Discovery of Mass Independent Oxygen Isotopic Compositions in Superscale Nitrate Mineral Deposits from Turpan-Hami Basin,Xinjiang,China and Its Significance

在东方 Xinjiang 的 Turpan-Hami 盆是在地球上的最干燥的区域和首要的环境之一形成并且保存硝酸盐。在这盆的大硝酸盐矿石域最近被发现。它在那里被估计是硝酸盐的大约 25 亿个大量资源，并且数量像在智利的 Atacama 荒芜的超级规模的硝酸盐沉积物一样。硝酸盐是有团无关的分别(MIF ) 的一些矿物质之一，并且氧同位素 MIF 是一个有效方法决定硝酸盐的来源。17O，硝酸盐的 18O 被氟化作用和热分解方法测量。日期显示这是氧同位素 MIF 位于内陆硝酸盐矿物质的第一次。结果由二个方法获得了是类似的， 17O=17O0.52 映杯吗？

A Comprehensive Appraisal on the Characteristics of Coal-Bed Methane Reservoir in Turpan-Hami Basin

The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ger coal-bed reservoirs are sitting at a depth of less than 1500 m. The coalbed methane generation,storage and confin-ing conditions of the Turpan-Hami basin can be indicated by eight key parameters. They are coal-bed thickness,coal rank,missing period,permeability,Langmuir volume,rock covering ability,structural confinement and hydrodynamic sealing environment. These parameters constitute a comprehensive appraisal index system of the coal-bed methane res-ervoir characteristics of the Turpan-Hami basin. In these parameters,the missing period of coal-bed methane is indi-cated by a stratum missing intensity factor. It reflects the relative exposure period of coal series. The results of a fuzzy comprehensive judgment showed that the Shisanjianfang coal-bed methane reservoir has the best prospects for exploita-tion and the Sha'erhu,Shanshan,Hami coal-bed methane reservoirs are next in line.

The Characteristics and Genesis of the Massive Nitrate Deposits in the Turpan-Hami Basin of Xinjiang,China

Massive nitrate deposits have been discovered in the Turpan-Hami basin in northwestern China.Previously,large ore grade nitrate minerals were thought only to exist in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.Estimates of

Types of Organic Fades and Source Rock Assessment of the Coal-Measure Mudstone in the Turpan-Hami Basin

This paper discusses the enviromental characteristics of carbonaceous mudstone and mudstone (coal-measure mudstone in short) of the Early and Middle Jurassic in the Turpan-Hami basin, which were formed in swamps. Through the organic facies study of the coal-measure mudstone in this area, the authors clarify that the flowing-water swamp is the most advanced organic facies belt. Furthermore, according to the practical materials of coal-measure mudstone in the area and with the evaluation criteria of lacustrine mudstone in the past, the authors have established the integrated symbol systems from the abundance of organic matter and the type of organic matter, which can be used in the source rock evaluation of the coal-measure mudstone.

Oil accumulation related to migration of source kitchens in the Lukeqin structural belt, Turpan-Hami Basin, China

The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the oil accumulation. According to oil geochemical analysis and oil-source correlation, the oil in deep and shallow reservoirs of the Lukeqin Oilfield presents different physical and saturated hydrocarbon mass spectrum characteristics. The Triassic heavy oil is from the northern Upper Permian lacustrine source rocks, and the light oil represented by the Yudong-9 Well is from the northwestern Lower Jurassic coal-measure source rocks. The timing of oil charging was determined by K/Ar isotope dating, reservoir fluid inclusion analysis and the evolution history of different source rocks. In summary, the accumulation process consists of two stages. From the end of Triassic to early Jurassic, the northern Permian source kitchen generated a considerable amount of oil, which was finally degraded to heavy oil, migrated to the south and then accumulated. The northwestern Jurassic coal-measure source kitchen began to generate oil at the end of Cretaceous, while the northern source kitchen could only generate a little hydrocarbon. The heavy oil and the light oil have different source rock locations, migration directions and accumulation times. The migration of hydrocarbon source kitchens affects the distribution of heavy oil and light oil reservoirs at the present time.

