DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURE OF MILLING-HEAD MACHINE TOOL

The milling-head machine tool is a sophisticated and high-quality machine tool of which the spindle system is made up of special multi-element structure. Two special mechanical configurations make the cutting performance of the machine tool decline. One is the milling head spindle supported on two sets of complex bearings. The mechanical dynamic rigidity of milling head structure is researched on designed digital prototype with finite element analysis（FEA） and modal synthesis analysis （ MSA ） for identifying the weak structures. The other is the ram structure hanging on milling head. The structure is researched to get dynamic performance on cutting at different ram extending positions. The analysis results on spindle and ram are used to improve the mechanical configurations and structure in design. The machine tool is built up with modified structure and gets better dynamic rigidity than it was before.

Online tool-wear measurement of small-diameter end mills based on machine vision

The objective of this study was to develop an online tool-wear-measurement scheme for small diameter end-mills based on machine vision to increase tool life and the production efficiency. The geometrical features of wear zone of each end mill were analyzed, and three tool wear criterions of small-diameter end mills were defined. With the uEye camera, macro lens and 3-axis micro milling machine, it was proved the feasibility of measuring flank wear with the milling tests on a 45# steel workpiece. The design of experiment （DOE） showed that Vc was the most remarkable effect factor for the flank wear of small-diameter end mill. The wear curve of the experiments of milling was very similar to the Taylor curve.

Grey Relational Optimization of Turning Parameters in Dry Machining of Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Zr Based Coated Tools

The present work aims at the microstructural characterization of TiAlZrN/ Al2O3 and TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coatings deposited via lateral rotating cathodes. The coatings were deposited using Lateral Rotating Cathodes (LARC) technology. The deposited coatings were studied for its cross sectional morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Energy Dispersive Spectrometry was also conducted along the cross section to determine the elemental composition. Micro Vickers hardness test was conducted to determine the hardness of the coatings. The scanning electron microscope images showed that TiAlZrN/Al2O3 coatings showed preferred columnar grain orientation with multilayered structure while TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coatings exhibit a dense grain structure. The TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coating shows a hardness of 31.58 GPa while TiAlZrN/Al2O3 coating shows a hardness of 25.40 GPa. Dry turning tests were performed on AISI 304 stainless steel. The TiAlZrN/Si3N4 coatings show reduced flank wear. Both the coatings even under severe cutting conditions impart surface roughness of less than 1.5 μm.

Experimental Study on Titanium Alloy Cutting Property and Wear Mechanism with Circular-arc Milling Cutters

Titanium alloy has been applied in the field of aerospace manufacturing for its high specific strength and hardness.Nonetheless,these properties also cause general problems in the machining,such as processing inefficiency,serious wear,poor workpiece face quality,etc.Aiming at the above problems,this paper carried out a comparative experimental study on titanium alloy milling based on the CAMCand BEMC.The variation law of cutting force and wear morphology of the two tools were obtained,and the wear mechanism and the effect of wear on machining quality were analyzed.The conclusion is that in contrast with BEMC,under the action of cutting thickness thinning mechanism,the force of CAMC was less,and its fluctuation was more stable.The flank wear was uniform and near the cutting edge,and the wear rate was slower.In the early period,the wear mechanism of CAMC was mainly adhesion.Gradually,oxidative wear also occurred with milling.Furthermore,the surface residual height of CAMC was lower.There is no obvious peak and trough accompanied by fewer surface defects.

Status of research on non-conventional technology assisted single-point diamond turning

With the increasing use of difficult-to-machine materials in aerospace applications,machining requirements are becoming ever more rigorous.However,traditional single-point diamond turning(SPDT)can cause surface damage and tool wear.Thus,it is difficult for SPDT to meet the processing requirements,and it has significant limitations.Research indicates that supplementing SPDT with unconventional techniques can,importantly,solve problems due to the high cutting forces and poor surface quality for difficult-to-machine materials.This paper first introduces SPDT and reviews research into unconventional techniques for use with SPDT.The machining mechanism is discussed,and the main advantages and disadvantages of various methods are investigated.Second,hybrid SPDT is briefly described,which encompasses ultrasonic-vibration magnetic-field SPDT,ultrasonic-vibration laser SPDT,and ultrasonic-vibration cold-plasma SPDT.Compared with the traditional SPDT method,hybrid SPDT produces a better optical surface quality.The current status of research into unconventional techniques to supplement SPDT is then summarized.Finally,future development trends and the application prospects of unconventional assisted SPDT are discussed.

