Experimental research on the instability propagation characteristics of liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave

In order to study the instability propagation characteristics of the liquid kerosene rotating detonation wave(RDW),a series of experimental tests were carried out on the rotating detonation combustor(RDC)with air-heater.The fuel and oxidizer are room-temperature liquid kerosene and preheated oxygenenriched air,respectively.The experimental tests keep the equivalence ratio of 0.81 and the oxygen mass fraction of 35%unchanged,and the total mass flow rate is maintained at about 1000 g/s,changing the total temperature of the oxygen-enriched air from 620 K to 860 K.Three different types of instability were observed in the experiments:temporal and spatial instability,mode transition and re-initiation.The interaction between RDW and supply plenum may be the main reason for the fluctuations of detonation wave velocity and pressure peaks with time.Moreover,the inconsistent mixing of fuel and oxidizer at different circumferential positions is related to RDW oscillate spatially.The phenomenon of single-double-single wave transition is analyzed.During the transition,the initial RDW weakens until disappears,and the compression wave strengthens until it becomes a new RDWand propagates steadily.The increased deflagration between the detonation products and the fresh gas layer caused by excessively high temperature is one of the reasons for the RDC quenching and re-initiation.

Experimental Research on the Propagation Process of Continuous Rotating Detonation Wave

In order to study the propagation mechanism of continuous rotating detonation wave,the H2/air continuous rotating detonation engine ignited by tangentially installed H2/O2pre-detonation tube is studied experimentally using a tilt slot injector structure.The experimental results show that the stable rotating detonation wave can be gained successfully with the equivalent ratio of 0.93.The propagation frequency and velocity of rotating detonation wave range from 5200 to 5500 Hz and from 1518.5 to 1606.1 m/s,respectively.Three propagation modes,such as rotation,reversal and bifurcation,of detonation wave are verified through the analysis of propagation mechanism of rotating detonation wave.

Experimental study on propagation characteristics of rotating detonation wave with kerosene fuel-rich gas

In this study, kerosene fuel-rich gas produced by the combustion in the gas generator was used as the fuel and oxygen-rich air was used as the oxidant to investigate the propagation characteristics of the rotating detonation wave (RDW). The initiation of the kerosene fuel-rich gas and propagation process of the RDW were analyzed. The influences of the oxygen content in the oxidizer, kerosene mass flow rate of the gas generator, and temperature of the kerosene fuel-rich gas on the propagation process of the RDW were studied. The experimental results revealed that the propagation velocity of the RDW could be improved by increasing the three parameters mentioned above with the kerosene mass flow rate as the strongest factor. The minimum oxygen content that could successfully initiate and maintain the stable propagation of the RDW was 32%, achieving the RDW velocity of 1141.9 m/s. The RDW mainly propagated as two-counter rotating waves and a single wave when the equivalent ratios were 0.62–0.79 and 0.85–0.87, respectively. The highest RDW velocity of 1637.2 m/s was obtained when the kerosene mass flow rate, oxygen content, and equivalent ratio were 74.6 g/s, 44%, and 0.87, respectively.

Effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on kerosene/air rotating detonation engines using a paralleling CE/SE method

In this paper,the kerosene/air rotating detonation engines(RDE)are numerically investigated,and the emphasis is laid on the effects of total pressures and equivalence ratios on the operation characteristics of RDE including the initiation,instabilities,and propulsive performance.A hybrid MPI t OpenMP parallel computing model is applied and it is proved to be able to obtain a more effective parallel performance on high performance computing(HPC)systems.A series of cases with the total pressure of 1 MPa,1.5 MPa,2 MPa,and the equivalence ratio of 0.9,1,1.4 are simulated.On one hand,the total pressure shows a significant impact on the instabilities of rotating detonation waves.The instability phenomenon is observed in cases with low total pressure(1 MPa)and weakened with the increase of the total pressure.The total pressure has a small impact on the detonation wave velocity and the specific impulse.On the other hand,the equivalence ratio shows a negligible influence on the instabilities,while it affects the ignition process and accounts for the detonation velocity deficit.It is more difficult to initiate rotating detonation waves directly in the lean fuel operation condition.Little difference was observed in the thrust with different equivalence ratios of 0.9,1,and 1.4.The highest specific impulse was obtained in the lean fuel cases,which is around 2700 s.The findings could provide insights into the understanding of the operation characteristics of kerosene/air RDE.