Early and Middle JurassicPalaeogeography of the Turpan-Hami Basin

The Turpan-Hami oil basin is well known for its Jurassic oil-prone coal. The palaeogeograpbical units or the Early and Middle Jurassic coal measures iuclude braided chaunel-alluvial plain, meandering channel-alluvial plain, upper delta plain, lower delta plain, subaqueous delta, inter-deltaic bay,lacustrine bay and sballow lake euvironments. The beneficial environments for coal accumulation were tke inter-delta bay and the lower delta plain where intermediate subsidence was maintaiued and there was little input of coarse graiued ediments.

POSITIVE INVERSION STRUCTURE OF THE CENTRAL STRUCTURE BELT IN TURPAN-HAMI BASIN

The central structure belt in Turpan-Hami basin is composed of the Huoyanshan structure and Qiketai structure formed in late Triassic-early Jurassic, and is characterized by extensional tectonics. The thickness of strata in the hanging wall of the growth fault is obviously larger than that in the footwall,and a deposition center was evolved in the Taibei sag where the hanging wall of the fault is located. In late Jurassic the collision between Lhasa block and Eurasia continent resulted in the transformation of the Turpan-Hami basin from an extensional structure into a compressional structure, and consequently in the tectonic inversion of the central structure belt of the Turpan-Hami basin from the extensional normal fault in the earlier stage to the compressive thrust fault in the later stage. The Tertiary collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate occurred around 55Ma, and this Himalayan orogenic event has played a profound role in shaping the Tianshan area, only the effect of the collision to this area was delayed since it culminated here approximately in late Oligocene-early Miocene. The central structure belt was strongly deformed and thrusted above the ground as a result of this tectonic event.

Sequence Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Early and Early Middle Jurassic Coal Measures in the Turpan-Hami Basin,Northwestern China

This paper analyses the sequence stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Early and early Middle Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan-Hami Basin, northwestern China.The controls of the palaeogeography and sequence stratigraphy on the coal accumulation in this basin have been discussed.The results show that the coal measures were formed in a fluvial-delta-lacustrine sedimentary system,and a total of 4 third-order sequences were developed,

Provenance Variability of the Triassic Strata in the TurpanHami Basin: Detrital Zircon Record of Indosinian Tectonic Reactivation in the Eastern Tianshan

The Triassic strata in the Turpan-Hami Basin potentially chronicled the missing sedimentary record of Indosinian tectonic evolution in the Eastern Tianshan.In this study,we conducted detrital zircon U-Pb geochronological analyses on subsurface Triassic samples collected from the Turpan-Hami Basin to unravel sedimentary response of Indosinian tectonic reactivation and its geodynamics.The detrital zircon age spectra of the Triassic samples are quite different,reflecting significant provenance variability.The zircon grains in the Lower Triassic sample were mainly from the Central Tianshan,while the Jueluotag acted as a minor provenance.By contrast,the Late Paleozoic rocks in Jueluotag act as the main provenance for the Middle-Upper Triassic samples,while the Central Tianshan acted as a minor provenance.Furthermore,zircon grains in the Middle Triassic sample were mainly from the Permian rocks in Jueluotag,while Indosinian strike-slipdriven rapid exhumation brought deeper Carboniferous rocks of Jueluotag as an important age population for the Upper Triassic sample.The inter-sample variability of age spectra of the Triassic samples provides sedimentary evidence for Indosinian tectonic reactivation in the Eastern Tianshan and its periphery,which could be attributed to differential exhumation of different sources driven by coeval strike-slip tectonics along deep faults.The Indosinian tectonic behavior in the Eastern Tianshan,which is characterized by partial melting of the pre-thickened crust and strike-slip deformation,acted as a far-field respond to the coeval continental accretion occurring along the southern Eurasian margin.Additionally,our new detrital zircon data,together with previously published data in the Turpan-Hami Basin,demonstrate that there are significant changes in source-to-sink system from the Permian to the Triassic,suggesting that the Permian-Triassic unconformity in the Eastern Tianshan and its periphery was generated by Late Permian-Early Triassic tectonic contraction and inversion rather than an increasingly arid climate.