TOOL FORCE MODEL FOR DIAMOND TURNING

A new tool force model to be presented is based upon process geometry and thecharacteristics of the force system, in which the forces acting on the tool rake face, the cuttingedge rounding and the clearance face have been considered, and the size effect is accountable forthe new model. It is desired that the model can be well applicable to conventional diamond turningand the model may be employed as a tool in the design of diamond tools. This approach is quitedifferent from traditional investigations primarily based on empirical studies. As the depth of cutbecomes the same order as the rounded cutting edge radius, sliding along the clearance face due toelastic recovery of workpiece material and plowing due to the rounded cutting edge may becomeimportant in micro-machining, the forces acting on the cutting edge rounding and the clearance facecan not be neglected. For this reason, it is very important to understand the influence of someparameters on tool forces and develop a model of the relationship between them.

Milling Machinability of TiC Particle and TiB Whisker Hybrid Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites

The milling machinabilities of titanium matrix composites were comprehensively evaluated to provide a theoretical basis for cutting parameter determination. Polycrystalline diamond （PCD） tools with different grain sizes and geometries, and carbide tools with and without coatings were used in the experiments. Milling forces, milling temperatures, tool lifetimes, tool wear, and machined surface integrities were investigated. The PCD tool required a primary cutting force 15 % smaller than that of the carbide tool, while the uncoated carbide tool required a primary cutting force 10% higher than that of the TiA1N-eoated tool. A cutting force of 300 N per millimeter of the cutting edge （300 N/mm） was measured. This caused excessive tool chipping. The cutting temperature of the PCD tool was 20%-30% lower than that of the carbide tool, while that of the TiA1N-coated tool was 12% lower than that of the uncoated carbide tool. The cutting temperatures produced when using water-based cooling and minimal quantity lubrication （MQL） were reduced by 100 ~C and 200 ~C, compared with those recorded with dry cutting, respectively. In general, the PCD tool lifetimes were 2--3 times longer than the carbide tool lifetimes. The roughness Ra of the machined surface was less than 0.6μm, and the depth of the machined surface hardened layer was in the range of 0.15-0.25 mm for all of the PCD tools before a flank wear land of 0.2 mm was reached. The PCD tool with a 0.8 mm tool nose radius, 0% rake angle, 10% flank angle, and grain size of （30＋2） μm exhibited the best cutting performance. For this specific tool, a lifetime of 16 rain can be expected.

Generation of tool path for flank milling in divided areas

Presents the division of non developable ruled surface into divided small areas and flank milling in these divided areas to improve machining efficiency and machined surface quality by controlling the machining error for each area, and the algorithms developed for generation of tool path and calculation of errors, and concludes from computer simulation results that the algorithms are correct.

Wear Patterns and Mechanisms of Cutting Tools in High Speed Face Milling

High speed machining has received an important interest because it leads to an increase of productivity and a better workpiece surface quality. However, at high cutting speeds, the tool wear increases dramatically due to the high temperature at the tool-workpiece interface. Tool wear impairs the surface finish and hence the tool life is reduced. That is why an important objective of metal cutting research has been the assessment of tool wear patterns and mechanisms. In this paper, wear performances of PCBN tool, ceramic tool, coated carbide tool and fine-grained carbide tool in high speed face milling were presented when cutting cast iron, 45# tempered carbon steel and 45# hardened carbon steel. Tool wear patterns were examined through a tool-making microscope. The research results showed that tool wear types differed in various matching of materials between cutting tool and workpiece. The dominant wear patterns observed were rake face wear, flank wear, chipping, fracture and breakage. The main wear mechanisms were mechanical friction, adhesion, diffusion and chemical wear promoted by cutting forces and high cutting temperature. Hence, the important considerations of high speed cutting tool materials are high heat-resistance and wear-resistance, chemical stability as well as resistance to failure of coatings. The research results will be great benefit to the design and the selection of tool materials and control of tool wear in high-speed machining processes.

