基于PMSG-WECS的双自适应虚拟惯性控制方法研究

基于提高电网的频率响应能力的目的,该文提出了一种基于永磁同步发电机(PMSG)的风力发电系统的双自适应虚拟惯性控制方法。通常情况下,采用虚拟惯性常数来模拟同步发电机,其释放的能量完全依赖于频率变化率(ROCOF)。然而,仅依赖于ROCOF并不能充分利用风机的惯性。为了获得更好的系统频率响应,该方法充分利用风力发电机(WT)的转子动能和风力发电系统(WECS)的直流链电容能量作为系统频率的支撑,并根据电网频率和电网频率变化率(ROCOF)自适应调节虚拟惯性参数,加速系统频率的恢复过程。通过仿真分析可知,提出的控制方法能更有效地利用风机动能和直流链电容的能量,减小了频率偏差和频率变化率。

不平衡电网电压下基于无模型自适应控制的WECS控制研究

不平衡电网电压会影响风能转换系统(WECS)的正常并网运行,导致系统输出功率的波动以及输出电流的畸变。此外,在实际的永磁同步风电系统中可能会由于环境温度的变化以及检测误差等原因使得网侧电路参数存在不确定性的问题,如果参数发生改变,传统控制方法的性能将会下降。基于此,提出了一种基于灰色预测的无模型自适应控制(MFAC)方案,以缓解因电路参数不确定性导致的性能下降问题,使控制系统具有更好的抗干扰能力。此外,采用三种独立的控制方法来解决不平衡电网电压下并网输出功率的波动及电流畸变问题。仿真对比结果表明,所提控制策略不仅在电路标称参数下具有良好的静态和动态性能,而且当网侧电感参数变化时,系统的鲁棒性也得到提高,验证了所提方案的优越性。

RT-flex型柴油机的控制系统WECS-9520功能性分析研究

作为船用新一代电喷智能Win GD RT-FLEX系列柴油机,在燃烧性能的不断优化,安全性能的不断提高,新技术和新工艺的应用不断深入,对管理人员的技能水平要求越来越高,本篇主要针对RT-FLEX系列机型的核心控制单元WECS-9520功能性分析研究,WECS-9520是柴油机控制的核心,本篇对WECS-9520控制系统的组成,外部系统的通信以及功能性设计等进行了全面的分析,拟帮助船舶工作人员熟悉WECS-9520的控制核心功能,掌握柴油机故障的分析与解决问题的方法,提高柴油机运行的可靠性,确保船舶运营的安全性。

The Criteria for Reducing Centrally Restricted Three-Body Problem to Two-Body Problem

Our Solar System contains eight planets and their respective natural satellites excepting the inner two planets Mercury and Venus. A satellite hosted by a given Planet is well protected by the gravitational pertubation of much heavier planets such as Jupiter and Saturn if the natural satellite lies deep inside the respective host Planet Hill sphere. Each planet has a Hill radius aH and planet mean radius RP and the ratio R1=RP/aH. Under very low R1 (less than 0.006) the approximation of CRTBP (centrally restricted three-body problem) to two-body problem is valid and planet has spacious Hill lobe to capture a satellite and retain it. This ensures a high probability of capture of natural satellite by the given planet and Sun’s perturbation on Planet-Satellite binary can be neglected. This is the case with Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. But Mercury and Venus has R1=RP/aH =0.01 and 5.9862 × 10-3 respectively hence they have no satellites. There is a limit to the dimension of the captured body. It must be a much smaller body both dimensionally as well masswise. The qantitative limit is a subject of an independent study.