MESOZOIC-CENOZOIC INVERSION OF THE TURPAN-HAMI BASIN, NORTHWEST CHINA

The Turpan-Hami basin, rich in coal and petroleum, is a superimposed basin of three types basins in different tectonic environments. This coal, oil and gas basin has undergone a complex tectonic-sedimentary evolution, in which two important stages were the negative inversion from a foredeep to a extensional basin during Early Mesozoic and the positive inversion to a thrust foreland basin in Late MesozoicEarly Cenozoic. The early normal faults residues are recognized with the addition of tectonic-sedimentary analysis to confirm the basin extension during Jurassic time and its tectonic inversion subsequently.

Stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic characteristics of natural gas from Taibei sag, Turpan-Hami Basin, NW China

Turpan-Hami Basin is a major petroliferous basin in China. To date the natural gas exploration is concentrated in the Taibei sag. The origin and source of natural gas in the Taibei sag has long been controversial. To further investigate the origin and source of the natural gas in the Taibei sag, combined with previous studies and the local geological backgrounds, this study collected 23 gas samples from the Baka, Qiuling, Shanshan and Wenmi oil fields in the Taibei sag and analyzed the sample composition, stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of all the gas samples. The results show that, gases from the four oil fields in the Taibei sag are dominated by hydrocarbon gas and belong to wet gas. Methane accounts for 65.84% to 97.94%, the content of heavy hydrocarbon (C2-5) can be up to 34.98%, while the content of nonhydrocarbon (CO2, N2) is trace. The δ13C1 value is –44.9‰ to –40.4‰,δ13C2 is –28.2‰ to –24.9‰,δ13C3 is –27.1‰ to –18.0‰ and δ13C4 is –26.7‰ to –22.1;while the variation of δD1 is not significant from –272‰ to –252‰,δD2 is –236‰ to –200‰ and δD3 is –222‰ to –174‰. Methane and its homologues (C2-5) are characterized by normal stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic distribution pattern, i.e., with the increase of carbon number, methane and its homologues become more and more enriched in 13C or D (δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4<δ13C5,δD1<δD2<δD3), which is consistent with the carbon and hydrogen isotopic features of typical thermogenic gas. All these results show that the natural gases in the four oil fields are coal-derived gas with low maturity (Ro averaged at 0.7%), and are sourced from the Middle-Lower Jurassic coal measure. The hydrogen isotopic data of natural gas are affected by both thermal maturity and the water medium of the environment where source rocks are formed. The hydrogen isotopic data indicate that the source rocks are formed in terrestrial limnetic facies with freshwater. Natural gases from Well Ba23 and Well Ke19 experienced biodegradation in the late stage.

