China is home to the second largest population of children and adolescents in the world.Yet demographic shifts mean that the government must manage the challenge of fewer children with the needs of an ageing populatio...China is home to the second largest population of children and adolescents in the world.Yet demographic shifts mean that the government must manage the challenge of fewer children with the needs of an ageing population,while considering the delicate tension between economic growth and environmental sustainability.We mapped the health problems and risks of contemporary school-aged children and adolescents in China against current national health policies.We involved multidisciplinary experts,including young people,with the aim of identifying actionable strategies and specific recommendations to promote child and adolescent health and wellbeing.Notwithstanding major improvements in their health over the past few decades,contemporary Chinese children and adolescents face distinct social challenges,including high academic pressures and youth unemployment,and new health concerns including obesity,mental health issues,and sexually transmitted infections.Inequality by gender,geography,and ethnicity remains a feature of health risks and outcomes.We identified a mismatch between current health determinants,risks and outcomes,and government policies.展开更多
A double burden of overweight/obesity and malnutrition during childhood is a major concern in China.Dietary intakes in this critical period affect children’s physical and cognitive development,and also have health co...A double burden of overweight/obesity and malnutrition during childhood is a major concern in China.Dietary intakes in this critical period affect children’s physical and cognitive development,and also have health consequences in later life.Therefore,establishing healthy eating habits that will endure is crucial for children.Nutrition education is an effective way in improving nutrition knowledge and attitudes,and healthy eating behaviors.Diverse forms of nutrition improvement programs that targeting children,family,teachers,and school settings have been conducted in many developed countries.However,due to the differences of genetic background,household environment as well as dietary patterns between Chinese children and children from other countries,the existing nutrition education programs for children abroad might not be appropriate for children in China.Thus,nutrition education programs that consider Chinese nutrition-related policies and food supply as well as the local educational resources are required for Chinese children.This review summarized nutrition-related policies and legislations in China and developed countries.A series of evidence-based nutrition education programs that combined educational strategies and environmental supports conducted in the Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth Study were presented.These programs can serve as example models for adopting nutrition interventions to improve nutrition and health status of children in different regions of China.展开更多
Childhood is the key stage for the development of physical and mental health in the life cycle.The nutritional and health status of childhood are not only related to adulthood health,but also have effects on the long-...Childhood is the key stage for the development of physical and mental health in the life cycle.The nutritional and health status of childhood are not only related to adulthood health,but also have effects on the long-term development of the country.Along with the rapid transitions in dietary patterns and lifestyle,the prevalence of childhood obesity in China showed an astonishing growing trend in the past few decades.Obesity is a kind of disease,moreover,it is the risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases.Obesity is a serious threat to people's health and brings huge social and economic burden.It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control childhood obesity.International organizations and many countries have formulated policies and launched projects to prevent and control obesity.In China,series of outline,guidance,blueprint,plans and projects has been developed and released,such as the Outline of the Programme for Food and Nutrition Development in China (2014-2020),Blueprint of Healthy China 2030,National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030),Healthy Lifestyle Campaign for All,and so on.Improving the obesogenic environment needs world cooperation:international economic agreements and policies should be formulated to prevent and control obesity;obesity prevention and control should be integrated into all policies to improve the obesogenic environment;mechanism with the lead of government,the cooperation of multisector and the engagement of public should be established;national childhood obesity surveillance system should be improved;actions to prevention and control of obesity should be initiated in early stage of life and impetrated in all life cycle;and three-tiered prevention for childhood obesity should be implemented.展开更多
This study explores childcare policy change in South Korea by employing the gradual institutional change model and in relation to the concept of defamilialization.T his study measured the degree of defamilialization q...This study explores childcare policy change in South Korea by employing the gradual institutional change model and in relation to the concept of defamilialization.T his study measured the degree of defamilialization quantitatively using the data of Childcare Statistics between 2001-2016 and conducted hierarchical cluster analysis.The analysis results showed that the trajectories of childcare policy in South Korea could be divided into three clusters-2001-2006 for the first cluster,2007-2012 for the second cluster,and2013-2016 for the third cluster-and there were two changes-conversion and layering.Childcare policy in South Korea has taken the path of familialization,market defamilialization,and active familialization.展开更多
Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of t...Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.展开更多