IMPLICIT TVD SCHEMES APPLIED TO GAS-DROPLET DETONATION CALCULATION

In order to investigate parameters of FAE (fuel air explosive) explosion, the two-phase gas-droplet conservation equations with two-dimensional axial symmetry in the Euler coordinate were used. High-resolution implicit TVD ( total variation diminishing) schemes were applied to gas phase equations and MacCormack schemes to liquid equations. The formation and propagation of gas-droplet detonation wave were simulated numerically. The simulation results and the others are compared with a good agreement.

基于小尺寸模型分析氢氧旋转爆轰波传播的不稳定性机制

氢氧的高反应活性给旋转爆轰波的稳定传播带来了巨大的挑战,为研究氢氧旋转爆轰波传播不稳定性,通过改变当量比对小尺寸模型下二维氢氧旋转爆轰波进行数值模拟研究,揭示了氢氧旋转爆轰波复杂多变的传播特性,并分析了典型流场结构,探讨了传播模态的不稳定性以及爆轰波湮灭和再起爆机制。结果表明:随着当量比的提高,流场内分别呈现熄爆、单波、单双波混合3种传播模态,且爆轰波的传播速度随当量比的增大几乎呈线性提高,速度亏损为5%~8%。激波的扰动使得爆燃面失稳产生明显的扭曲和褶皱,氢氧的高反应活性让爆燃面明显分层且在2个分界面上呈现不同的不稳定性,上分界面为Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性,下分界面为Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)不稳定性。单双波混合模态下爆轰波极不稳定,保持湮灭、单波、双波对撞3种状态之间循环。爆轰波有2种湮灭方式:一是双波对撞导致爆轰波湮灭,二是爆燃面燃烧加剧使得爆燃面下移导致爆轰波湮灭。再起爆的主要原因是:R-T不稳定性诱导爆轰产物与新鲜预混气在爆燃面上相互挤压产生尖峰和气泡结构,增强爆燃面上的反应放热,产生了局部热点并逐渐增强为爆轰波,实现爆燃转爆轰。

Operational mode transition in a rotating detonation engine

The relationship between the number of detonation waves and the evolution process of the flow field in a rotating detonation engine was investigated through a numerical analysis.The simulations were based on the Euler equation and a detailed chemical reaction model.In the given engine model,the flow-field evolution became unstable when a single detonation wave was released.New detonation waves formed spontaneously,changing the operational mode from single-wave to four-wave.However,when two or three detonation waves were released,the flow field evolved in a quasi-steady manner.Further study revealed that the newly formed detonation wave resulted from an accelerated chemical reaction on the contact surface between the detonation products and the reactive mixture.To satisfy the stable propagation requirements of detonation waves,we proposed a parameter called NL,which can be compared with the number of detonation waves in the combustor to predict the evolution(quasi-stable or unstable)of the flow field.Finally,we verified the effectiveness of NL in a redesigned engine.This study may assist the operational mode control in rotating detonation engine experiments.

Investigation on C_(2)H_(4)-Air combustion mode in a non-premixed rotating detonation combustor

Based on the working characteristics of the rotating detonation combustor,the combustion mode of C_(2)H_(4)-Air under non-premixed injection conditions is experimentally studied in this paper.By changing the equivalence ratio,we observed the acoustic deflagration mode,fast deflagration mode,stable detonation mode,and weak detonation mode in the combustor.The velocity and pressure of the shock wave increase gradually as the equivalence ratio increases from 0.6 to 1.8.The stable detonation region appears near the stoichiometric ratio and the velocity of the detonation wave is relatively stable.When the equivalence ratio of the mixture is larger than 1.32,the stable detonation wave will suddenly extinguish,forming a weak detonation mode until the end of the combustor operation.The combustion mode of weak detonation is greatly affected by the fuel injection pressure ratio,and the release rate of energy is the main reason for the formation of deflagration mode or detonation mode.

