkey’s domestic challenges and how Turkey has presented itself as a big supporter of the Arab Spring in the MENA.However,the article has found out that the current policies of Turkey towards the Syrian crisis are critical within the Middle East region.In other words,the conflicts and the wars against the Islamic State(ISIS)and the Kurdistan Workers’Party(PKK)weakened the bilateral relations.The Syrian refugees and the PKK are posing overwhelming challenges to Turkey’s economy and internal security.
基金supported by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration。
文摘Pancarli Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit occurs in the Neoproterozoic basement complex of the Bitlis massif,which is one of the Andean-type active continental margin fragments with arc-type assemblages represented by the Cadomian orogenic belt.Pancarli sulfides are associated with quartzo-feldspathic gneisses(country rock)and mafic intrusions(host rock).Composed of only semi-massive ore,the Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit is a small-scale deposit,and it does not contain net-textured and disseminated ore.The mineral assemblage comprises pyrrhotite,pentlandite,and chalcopyrite.The semi-massive ore samples contain 2.2 wt.%-2.9 wt.%Ni,0.8 wt.%-2.2 wt.%Cu(Cu/(Cu+Ni)=0.2-0.5)and 0.13 wt.%-0.17 wt.%Co.The Cu/Ni ratios(average 0.57)are consistent with the segregation of sulfides from a basaltic magma.Low Pt+Pd100%S values of 0.08 ppm-0.89 ppm,relatively low Pt/Pd ratios of 0.2-1.4,and Pd/Ir ratios of 4.5-39 have also been revealed.These values demonstrate that the magma reached S saturation before its emplacement and the mineralization with high Cu/Pd ratios formed by sulfides segregated from a PGE-depleted magma.δ^34S isotope values(average-3.1‰)of Pancarli sulfides are lower than mantle source.Negativeδ^34S value indicates contamination from surrounding rocks.Concerning the composition,remobilization style and magma type,the Pancarli Ni-Cu±(PGE)sulfide deposit is similar to the deposits associated with Andean-type magmatic arcs located in the convergent plate margin settings.
基金supported by the Turkish Academy of Science,Young Scientist Award(TUBA-GEBIP/2013)
文摘In this study,acetone extracts of thirteen different species distributed in Turkey Coasts including tunicates,sea anemones,sponges and corals were investigated for their superoxide(SO)radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities.VWhile SO radical scavenging activity was tested using alkaline DMSO method,cytotoxic activity was tested by MTT assay against Hep-2 cancer cell line.As a result of bioactivity studies,Paramuricea clavata extract showed