The 13 th Five-Year Plan(2016─2020), with the balanced development of population being the core element, is crucial for China. The superimposed effect of an aging population and low birthrate leading to a reduction i...The 13 th Five-Year Plan(2016─2020), with the balanced development of population being the core element, is crucial for China. The superimposed effect of an aging population and low birthrate leading to a reduction in the labor supply would have a fundamental influence on the long term balanced development of China's population, implying that China's population policy must be adjusted. This paper argues that a gradual relaxation of the family-planning policy adjustments accords with the original intention of the population policy design and development direction. The universal second-child policy is the logical results of the adjustment and improvement of China's family-planning policy, and is designed to bring about positive effects on future demographic and economic development, particularly in sustaining the long term balanced development of China's population, easing the marriage squeeze, extending the demographic dividend, and delaying the population aging process. China needs to develop and improve support and governance systems for fully implementing the universal second-child policy, realizing the policy transition from rewarding one-child families to population security and the modern transition of governance systems and capacity to a universal second-child policy.展开更多
Worldwide researches over infant’s health have generally focused and aimed on understanding the complex factors (both positive and negative) affecting the infant’s health which further had ultimately helped them to ...Worldwide researches over infant’s health have generally focused and aimed on understanding the complex factors (both positive and negative) affecting the infant’s health which further had ultimately helped them to frame policies nationally as well as internationally. Out of these factors, breastfeeding is one of the vital concerns for research related to infant mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed until first six months and receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods thereafter while breastfeeding continues for up to two years of age or beyond. In New Zealand (NZ), only 12% of 6 months old children were exclusively breastfed in 2006. The Ministry of Health plays a leading role for the protection, promotion and supporting breastfeeding in NZ. There are a number of areas/implications that NZ need to focus at such as providing antenatal and postpartum education, training of health professionals, community and workplace support, policy frameworks, breast-feeding statistics and intersectoral approach. These measures mainly focus at the initiation but less has been done to continue and support breastfeeding in NZ. In order to achieve this, all of these areas should be given prime and equal consideration. Hence, there is a strong need to develop strategies that maintain and promote breastfeeding at 6 months or beyond in NZ taking into considerations of various barriers and enabling factors.展开更多
BACKGROUND Depression has gradually become a common psychological disorder among children and adolescents.Depression in children and adolescents affects their physical and mental development.Psychotherapy is considere...BACKGROUND Depression has gradually become a common psychological disorder among children and adolescents.Depression in children and adolescents affects their physical and mental development.Psychotherapy is considered to be one of the main treatment options for depressed children and adolescents.However,our understanding of the global performance and progress of psychological interventions for depression in children and adolescents(PIDCA)research is limited.AIM To identify collaborative research networks in this field and explore the current research status and hotspots through bibliometrics.METHODS Articles and reviews related to PIDCA from January 2010 to April 2023 were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection database.The Charticulator website,CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to visualize the trends in publications and citations,the collaborative research networks(countries,institutions,and authors),and the current research status and hotspots.RESULTS Until April 16,2023,1482 publications were identified.The number of documents published each year and citations had increased rapidly in this field.The United States had the highest productivity in this field.The most prolific institution was the University of London.Pim Cuijpers was the most prolific author.In the context of research related to PIDCA,both reference co-citation analysis and keywords co-occurrence analysis identified 10 research hotspots,including thirdwave cognitive behavior therapy,short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy,cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy,family element in psychotherapy,modular treatment,mobile-health,emotion-regulation-based transdiagnostic intervention program,dementia risk in later life,predictors of the efficacy of psychological intervention,and risks of psychological intervention.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of PIDCA from 2010 to present.Psychological intervention characterized as psychological-process-focused,short,family-involved,modular,internet-based,emotionregulation-based,and personalized may benefit more young people.展开更多
Background:There has been an increasing focus on the importance of national policy to address population levels of physical inactivity.It has been suggested that the 4 cornerstones of policy comprise(1)national guidel...Background:There has been an increasing focus on the importance of national policy to address population levels of physical inactivity.It has been suggested that the 4 cornerstones of policy comprise(1)national guidelines on physical activity(PA),(2)setting population goals and targets,(3)surveillance or health-monitoring systems,and(4)public education.The current study aimed to review the policy actions that have addressed each of these elements for children and youth in England and to identify areas of progress and remaining challenges.Methods:A literature search was undertaken to identify past and present documents relevant to PA policy for children and youth in England.Each document was analyzed to identify content relevant to the 4 cornerstones of policy.Results:Physical activity guidelines(Cornerstone 1)for children and youth have been in place