旋转爆震环境下涡轮流场及气动激励的演变规律研究

涡轮式旋转爆震发动机有望给航空发动机性能带来变革性提升,但旋转爆震燃烧室的出口流场会对下游涡轮的运行产生显著影响。针对旋转爆震环境下涡轮的工作特性问题,构建了运动激波模型,并基于模型重构了涡轮的非定常入口条件,对该极端工况下的涡轮开展数值模拟研究,分析了其内部流场及气动激励的演变规律与特征。结果表明,涡轮处在强非线性的来流扰动之下,运动激波与涡轮相互作用产生复杂的波系结构,涡轮上下游的波系结构相似,但是涡轮内激波的演化随运动激波模态的不同而有所区别;爆震环境下动叶气动激励的主要激励源是通道内的波系结构,叶表气动激励和压力脉动程度均增大,但是叶片载荷显著下降。

预混煤油/空气两相旋转爆轰传播特性数值研究

为研究预混煤油/空气两相旋转爆轰波的传播特性,以煤油蒸气/液滴为燃料,空气为氧化剂,开展了二维旋转爆轰过程的数值模拟计算,研究了气态燃料当量比和液滴直径对气液两相旋转爆轰过程中流场结构、胞格形状和数目、爆轰分数以及传播速度等特征的影响。结果表明:较高的气态燃料当量比和较小的液滴直径有利于旋转爆轰波的成功传播。气态燃料当量比为0.83时,可起爆的液滴直径增大至40μm。研究发现,爆轰波成功起爆的前提下,提高气态燃料当量比或减小液滴直径均利于胞格数目的增多和平均尺寸的减小,胞格数目为5.0~6.7,低于5.0爆轰波将无法维持传播;燃料的爆轰分数与气态燃料当量比和液滴直径有关,提高气态燃料当量比或减小液滴直径均促进燃料的爆轰分数以及爆轰波传播速度的提高,爆轰分数最高可达94.9%,爆轰波的传播速度为1 638.34~1 777.62 m/s,速度亏损在13%以内。

不同燃烧室结构下的碳/空气两相旋转爆轰发动机数值研究

气固两相旋转爆轰发动机的研究有望提高固体冲压发动机的推进性能。由于实验的局限性,燃烧室内的颗粒分布和流场结构等在很大程度都是未知的。本文以常温条件的碳/空气作为推进剂,对不同当量比下的环形和空心燃烧室进行了三维数值模拟研究。气相化学反应模型采用层流有限速率模型,碳燃烧采用多表面反应模型,颗粒直径为1μm。结果表明:空心燃烧室内未完全燃烧的颗粒数量增加,接触面发生褶皱且波后无低温条带;在环形燃烧室中,爆轰波与燃烧室壁面的相互碰撞产生新的爆轰波,而空心燃烧室的新爆轰波是由燃烧室下游激波对撞后形成的高压区产生的。相比于环形燃烧室,空心燃烧室内爆轰波的压力偏低,颗粒的燃烧效率降低,相同燃料与空气流量条件下发动机的推力下降且更加不稳定。

扰动进口影响多重旋转爆轰波演化及振荡特性的数值研究

基于OpenFOAM开源平台,研究了周期性扰动进口对旋转爆轰发动机(RDE)多重爆轰波的演化及振荡特性的影响。结果表明:对于进口扰动的旋转爆轰波(RDW)传播过程先后分为三个阶段,分别是混乱阶段、自调整阶段和振荡传播阶段。通过改变扰动振幅,RDW的波数改变,传播方向并未改变;而改变扰动频率,RDW的波数和传播方向均发生变化。多重爆轰波起源于RDW的混乱传播,主要通过双波对撞进行RDW的波数和方向的调整。同时通过改变扰动振幅和频率讨论RDW传播特性,发现进口扰动将作用于旋转爆轰波的压力、传播速度和热释放速率,并且在本文研究中,改变扰动振幅对RDW传播特性的影响更显著。另外,对出口的推力进行分析,发现质量流量和推力的振荡形式和进口扰动形式高度一致,且增大扰动振幅,平均比冲相应增大。