基于PLUS-InVEST模型吐哈盆地陆地生态系统碳储量时空变化及多情景模拟

土地覆盖变化能够改变区域碳储存能力,从而引起全球气候变化。研究土地覆盖变化对碳储量的影响,预测未来不同土地覆盖情景下的碳储量,对实现区域“碳中和”战略目标具有重要意义,然而目前针对中国西部生态脆弱区的研究仍有待探究。以新疆吐哈盆地为研究区,基于土地覆盖产品数据,结合PLUS模型和InVEST模型,探讨了土地覆盖变化与区域碳储量的时空变化关系,预测和评估了2025、2030年可持续发展情景,维持现状发展情景,经济优先发展情景下土地覆盖和碳储量的时空动态特征。结果表明:(1)近20 a来,吐哈盆地耕地和裸土地面积增加最大,其次是建设用地,而草地表现出最大的减少趋势,草地转为耕地和建设用地是最主要的转移类型。(2)2000、2010年和2020年吐哈盆地平均碳储量分别为26.01 t·hm~(-2)、25.68 t·hm~(-2)、25.73 t·hm~(-2),呈现出先降低后增加的趋势,平均碳储量累计减少了0.28 t·hm~(-2),其中土壤有机质碳储量占比最高,约占总碳储量的94%,裸土地、草地贡献了最多的碳储量。(3)2030年3种情景下,森林、灌木林、湿地几乎无明显变化,裸土地呈现出减少的趋势,而建设用地呈现增加的趋势。(4)到2030年可持续发展情景下吐哈盆地总碳储量较2020年增加了0.18×10~6t,维持现状发展情景和经济优先发展情景下分别减少了0.30×10~6t、1.01×10~6t,经济优先发展情景下碳储量损失最大。研究结果可为吐哈盆地土地利用优化以及制定生态系统可持续发展措施提供依据。

三塘湖-吐哈盆地富油煤赋存特征与资源潜力分析

富油煤是焦油产率≥7%且具备煤、油、气属性的特殊煤炭资源,是煤炭清洁利用的重要资源和开发方向,对缓解国家油气资源紧缺、推动煤化工突破性发展具有重要的科学价值。新疆东部盆地蕴藏着大量富油煤资源,为探明富油煤的赋存特征与分布规律,通过沉积环境分析,结合煤工业分析、元素分析、格金低温干馏测试等手段研究东疆富油煤聚煤规律与赋存特征,采用地质块段法估算富油煤资源量。结果表明:三塘湖盆地富油煤层主要分布于八道湾组上段(J_(1)b^(2))、三工河组(J_(1)s)以及西山窑组下段(J_(2)x^(1))3个层位,焦油产率约13.67%,总体属高油煤;吐哈盆地富油煤发育在西山窑组中段(J_(2)x^(2)),焦油产率约7.6%,总体为含-富油煤。区内富油煤总体特征为特低-中低水分、低-中低灰分、中高-高挥发分,焦油产率高,富含镜质组和壳质组等生油组分,煤化程度低,形成于湖泊-三角洲的沉积环境。研究区富油煤资源潜力大,估算三塘湖盆地2000 m以浅的富油煤资源量约670.83亿t,吐哈盆地2000 m以浅的富油煤资源量约417.55亿t,可采煤层平均厚度达9 m以上。为有效动用富油煤资源,提出煤炭地下干馏的技术设想,即通过石油工程技术在地下煤层建立热量导入和产品产出通道,通过人工加热方式使煤原位发生干馏反应,热解产物包括焦油、煤气(CH_(4)、H_(2)、轻烃C_(2+)等)、水等,煤中的碳元素主要以半焦形式留在地下,产生的二氧化碳可为三塘湖-吐哈盆地的油田提供气驱气源,剩余的二氧化碳可以利用半焦层原位埋存。煤炭地下干馏通过“取氢留碳”实现煤炭资源清洁转化,有望成为富油煤低碳绿色开发的重要技术方向。