since 1998 and reviewed periodically.Physical activity targets(Cornerstone 2)have focussed on the provision of opportunities for PA,mainly through physical education in schools rather than in relation to the proportion of children meeting recommended PA levels.There has been much surveillance(Cornerstone 3)of children’s PA,but this has been undertaken infrequently over time and with varying inclusions of differing domains of activity.There has been only 1 campaign(Cornerstone 4)that targeted children and their intermediaries,Change4Life,which was an obesity campaign focussing on dietary behavior in combination with PA.Most recently,a government infographic supporting the PA guidelines for children and young people was developed,but details of its dissemination and usage are unknown.Conclusion:There have been many developments in national PA policy in England targeted to children and young people.The area of most significant progress is national PA guidelines.Establishing prevalence targets,streamlining surveillance systems,and investing in public education with supportive policies,environments,and opportunities would strengthen national policy efforts to increase PA and reduce sedentary behavior.展开更多
A fter 60 years of im plem entation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic p o litica l support for promoting the common development and prosperity of a ll ethnic groups.
In today’s society where the economy is developing rapidly and the process of urbanization is accelerating,the traffic in major cities in China is facing tremendous pressure.The economy of Beijing has developed rapid...In today’s society where the economy is developing rapidly and the process of urbanization is accelerating,the traffic in major cities in China is facing tremendous pressure.The economy of Beijing has developed rapidly,its population is dense,the living standard of people has improved significantly,and the number of cars has increased dramatically.From the end of 2005 to the end of November 2010,motor vehicles in Beijing increased from about 2.58 million to about 4.69 million.The problem of traffic congestion has become more prominent,affecting the daily lives of the residents.展开更多
In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the ＂Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively De...In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the ＂Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues＂ adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the ＂two-child policy＂, completely replacing the ＂one-child policy＂ that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The ＂two-child comprehensive＂ can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China＇s social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China＇s pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the ＂comprehensive two-child＂ policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China＇s pension.展开更多
The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, t...The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.展开更多
Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and...Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and those in opposition.The Community Policing Department of the Nigeria Police had remained more of an administrative unit with little impact beyond the Police Community Relations Committee activities.Rising cases of herdsmen attacks of various communities,terrorist insurgency in the North-East,kidnappings across the different geo-political zones had resulted in the need to interrogate the efficacy of effective community policing and state policing as viable options to combating rising security challenges.The study adopted qualitative method,and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data.Sources of data included journals,relevant textbooks,newspapers,magazines,and materials downloaded from internet.The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the many security challenges that Nigeria faces.The combination of the official security agencies and the military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country.The local vigilante groups on the other hand had made valuable inroad in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain.The paper concludes that to effectively combat the many security challenges,there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.展开更多
From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,Ch...From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,China’s universal two-child policy was finally imposed.As such,many children who had always been the center of their family’s universe due to the unique family structure stemming from the one-child policy era became elder siblings during their adolescence.We report a case of a 9-year-old girl who developed seizures after the birth of her younger sister.The combination of clinical observation,laboratory examinations,and video-electroencephalography was not enough to make a confident diagnosis of epilepsy initially.Given her patient history and follow-up investigation,we speculated the two-child policy was related to her seizures.To our knowledge,this is the first report of seizures strongly related to the two-child policy.展开更多
文摘China is home to the second largest population of children and adolescents in the world.Yet demographic shifts mean that the government must manage the challenge of fewer children with the needs of an ageing population,while considering the delicate tension between economic growth and environmental sustainability.We mapped the health problems and risks of contemporary school-aged children and adolescents in China against current national health policies.We involved multidisciplinary experts,including young people,with the aim of identifying actionable strategies and specific recommendations to promote child and adolescent health and wellbeing.Notwithstanding major improvements in their health over the past few decades,contemporary Chinese children and adolescents face distinct social challenges,including high academic pressures and youth unemployment,and new health concerns including obesity,mental health issues,and sexually transmitted infections.Inequality by gender,geography,and ethnicity remains a feature of health risks and outcomes.We identified a mismatch between current health determinants,risks and outcomes,and government policies.