侧向膨胀效应下激波与涡轮平面叶栅相互作用机理研究

爆轰燃烧具有更低的熵增率和更高的热循环效率,利用旋转爆轰燃烧室替代涡轮喷气式发动机的主燃烧室可以进一步提高其工作性能。为研究旋转爆轰波组合发动机内部的工作过程,建立激波管与涡轮平面叶栅耦合计算模型,考虑激波传播方向的影响,分析激波在侧向膨胀效应下与涡轮叶片相互作用机理,并在此基础上进一步开展可视化实验研究。结果表明:在侧向膨胀效应影响下,激波波阵面从竖直形状转变为弯曲形状,波后气流在直角台阶处形成一个三角形的局部超声速区域,随后弯曲激波与涡轮叶片的前缘处、压力面、吸力面和尾缘处相互作用,在叶栅通道内形成复杂的波系结构。静子叶栅和转子叶栅对压力和温度有着不同程度的抑制作用,当弯曲激波相对于叶片垂直时,叶栅的抑制更为明显。对比分析了实验与数值模拟获得的激波系在涡轮平面叶栅通道内的传播及演化过程,发现激波演化的时空特性高度一致,实验与数值模拟结果吻合良好。观测到弯曲激波在叶片尾缘处发生衍射,波阵面面积明显增大且激波传播方向改变,随着激波继续传播,叶片尾缘处伴随着脱落涡产生。

颗粒注射速度对铝粉/空气两相旋转爆轰波的影响

为研究颗粒注射速度对非预混铝粉/空气旋转爆轰波传播特性的影响,通过采用离散相模型、具有有限速率动力学/扩散表面燃烧模型的一步表面反应、多步可逆气相分解反应以及考虑未完全燃烧颗粒的挥发,对注射温度为300 K的铝颗粒和来流总温为900 K的高温空气进行二维数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:由于入口附近颗粒注射速度低于空气的注射速度,空气三角区和颗粒三角区无法完全重合;当颗粒注射速度从1 m/s增加到100 m/s时,爆轰波的速度和温度先减小后增加;颗粒和空气在注入燃烧室时存在较大的温度差异,导致爆轰波不稳定传播;颗粒注射速度为70 m/s时,爆轰波的稳定性最好。

来流总温对液态煤油旋转爆震影响的数值模拟

为了实现煤油/富氧空气旋转爆震燃烧室稳定工作并探索来流总温对流场及爆震燃烧特性的影响,设计了一种液态煤油/富氧空气旋转爆震燃烧室结构,采用欧拉⁃拉格朗日算法开展了旋转爆震燃烧室的冷热态数值模拟。结果表明,随着来流总温的提升,在温度及停留时间的共同作用下,燃油雾化掺混效果并非是来流总温越高越好,而是在1150 K下最优,燃油蒸发率达99.2%,掺混均匀度为50.3%。来流总温超过650 K的条件下均可以实现稳定的旋转爆震工作模式。来流总温的变化对于爆震波的传播模态有着显著的影响,来流总温越大,越有利于液态煤油/富氧空气旋转爆震燃烧室内多波模态的形成。随着爆震波波头数目的增加,单个波头的压力、波速及爆震波高度随之下降,而整体爆震波的稳定性得到了明显的提升。