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷中侏罗统致密砂岩储层孔隙发育特征及控制因素

吐哈盆地中侏罗统致密砂岩储层是非常规致密油气勘探开发的主要目的层。以胜北洼陷8口井中侏罗统致密砂岩样品为主要研究对象,从储层岩石学特征、成岩作用、物性、孔隙结构等方面系统刻画了研究区中侏罗统致密砂岩储层特征,探讨了影响储层孔隙发育的主要因素。研究结果表明胜北洼陷中侏罗统低孔-特低渗致密砂岩储层以长石岩屑砂岩为主,岩屑砂岩次之;该储层遭受了强烈的压实作用,矿物胶结、交代和溶蚀现象明显,孔隙类型以次生长石溶蚀孔为主,同时发育矿物残余粒间孔、石英粒内溶蚀孔、黏土矿物层间孔和微裂缝等;储层内5~50 nm孔喉最为发育,然而储层物性则主要受50 nm~1μm和100~800μm孔喉发育程度控制,主要体现在两者孔喉体积与孔隙度和渗透率呈良好的正相关关系。储层物性与石英和长石含量呈正相关关系,与黏土矿物和碳酸盐矿物含量呈负相关关系,其原因一方面是该储层遭受了强烈压实,石英颗粒破裂导致其内微裂缝较发育,刚性石英含量增加有利于保存部分原始粒间孔,其内溶蚀孔也较发育,含有机酸的烃类流体运移至中侏罗统地层内促使长石发生了大规模溶蚀,形成大量次生长石溶蚀孔,孔径50 nm~1μm和100~800μm孔喉相对发育,储层物性因此得以改善;另一方面黏土矿物和碳酸盐矿物多以胶结物形式充填在原始粒间孔和次生微裂缝内,方解石交代长石降低了长石溶蚀的增孔效应,不利于孔径50 nm~1μm和100~800μm孔喉发育和储层物性改善。因此,研究区储层孔隙发育与早期原始沉积环境和后期成岩作用关系密切,压实作用、长石溶蚀和自生矿物胶结对储层孔隙发育及物性具有关键控制效应。该研究对吐哈盆地胜北洼陷中侏罗统致密砂岩油气有利勘探区分布预测具有指导意义。

吐哈探区深层油气勘探进展及潜力评价

为实现吐哈探区油气勘探由中—浅层向深层、由常规向非常规转向,推动其深层油气资源勘探,通过对吐哈盆地、三塘湖盆地和准噶尔盆地准东地区的构造-岩相古地理演化的分析,对其含油气系统特征和勘探潜力评价,梳理主要勘探方向,优选战略突破领域。石炭纪—二叠纪,吐哈探区为统一沉积盆地,具有相似的沉积环境和沉积建造;三叠纪—侏罗纪,研究区被分割,形成独立的前陆盆地;与构造-岩相古地理演化相对应,形成了石炭系海相—海陆过渡相、二叠系湖相和侏罗系湖相—煤系3套烃源岩,构成三大含油气系统。勘探思路的转变促进了深层油气勘探的重大进展,准东地区石钱滩组海相碎屑岩油气藏、二叠系页岩油藏、常规砂岩油藏以及吐哈盆地中—下侏罗统大面积致密砂岩气藏勘探取得了重大突破,发现了大规模优质储量,实现了战略资源的有序接替;应按照战略准备、战略突破和战略进行3个层次的勘探,聚焦10个有利油气勘探方向。

吐哈盆地台北凹陷桃东沟群烃源岩风化校正及生排烃潜力

吐哈盆地台北凹陷桃东沟群地层钻井较少,而野外露头往往因风化作用导致地化参数失真。为探明桃东沟群烃源岩受风化影响程度和生排烃潜力,基于岩石热解、总有机碳、镜质体反射率等实验数据,应用风化校正法、生烃潜力法对烃源岩进行了风化校正和生排烃潜力计算。结果表明:风化作用对照壁山、坎尔其和恰勒尔剖面的样品影响较大,对塔尔朗沟剖面样品的影响较小;风化作用对生烃潜量的影响最大,其次是w (氯仿沥青“A”)的影响,对w (TOC)的影响最小;桃东沟群烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ_(2)型,部分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型,有机质丰度较高,为中等—很好烃源岩,Ro为0.53%~1.49%,平均为1.03%,处于成熟阶段;台北凹陷桃东沟群烃源岩在R_(o)为0.62%时达到排烃门限,最大生烃潜力指数为615.88 mg/g,生烃中心位于连木沁次洼北部;桃东沟群烃源岩常规油气地质资源量为2.46×10^(8) t,具有良好的勘探前景。研究成果可为吐哈油田中二叠统桃东沟群油气资源的勘探部署提供理论指导。

