This study aimed to investigate the absorption characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium and rules in fertilizer demand by young Phoebe bournei forest. The results showed that the nitro...This study aimed to investigate the absorption characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium and rules in fertilizer demand by young Phoebe bournei forest. The results showed that the nitrogen, phosphoruS, potassium and magnesium contents in young Phoebe bournei leaves were increased with the proceeding of growth, but the calcium content was increased. During the growth period, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents were relatively high in June, July and August. This study will help to understand the nu- tritional characteristics and fertilizer demand rules of young Phoebe boumei forest, thereby providing scientific theoretical guidance for application of fertilizer in Phoebe bournei.展开更多
Since 1998,the national policies on chemical fertilizer in China have been concentrated in limiting price plus subsidizing,abolishing agricultural tax,giving direct subsidies to farmers,and other aspects.In order to a...Since 1998,the national policies on chemical fertilizer in China have been concentrated in limiting price plus subsidizing,abolishing agricultural tax,giving direct subsidies to farmers,and other aspects.In order to analyze the impact of national policies on the consumption of chemical fertilizer,this article selects the consumption of chemical fertilizer per unit,chemical fertilizer price index and farmers'net income in different provinces during the period 1998-2007 as variables,to conduct regression analysis of chemical fertilizer expenditure function,and calculate the price elasticity and income elasticity of chemical fertilizer demand in different provinces over the decade based on the regression results.The results show that at present the basic consumption of chemical fertilizer for agricultural development in China is 0.35 t/hm 2 ,and the consumption of chemical fertilizer is excessive in some provinces;the chemical fertilizer market has not been really established,and the price has little impact on demand.This indicates that the chemical fertilizer is essential for agricultural economic development,and it increases along with the increase of farmers'income; the intervention of the national policy in chemical fertilizer price is a fundamental reason for the rising demand for chemical fertilizer.This also to some extent indicates that the policy effect of merely using environmental taxes to change farmers'consumption of chemical fertilizer is limited;there is a need to transform the existing policies purely promoting agricultural economic development,toward giving different subsidies in accordance with whether the farmers'fertilization pattern is beneficial to the environment.展开更多
Agriculture is a key facilitator of economic prosperity and nourishes the huge global population.To achieve sustainable agriculture,several factors should be considered,such as increasing nutrient and water efficiency...Agriculture is a key facilitator of economic prosperity and nourishes the huge global population.To achieve sustainable agriculture,several factors should be considered,such as increasing nutrient and water efficiency and/or improving soil health and quality.Using fertilizer is one of the fastest and easiest ways to improve the quality of nutrients inland and increase the effectiveness of crop yields.Fertilizer supplies most of the necessary nutrients for plants,and it is estimated that at least 30%-50%of crop yields is attributable to commercial fertilizer nutrient inputs.Fertilizer is always a major concern in achieving sustainable and efficient agriculture.Applying reasonable and customized fertilizerswill require a significant increase in the number of formulae,involving increasing costs and the accurate forecasting of the right time to apply the suitable formulae.An alternative solution is given by two-stage production planning under stochastic demand,which divides a planning schedule into two stages.The primary stage has non-existing demand information,the inputs of which are the proportion of raw materials needed for producing fertilizer products,the cost for purchasing materials,and the production cost.The total quantity of purchased material and produced products to be used in the blending process must be defined to meet as small as possible a paid cost.At the second stage,demand appears under multiple scenarios and their respective possibilities.This stage will provide a solution for each occurring scenario to achieve the best profit.The two-stage approach is presented in this paper,the mathematical model of which is based on linear integer programming.Considering the diversity of fertilizer types,themathematicalmodel can advise manufacturers about which products will generate as much as profit as possible.Specifically,two objectives are taken into account.First,the paper’s thesis focuses on minimizing overall system costs,e.g.,including inventory cost,purchasing cost,unit cost,and ordering cost at Stage 1.Second,the thesis pays attention tomaximizing total profit based on information from customer demand,as well as being informed regarding concerns about system cost at Stage 2.展开更多
Background: This paper explored the long-term, ceteris-paribus effects of potential CO2 fertilization on the global forest sector. Based on the findings of Norby et al. (PNAS 2005, 102(50)) about forest response ...Background: This paper explored the long-term, ceteris-paribus effects of potential CO2 fertilization on the global forest sector. Based on the findings of Norby et al. (PNAS 2005, 102(50)) about forest response to elevated [CO2]. Methods: Forest productivity was increased in the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) in proportion to the rising [CO2] projected in the IPCC scenario A1B, A2, and 132. Projections of the forest area and forest stock and of the production, consumption, prices, and trade of products ranging from fuelwood to paper and paperboard were obtained with the GFPM for each scenario, with and without CO2 fertilization beginning in 2011 and up to 2065. Results: CO2 fertilization increased wood supply, leading to lower wood prices which in turn induced modest lower prices of end products and higher global consumption. However, production and value added in industries decreased in some regions due to the relative competitive advantages and to the varying regional effects of CO2 fertilization. Conclusion: The main effect of CO2 fertilization was to raise the level of the world forest stock in 2065 by 9 to 10 % for scenarios A2 and B2 and by 20 % for scenario A1B. The rise in forest stock induced by fertilization was in part counteracted by its stimulation of the wood supply which resulted in lower wood prices and increased harvests.展开更多
In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively De...In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues" adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the "two-child policy", completely replacing the "one-child policy" that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The "two-child comprehensive" can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China's social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China's pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the "comprehensive two-child" policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China's pension.展开更多
基金Supported by Forestry Science and Technology Plan Projects of Hunan Province(XLK201406)~~
文摘This study aimed to investigate the absorption characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium and rules in fertilizer demand by young Phoebe bournei forest. The results showed that the nitrogen, phosphoruS, potassium and magnesium contents in young Phoebe bournei leaves were increased with the proceeding of growth, but the calcium content was increased. During the growth period, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents were relatively high in June, July and August. This study will help to understand the nu- tritional characteristics and fertilizer demand rules of young Phoebe boumei forest, thereby providing scientific theoretical guidance for application of fertilizer in Phoebe bournei.