Tool path generation of ultra-precision diamond turning: A state-of-the-art review

With the increasing market demand for optical complex surface parts,the application of multi-axis ultraprecision single-point diamond turning is increasing.A tool path generation method is very important to decrease manufacturing time,enhance surface quality,and reduce cost.Compared with the tool path generation of the traditional multi-axis milling,that of the ultra-precision single-point diamond turning requires higher calculation accuracy and efficiency.This paper reviews the tool path generation of ultra-precision diamond turning,considering several key issues:cutter location(CL)points calculation,the topological form of tool path,interpolation mode,and G code optimization.

Tool path generation and optimization for freeform surface diamond turning based on an independently controlled fast tool servo

Diamond turning based on a fast tool servo(FTS)is widely used in freeform optics fabrication due to its high accuracy and machining efficiency.As a new trend,recently developed high-frequency and long-stroke FTS units are independently driven by a separate control system from the machine tool controller.However,the tool path generation strategy for the independently controlled FTS is far from complete.This study aims to establish methods for optimizing tool path for the independent control FTS to reduce form errors in a single step of machining.Different from the conventional integrated FTS control system,where control points are distributed in a spiral pattern,in this study,the tool path for the independent FTS controller is generated by the ring method and the mesh method,respectively.The machined surface profile is predicted by simulation and the parameters for the control point generation are optimized by minimizing the deviation between the predicted and the designed surfaces.To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed tool path generation strategies,cutting tests of a two-dimensional sinewave and a micro-lens array were conducted and the results were compared.As a result,after tool path optimization,the peak-to-valley form error of the machined surface was reduced from 429 nm to 56 nm for the two-dimensional sinewave by using the ring method,and from 191 nm to 103 nm for the micro-lens array by using the mesh method,respectively.

Simulation Analysis of Surface Roughness for Milling Process

Surface roughness is one of the most important evaluation indexes in machine cutting. In order to analyze how the tool path affects the roughness of the surface after milling, series of simulations are implemented in MasterCAM. We set up the same processing conditions with same parameters such as speed, material and feed rate etc. in these simulations, but different processing paths are used. We choose three paths: the parallel milling along the X-Y axis direction, the parallel milling along the Z-X or Z-Y axis direction and the streamline processing in the simulations. At the same time, end miller, arc miller and ball miller are respectively selected in the software. So there are totally 9 simulations of the milling process that are performed. Then the experimental cutting processes are performed correspondingly and the surface roughness and the accuracy are measured. The results show that the milling effect of the arc is better and the waste is minimal in the parallel milling along the Z-X or Z-Y axis direction with the end mills.

Test and Evaluation of Stiffness of a Pin Turning Device for Large Marine Engine Crankshafts

In order to prevent unwanted excited vibrations and to secure better machining precision in large size heavy duty machine tools dynamic stiffness is one of the most desirable and critical properties. In the past decades, many researches on machine tool stiffness test and evaluation methodology have been made. However any methodology for a Pin Turning Device (PTD), which is a special kind of turning lathe for machining big size crankshaft pins, is rarely found among them. This study proposes a test and evaluation process of stiffness of a PTD by measuring frequency response function at the tool center point (TCP). For conformance proving for the proposed methodology, stiffness of a PTD obtained by the proposed method with impact hammer test (IHT) has been compared with that determined by FEM.

Investigation of Cutting Force by End Milling Operation

In this work, the cutting forces by end milling operation are analyzed. Therefore, the main parameters of cutting force as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut also are investigated in our case. The cutting force is modelled and analyzed into mathematical Wolfram simulations in order to compare the results and in the same time achieve the best solutions. Theoretical results are carried out by using the regression method that required fulfilling the critter by Fisher. The number of experiment, measurements and results of cutting force are presented in 2D as well as 3D. In order to verify the accuracy of the 2D diagram, the results for our case is used both two way such as experimental and theoretical method as well as results are compared. In other hands, these results indicate directly that the optimized parameters are capable of machining the workpiece. The obtained measurement results are compared with theoretical methods in Wolfram software.

Development of a 2D Vibration Stage for Vibration-assisted Micro-milling

Vibration-assisted machining(VAM) has the advantages of extending tool life,reducing cutting force and improving the surface finish.Implementation of vibration assistance with high frequency and amplitude is still a challenge,especially for a micro-milling process.In this paper,a new 2D vibration stage for vibration-assisted micro-milling is developed.The kinematics of the milling process with vibration assistance is modeled,and the effects of vibration parameters on the periodic tool-workpiece separation(TWS) is analyzed.The structure of the vibration stage is designed with flexure hinges,and two piezoelectric actuators are used to drive the stage in two directions.An amplifier is integrated into the vibration stage,and the dynamics of the whole vibration system are identified and analyzed.Micro-milling experiments are conducted to determine the effects of vibration assistance on cutting force and surface quality.