低孔低渗稠油油藏注水增能效果影响因素

吐哈盆地鲁克沁油田二叠系发育低孔低渗砂砾岩稠油油藏,由于储集层物性差,非均质性强,自然产能低,压裂投产后,注水开发效果较差。为了解决平面矛盾突出、见效率低、欠注区域不见效的开发矛盾,实施注水增能提高单井产量,但单井增产效果差异较大。为此,通过室内物理模拟实验,对储集层润湿性和注水增能过程进行了研究。结果表明,吐哈盆地鲁克沁油田二叠系储集层具亲水性,压裂有利于裂缝与储集层基质发生渗吸作用,可有效补充地层能量,从而提高单井产量;注入速度越快,地层能量恢复越快;焖井压力越高,增油量越高。通过数值模拟,并结合现场情况,优化注入参数,注水增能效果较好,措施有效率达88%。

吐哈盆地低煤阶煤岩孔隙结构精细表征及吸附性主控因素评价

为研究吐哈盆地低煤阶煤岩孔隙结构及其吸附特性,探讨煤岩吸附性能主控因素,通过高压压汞、低温液氮、核磁共振及等温吸附实验,对该盆地主要含煤地区低煤阶煤的孔隙结构及其甲烷吸附性影响因素进行了精细表征与分析。结果表明:①低煤阶煤岩发育多种吸附—脱附曲线,孔隙类型主要以细颈瓶状的一端封闭型孔为主,连通性较差。②吸附孔比表面积主要由微孔贡献,而吸附孔孔容主要由小孔提供,比表面积等孔隙结构参数差异大。③核磁共振实验表明煤样发育多种孔裂隙系统,但主要以微、小孔为主,中大孔及裂隙相对发育。④煤岩吸附性能受煤岩煤质及吸附孔孔隙结构共同控制,灰分及水分不利于甲烷的吸附。⑤镜质组孔隙发育,与最大吸附气量呈正相关关系;不同尺度吸附孔隙的吸附性能差异明显,小孔孔容及比表面积与最大吸附气量呈正相关关系,是吐哈盆地低煤阶煤岩吸附性能的主要贡献者。

稀油油藏密闭取心流体饱和度校正方法

针对吐哈盆地稀油油藏地层条件下的流体饱和度,以温米油田和鄯善油田丰富的密闭取心资料为基础,通过物理模拟对照实验,模拟取心过程中降压、脱气、蒸发损失等对岩心流体饱和度的影响,建立了适用于吐哈盆地稀油油藏的密闭取心流体饱和度校正模型。明确了降压脱气损失界限,即初始含水饱和度大于88%或小于33%时,降压脱气损失微弱,可忽略不计。新模型还考虑了孔隙体积变化、饱和度实验抽提损失以及不同水淹条件下的蒸发损失对饱和度测量的影响,有效提高了校正精度,与测井解释含油饱和度比较,误差为0.17%。

葡北油田三间房组油藏天然气重力驱特征及影响因素

为探索吐哈盆地葡北油田实施天然气重力驱开发的可行性,明确不同实施参数下的驱油特征,通过高压物性分析、细管实验、CT扫描成像及全直径岩心驱替实验,分析了葡北油田开发前后中侏罗统三间房组储集层流体的高压物性变化特征,计算了目前油藏条件下鄯乌管道气和西气东输气的最小混相压力,比较了不同驱替方式下流体的分布特征及岩心沿程含油饱和度变化,明确了注气速度、注气压力及岩心倾角对天然气重力驱的影响。结果表明,开发后原油密度与饱和压力均增大,黏度变化不明显,原油中C_2—C_6含量显著下降;目前油藏条件下鄯乌管道气和西气东输气与储集层原油的最小混相压力分别为48.2 MPa和49.5 MPa,均大于原始油气最小混相压力;相比水驱结束状态,天然气重力驱沿程含油饱和度存在较大差异,岩心高部位含油饱和度明显低于低部位含油饱和度,重力驱对于高部位原油的动用效果更为明显;较低的注气速度、较高的驱替压力以及较大的倾角均有利于提高天然气重力驱的原油采收率。