基金This work was supported in part by research grants from the New Century Excellent Talents in University Program(NCET-12-0377)Sichuan Outstanding Young Scholars Foundation(2014JQ0005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.81673158).
文摘A double burden of overweight/obesity and malnutrition during childhood is a major concern in China.Dietary intakes in this critical period affect children’s physical and cognitive development,and also have health consequences in later life.Therefore,establishing healthy eating habits that will endure is crucial for children.Nutrition education is an effective way in improving nutrition knowledge and attitudes,and healthy eating behaviors.Diverse forms of nutrition improvement programs that targeting children,family,teachers,and school settings have been conducted in many developed countries.However,due to the differences of genetic background,household environment as well as dietary patterns between Chinese children and children from other countries,the existing nutrition education programs for children abroad might not be appropriate for children in China.Thus,nutrition education programs that consider Chinese nutrition-related policies and food supply as well as the local educational resources are required for Chinese children.This review summarized nutrition-related policies and legislations in China and developed countries.A series of evidence-based nutrition education programs that combined educational strategies and environmental supports conducted in the Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth Study were presented.These programs can serve as example models for adopting nutrition interventions to improve nutrition and health status of children in different regions of China.
文摘Childhood is the key stage for the development of physical and mental health in the life cycle.The nutritional and health status of childhood are not only related to adulthood health,but also have effects on the long-term development of the country.Along with the rapid transitions in dietary patterns and lifestyle,the prevalence of childhood obesity in China showed an astonishing growing trend in the past few decades.Obesity is a kind of disease,moreover,it is the risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases.Obesity is a serious threat to people's health and brings huge social and economic burden.It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control childhood obesity.International organizations and many countries have formulated policies and launched projects to prevent and control obesity.In China,series of outline,guidance,blueprint,plans and projects has been developed and released,such as the Outline of the Programme for Food and Nutrition Development in China (2014-2020),Blueprint of Healthy China 2030,National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030),Healthy Lifestyle Campaign for All,and so on.Improving the obesogenic environment needs world cooperation:international economic agreements and policies should be formulated to prevent and control obesity;obesity prevention and control should be integrated into all policies to improve the obesogenic environment;mechanism with the lead of government,the cooperation of multisector and the engagement of public should be established;national childhood obesity surveillance system should be improved;actions to prevention and control of obesity should be initiated in early stage of life and impetrated in all life cycle;and three-tiered prevention for childhood obesity should be implemented.
文摘This study explores childcare policy change in South Korea by employing the gradual institutional change model and in relation to the concept of defamilialization.T his study measured the degree of defamilialization quantitatively using the data of Childcare Statistics between 2001-2016 and conducted hierarchical cluster analysis.The analysis results showed that the trajectories of childcare policy in South Korea could be divided into three clusters-2001-2006 for the first cluster,2007-2012 for the second cluster,and2013-2016 for the third cluster-and there were two changes-conversion and layering.Childcare policy in South Korea has taken the path of familialization,market defamilialization,and active familialization.
基金sponsored by the National Social Sciences Foundation Program,An Evaluation of the Impact of China’s Family Planning Policy Adjustment on the Sustainability of the Social Security Fund and A Study of the Relevant Countermeasures(Grant No.15XRK005,chaired by:Zeng Yi)
文摘Based on the reality that 29 Chinese provinces have already implemented the policy allowing a couple to raise a second child if either parent is an only child, this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of this policy on the financial status of the social pooling fund of basic pension insurance for urban employees. Our study suggests the followings. First, under the previous unchanged family planning policy, current deficits and cumulative deficits will occur in the social pooling fund in the year 2047 and 2063 respectively. Second, if lO% to 50% of qualified couples choose to raise a second child, the financial status of the social pooling fund will improve; relative to the previous unchanged family planning policy, the contribution ratio can decrease from 20% to the range between 18.06% and 19.57% without causing any changes to the original financial status of income and expenditure. Third, if the percentage of couples choosing to raise a second child rises to 60% to 100%, the contribution ratio can even decrease to the range between 16.55% and 17. 7% without causing any changes to the financial status as under the previous unchanged family planning policy. The above conclusions have all passed the sensitivity test. Therefore, the ＂two-child policy＂ for qualified couples is favorable to alleviating the payment pressures of pension insurance but the policy effectiveness is subject to fertility desire and the intensity of government implementation.