平行闸板阀阀座孔加工专用车削刀具设计及实验研究

平行闸板阀被广泛应用在石油钻采配套装备中。采用普通内孔车削刀具加工平行闸板阀阀座孔,需要调头加工,难以使用切削液,并且由于刀杆刚度和硬度较小引起“颤抖”现象,加工工件时不易保证阀座孔的加工质量和形位公差。基于此设计了一套专用车削刀具,增大刀杆的刚度和硬度,方便使用切削液,而且仅需一次装夹,避免掉头加工,以满足阀座孔的形位公差和加工质量要求。采用有限元法对所设计刀具进行了强度校核。通过实验验证,所设计的刀具可以提高加工效率,满足加工质量和形位公差精度要求。

高速铣削-激光切割机床数控加工高精度控制技术

激光切割机铣削过程中会因工件变形导致表面出现凹凸不平或波浪状,表面局部区域高低不等,致使机床的浮动轴偏离实际运动轨迹,影响工件铣削加工的质量。为此,提出一种高速铣削-激光切割机床数控加工高精度控制技术。采用运动学理论、矩阵转换函数建立激光切割机床运动数学模型,利用PLC控制器、伺服驱动器及电机等搭建激光切割机床高速铣削加工控制模型,使用负反馈控制算法、位移误差函数控制机床铣削加工浮动轴运动,即当浮动轴执行上浮或者下浮运动时,若浮动轴运动轨迹偏离预设轨迹,调节PLC控制器参数来驱动电机控制作业,使其反向运动,直到落在预设轨迹上,实现铣削加工的高精度控制。实验结果表明,所提技术工件的铣削加工质量高,高速铣削过程中上浮点、下浮点控制误差最大值分别为6 mm、6 mm,铣削加工控制的响应时间为6.8 ms。

基于改进引力搜索算法的数控车削参数优化方法

为提高数控车削效率,优化生产质量,减少刀具磨损控制生产成本,提出一种基于改进引力搜索算法的数控车削参数优化方法。建立车削参数优化模型,通过多目标约束条件,确定参数优化的取值范围。通过多目标引力搜索方法,确定中心质点位置和质量,衡量质点优劣程度,经过迭代收敛在空间中搜索最优解。利用质点适应度函数并引入混沌思想改进算法实现全局优化。在混沌映射下反复推演质点的最佳位置,获得最终的优化参数最优值。实验结果表明:所提方法能很好地完成参数优化,降低生产成本,具备良好的有效性和鲁棒性。

基于非参数回归响应面法的高精车铣复合机床床身多目标联合优化设计

精密化是机械加工领域追求的目标,数控车铣复合机床作为高端机械加工装备,其床身的动静态特性对机床加工精度有显著影响。针对当前床身结构优化方法效率低、效果差的问题,文章提出一种非参数响应面法的多目标联合优化方案。该方案首先根据有限元分析结果挑选出模型的优化尺寸,并将床身质量、最大形变、一阶固有频率作为联合优化目标;通过建立参数试验对尺寸进行敏感性分析,精准选出敏感性较大尺寸;基于非参数回归法建立响应面,导入所选尺寸,计算试验样本的响应值,建立非参数回归响应面优化模型,并采用多目标遗传算法找出最优设计方案。最优方案优化结果为:机床床身最大形变降低约14.667%,一阶固有频率提升约3.187%,质量降低约1.208%。结果表明该优化方案能够高效提升机床床身动静态特性,为机床优化设计提供理论依据。

减速器输入轴数控车削工艺设计与仿真加工

针对多减速器输入轴进行了车削工艺设计及仿真加工,首先进行零件图分析,制定加工工艺,选择合适的毛坯及加工刀具,制定工件装夹方案,调整安装加工刀具;然后编写零件车削加工程序;最后使用数控仿真软件进行模拟加工,以验证车削工艺的可行性及加工程序的正确性。整个过程极大地节省了原材料及占机调整时间。