基金Supported by General Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Research of Ministry of Education in 2008(08JA790022)
文摘Since 1998,the national policies on chemical fertilizer in China have been concentrated in limiting price plus subsidizing,abolishing agricultural tax,giving direct subsidies to farmers,and other aspects.In order to analyze the impact of national policies on the consumption of chemical fertilizer,this article selects the consumption of chemical fertilizer per unit,chemical fertilizer price index and farmers'net income in different provinces during the period 1998-2007 as variables,to conduct regression analysis of chemical fertilizer expenditure function,and calculate the price elasticity and income elasticity of chemical fertilizer demand in different provinces over the decade based on the regression results.The results show that at present the basic consumption of chemical fertilizer for agricultural development in China is 0.35 t/hm 2 ,and the consumption of chemical fertilizer is excessive in some provinces;the chemical fertilizer market has not been really established,and the price has little impact on demand.This indicates that the chemical fertilizer is essential for agricultural economic development,and it increases along with the increase of farmers'income; the intervention of the national policy in chemical fertilizer price is a fundamental reason for the rising demand for chemical fertilizer.This also to some extent indicates that the policy effect of merely using environmental taxes to change farmers'consumption of chemical fertilizer is limited;there is a need to transform the existing policies purely promoting agricultural economic development,toward giving different subsidies in accordance with whether the farmers'fertilization pattern is beneficial to the environment.
文摘Agriculture is a key facilitator of economic prosperity and nourishes the huge global population.To achieve sustainable agriculture,several factors should be considered,such as increasing nutrient and water efficiency and/or improving soil health and quality.Using fertilizer is one of the fastest and easiest ways to improve the quality of nutrients inland and increase the effectiveness of crop yields.Fertilizer supplies most of the necessary nutrients for plants,and it is estimated that at least 30%-50%of crop yields is attributable to commercial fertilizer nutrient inputs.Fertilizer is always a major concern in achieving sustainable and efficient agriculture.Applying reasonable and customized fertilizerswill require a significant increase in the number of formulae,involving increasing costs and the accurate forecasting of the right time to apply the suitable formulae.An alternative solution is given by two-stage production planning under stochastic demand,which divides a planning schedule into two stages.The primary stage has non-existing demand information,the inputs of which are the proportion of raw materials needed for producing fertilizer products,the cost for purchasing materials,and the production cost.The total quantity of purchased material and produced products to be used in the blending process must be defined to meet as small as possible a paid cost.At the second stage,demand appears under multiple scenarios and their respective possibilities.This stage will provide a solution for each occurring scenario to achieve the best profit.The two-stage approach is presented in this paper,the mathematical model of which is based on linear integer programming.Considering the diversity of fertilizer types,themathematicalmodel can advise manufacturers about which products will generate as much as profit as possible.Specifically,two objectives are taken into account.First,the paper’s thesis focuses on minimizing overall system costs,e.g.,including inventory cost,purchasing cost,unit cost,and ordering cost at Stage 1.Second,the thesis pays attention tomaximizing total profit based on information from customer demand,as well as being informed regarding concerns about system cost at Stage 2.
基金supported in part by a joint venture agreement with the USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station in cooperation with project leader Jeff Prestemon
文摘Background: This paper explored the long-term, ceteris-paribus effects of potential CO2 fertilization on the global forest sector. Based on the findings of Norby et al. (PNAS 2005, 102(50)) about forest response to elevated [CO2]. Methods: Forest productivity was increased in the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) in proportion to the rising [CO2] projected in the IPCC scenario A1B, A2, and 132. Projections of the forest area and forest stock and of the production, consumption, prices, and trade of products ranging from fuelwood to paper and paperboard were obtained with the GFPM for each scenario, with and without CO2 fertilization beginning in 2011 and up to 2065. Results: CO2 fertilization increased wood supply, leading to lower wood prices which in turn induced modest lower prices of end products and higher global consumption. However, production and value added in industries decreased in some regions due to the relative competitive advantages and to the varying regional effects of CO2 fertilization. Conclusion: The main effect of CO2 fertilization was to raise the level of the world forest stock in 2065 by 9 to 10 % for scenarios A2 and B2 and by 20 % for scenario A1B. The rise in forest stock induced by fertilization was in part counteracted by its stimulation of the wood supply which resulted in lower wood prices and increased harvests.
文摘In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues" adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the "two-child policy", completely replacing the "one-child policy" that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The "two-child comprehensive" can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China's social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China's pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the "comprehensive two-child" policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China's pension.