文摘The 13 th Five-Year Plan(2016─2020), with the balanced development of population being the core element, is crucial for China. The superimposed effect of an aging population and low birthrate leading to a reduction in the labor supply would have a fundamental influence on the long term balanced development of China's population, implying that China's population policy must be adjusted. This paper argues that a gradual relaxation of the family-planning policy adjustments accords with the original intention of the population policy design and development direction. The universal second-child policy is the logical results of the adjustment and improvement of China's family-planning policy, and is designed to bring about positive effects on future demographic and economic development, particularly in sustaining the long term balanced development of China's population, easing the marriage squeeze, extending the demographic dividend, and delaying the population aging process. China needs to develop and improve support and governance systems for fully implementing the universal second-child policy, realizing the policy transition from rewarding one-child families to population security and the modern transition of governance systems and capacity to a universal second-child policy.
文摘Worldwide researches over infant’s health have generally focused and aimed on understanding the complex factors (both positive and negative) affecting the infant’s health which further had ultimately helped them to frame policies nationally as well as internationally. Out of these factors, breastfeeding is one of the vital concerns for research related to infant mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed until first six months and receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods thereafter while breastfeeding continues for up to two years of age or beyond. In New Zealand (NZ), only 12% of 6 months old children were exclusively breastfed in 2006. The Ministry of Health plays a leading role for the protection, promotion and supporting breastfeeding in NZ. There are a number of areas/implications that NZ need to focus at such as providing antenatal and postpartum education, training of health professionals, community and workplace support, policy frameworks, breast-feeding statistics and intersectoral approach. These measures mainly focus at the initiation but less has been done to continue and support breastfeeding in NZ. In order to achieve this, all of these areas should be given prime and equal consideration. Hence, there is a strong need to develop strategies that maintain and promote breastfeeding at 6 months or beyond in NZ taking into considerations of various barriers and enabling factors.
文摘BACKGROUND Depression has gradually become a common psychological disorder among children and adolescents.Depression in children and adolescents affects their physical and mental development.Psychotherapy is considered to be one of the main treatment options for depressed children and adolescents.However,our understanding of the global performance and progress of psychological interventions for depression in children and adolescents(PIDCA)research is limited.AIM To identify collaborative research networks in this field and explore the current research status and hotspots through bibliometrics.METHODS Articles and reviews related to PIDCA from January 2010 to April 2023 were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection database.The Charticulator website,CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to visualize the trends in publications and citations,the collaborative research networks(countries,institutions,and authors),and the current research status and hotspots.RESULTS Until April 16,2023,1482 publications were identified.The number of documents published each year and citations had increased rapidly in this field.The United States had the highest productivity in this field.The most prolific institution was the University of London.Pim Cuijpers was the most prolific author.In the context of research related to PIDCA,both reference co-citation analysis and keywords co-occurrence analysis identified 10 research hotspots,including thirdwave cognitive behavior therapy,short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy,cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy,family element in psychotherapy,modular treatment,mobile-health,emotion-regulation-based transdiagnostic intervention program,dementia risk in later life,predictors of the efficacy of psychological intervention,and risks of psychological intervention.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study provides a comprehensive overview of PIDCA from 2010 to present.Psychological intervention characterized as psychological-process-focused,short,family-involved,modular,internet-based,emotionregulation-based,and personalized may benefit more young people.