旋转爆震燃烧向心涡轮组合流场数值研究

爆震燃烧自增压特性可以有效提高涡轮的轮轴功输出。为探究旋转爆震燃烧应用于向心涡轮的可行性并分析爆震燃烧与涡轮相互作用机理,本文建立了旋转爆震向心涡轮三维分析模型,研究了不同转速和流量下旋转爆震传播及涡轮流场特性的变化规律。数值计算结果表明,在向心涡轮高速旋转时环形爆震燃烧室中可以获得稳定自持的爆震波。旋转爆震诱导的斜激波会显著改变涡轮流道内的气流方向,并在叶片局部产生分离涡和超声速流动;斜激波经过涡轮作用后压强峰值显著降低,振幅下降了60%;爆震涡轮组合工作能够增大向心涡轮的压比和温降,从而提高涡轮输出功和输出转矩,其峰值输出功在转速与理论最佳速度比为0.75时达到最大,比相同工况下的等压燃烧涡轮输出功高30%~40%,其最大输出转矩为12 N·m;而爆震模态下涡轮出口的超声速流动增大了激波损失,涡轮效率下降了20%。在0.36~0.40 kg/s流量内,爆震模态下涡轮落压比和总温随流量变化较小,涡轮的输出转矩和流量成正比;但进一步提高流量会造成流道拥塞,影响爆震波的稳定传播。

旋转爆轰流场的数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,采用氢气-空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对充有当量比的氢气-空气预混气和空气的环形旋转爆轰流场,从点火燃烧到发展成旋转爆轰的过程进行了数值模拟。根据数值结果分析了波后流场中爆轰产物受激波、高温和离心力等作用而挤向外壁,形成有利于充入燃料,实现持续稳定旋转爆轰的流场特征。还讨论流场中爆轰波、激波与间断面和内外壁面反射或折射,从而形成多个激波相交的波系特征。为认识和理解旋转爆轰流场,开展旋转爆轰的实验研究等具有现实的指导意义。

连续旋转爆震波细致结构及自持机理

基于化学非平衡流解耦方法和详细化学反应机理,在0.1mm的网格尺度下对连续旋转爆震波内流场和爆震波平掠惰性气体界面的传播过程进行了数值模拟。详细分析了连续旋转爆震波的空间结构,由于在出口侧无几何约束,受一系列稀疏波的影响,旋转爆震波强度受到不同程度的削弱,形状也发生了相应的变化。爆震波平掠惰性气体界面时的流场分布与连续旋转爆震波结构极为类似,对比研究了波前可燃气体层高度对爆震波结构和传播过程的影响,当爆震波高度较小时,其抵御惰性气体侧稀疏波衰减的能力弱,波阵面严重变形,爆震波解耦。若爆震波要稳定自持传播,其必须要达到一定的临界高度来抵御稀疏波的影响。

旋转爆震波发动机二维数值模拟

采用一种改进的化学非平衡流解耦方法对Euler反应流方程解耦处理,对流项采用五阶WENO格式离散,化学反应源项的刚性采用简化的隐式方法处理,时间步进采用二阶精度的Runge-Kutta方法,对H2/Air预混气旋转爆震发动机内流场进行了二维数值模拟。模拟结果给出了不同发动机尺寸条件下的详细起爆过程,结果表明当发动机尺寸小于临界直径时无法成功起爆;详细分析了流场结构和爆震波形状,旋转爆震波的传播速度与理论预测值吻合;性能分析结果表明在喷注总压低于燃烧室平均压力时仍可实现推进剂喷注,没装尾喷管的情况下发动机比冲达到176.5s。

分开喷注方式下旋转爆震发动机三维数值模拟

对环缝-小孔喷注方式下旋转爆震发动机内流场进行三维数值模拟,氧化剂(空气)由环缝喷入环形燃烧室,燃料H2由周向均匀分布的90个小孔喷入环形燃烧室.分析了燃料与氧化剂的混合效果以及三维旋转爆震波的发展过程.研究结果表明:环缝的喷注压力对混合效果的影响较大,过大的环缝喷注压力不利于燃料与氧化剂的混合;对于环缝-小孔喷注方式存在最短混合距离,爆震波在该距离内传播极不稳定,通常会经历爆震波的形成-消失-再形成等过程.要获得稳定传播的旋转爆震波,爆震波高度需大于该最小混合距离.