文摘Background:There has been an increasing focus on the importance of national policy to address population levels of physical inactivity.It has been suggested that the 4 cornerstones of policy comprise(1)national guidelines on physical activity(PA),(2)setting population goals and targets,(3)surveillance or health-monitoring systems,and(4)public education.The current study aimed to review the policy actions that have addressed each of these elements for children and youth in England and to identify areas of progress and remaining challenges.Methods:A literature search was undertaken to identify past and present documents relevant to PA policy for children and youth in England.Each document was analyzed to identify content relevant to the 4 cornerstones of policy.Results:Physical activity guidelines(Cornerstone 1)for children and youth have been in place since 1998 and reviewed periodically.Physical activity targets(Cornerstone 2)have focussed on the provision of opportunities for PA,mainly through physical education in schools rather than in relation to the proportion of children meeting recommended PA levels.There has been much surveillance(Cornerstone 3)of children’s PA,but this has been undertaken infrequently over time and with varying inclusions of differing domains of activity.There has been only 1 campaign(Cornerstone 4)that targeted children and their intermediaries,Change4Life,which was an obesity campaign focussing on dietary behavior in combination with PA.Most recently,a government infographic supporting the PA guidelines for children and young people was developed,but details of its dissemination and usage are unknown.Conclusion:There have been many developments in national PA policy in England targeted to children and young people.The area of most significant progress is national PA guidelines.Establishing prevalence targets,streamlining surveillance systems,and investing in public education with supportive policies,environments,and opportunities would strengthen national policy efforts to increase PA and reduce sedentary behavior.
文摘A fter 60 years of im plem entation, the ethnic regional autonomous policy has provided basic p o litica l support for promoting the common development and prosperity of a ll ethnic groups.
文摘In today’s society where the economy is developing rapidly and the process of urbanization is accelerating,the traffic in major cities in China is facing tremendous pressure.The economy of Beijing has developed rapidly,its population is dense,the living standard of people has improved significantly,and the number of cars has increased dramatically.From the end of 2005 to the end of November 2010,motor vehicles in Beijing increased from about 2.58 million to about 4.69 million.The problem of traffic congestion has become more prominent,affecting the daily lives of the residents.
文摘In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the ＂Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues＂ adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the ＂two-child policy＂, completely replacing the ＂one-child policy＂ that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The ＂two-child comprehensive＂ can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China＇s social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China＇s pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the ＂comprehensive two-child＂ policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China＇s pension.
基金received grants from the National Natural Sciences Foundation as a major project(Project Approval No.:71490731)
文摘The most essential step in adjusting and improving the childbearing policy, the universal two-child policy will produce far-reaching impacts on the future development of China’s population. With its implementation, the country’s total population will peak later, the underage population and its proportion will increase substantially, the working-age population will experience a slower decline, and the aging of China’s population will be eased. However, the drop in the proportion of working-age people over the last 15 years has expedited the reduction of the demographic dividend, the elderly population will remain unaffected over the next 60 years, the aging of the population will continue to deepen, and at the same time, the increased child dependency burden will expand the overall dependency ratio.
文摘Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and those in opposition.The Community Policing Department of the Nigeria Police had remained more of an administrative unit with little impact beyond the Police Community Relations Committee activities.Rising cases of herdsmen attacks of various communities,terrorist insurgency in the North-East,kidnappings across the different geo-political zones had resulted in the need to interrogate the efficacy of effective community policing and state policing as viable options to combating rising security challenges.The study adopted qualitative method,and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data.Sources of data included journals,relevant textbooks,newspapers,magazines,and materials downloaded from internet.The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the many security challenges that Nigeria faces.The combination of the official security agencies and the military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country.The local vigilante groups on the other hand had made valuable inroad in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain.The paper concludes that to effectively combat the many security challenges,there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.
文摘From 1979 to 2012,the Chinese government implemented the one-child policy to control population growth.In 2013,families in which either parent was the only one child were allowed to apply for a second child.In 2016,China’s universal two-child policy was finally imposed.As such,many children who had always been the center of their family’s universe due to the unique family structure stemming from the one-child policy era became elder siblings during their adolescence.We report a case of a 9-year-old girl who developed seizures after the birth of her younger sister.The combination of clinical observation,laboratory examinations,and video-electroencephalography was not enough to make a confident diagnosis of epilepsy initially.Given her patient history and follow-up investigation,we speculated the two-child policy was related to her seizures.To our knowledge,this is the first report of seizures strongly related to the two-child policy.