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

弹性胶囊振荡水柱式波能转换装置的水动力特性研究

波浪能是一种极具潜力的可再生能源。为推进波能资源的利用,开发具有应用前景的新型波能转换装置(WEC),提出了创新性的弹性胶囊振荡水柱式(EC-OWC)波能转换装置,设计建立了物理试验模型。通过膨胀波试验,研究了弹性胶囊的膨胀特性和自由膨胀波的运动特性;通过波浪试验,研究了装置与波浪耦合作用时的水动力性能,以及波浪和模型参数对系统振荡和波高放大比的影响。结果显示:装置内外水头差由0增加至30 cm时,自由膨胀波波速由约3.02 m/s减小至1.90 m/s,与一维纵波理论结果规律相符;相对水深在0.0644~0.0782范围内时,稳定后的波高放大比基本均超过4,其中相对水深值为0.0706时达到最大波高放大比6;波高放大比随相对水头的增大先增大后减小,相对水头值为6时达到最大波高放大比6.5;波高放大比在相对管长为1.77时达到最大值6.35。结果表明:一维纵波理论可为弹性胶囊的设计提供支撑;控制水头差可有效调整装置的自然振荡周期;当装置内外振荡周期相匹配时,系统达到近似共振,装置内部膨胀波为驻波,且当胶囊长度接近半波长时,波高放大比达到最大。通过对EC-OWC模型的初步水动力性能试验研究,展示了该装置的优越性能和共振特性,可为此类WEC的开发提供参考。

基于改进蜜獾算法的波能转换器阵列优化

针对波浪能转换器(WEC)阵列发电效率提升问题,提出一种基于改进蜜獾算法的三系WEC阵列优化方法.首先,为克服原始蜜獾算法(HBA)收敛速度慢、收敛精度低等缺陷,引入佳点集初始化、混沌机制和蜜獾种群变异3种策略对原始HBA进行改进.此外,为了验证改进蜜獾算法(IHBA)的先进性和有效性,开展2个浮标、10个浮标和20个浮标3个不同规模的WEC阵列优化实验.2浮标阵列仿真结果表明,WEC阵列优化存在多组最优解,且IHBA、HBA、遗传算法和粒子群优化算法都能以不同速度找到最优解.然而,随着WEC阵列规模的增大,3种对比算法都会陷入局部最优解.相反地,IHBA依然表现出较强寻优能力并能搜寻到全局最优解.最后,IHBA所获10浮标和20浮标的阵列q因子分别高达1.059和0.968,远优于其他3种算法.

工业循环水WECS改造技术的应用探讨

阐述了酒钢集团不锈钢二期软环泵站引进的改造技术——工业循环水系统节能优化运行技术(Water Energy Conservation System,WECS),在对冷却循环水系统进行WECS改造后,系统节能率达到62%,并在改造后的近两年时间内,一直安全顺利运行。

一种串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统的设计与试验研究

针对传统的直驱式波浪发电系统安装不便以及俘获波浪能能力弱的问题,文章提出了一种漂浮串联式双浮体直驱式波浪发电系统。该系统的两个浮体水平漂浮在波浪中,Halbach永磁直线发电机的初级与次级分别安装在两个浮体之间的侧面,两个浮体均可俘获波浪能,提升了系统的波浪能俘获能力。该系统还具有结构简单、易于制造与维护的优点。文章利用制作的原型样机在波浪水槽中进行了试验。试验结果表明,在波高为16 cm,浮体吃水为16 cm,在波浪周期从1.2 s增大到2.4 s的波况下,原型样机的平均发电功率在1.8 s处取得最大值6.54 W。比较双浮体原型样机与单浮体样机后发现,在波浪周期较大的范围内,双浮体原型样机输出的平均发电功率一直高于单浮体样机。

应用WEC技术通过时间效应关系研究氟的发育毒性

应用WEC技术,氟浓度为30μg/ml对妊娠9.5天龄大鼠的胚胎在体外进行不同时间的染毒观察氟对胚胎生长发育和形态分化影响的时间效应关系。结果显示,氟对大鼠胚胎生长发育和器官形态分化均有明显的抑制作用,暴露起始越早,持续时间越长,抑制效应越强,表现出明显的时间效应关系。暴露时间16小时已明显抑制卵黄囊血管分化和血管网形成。24小时以上各实验组,反映胚胎生长发育和形态分化的各项指标与对照比较均呈现出显著差异(P<0.05;P<0.01)。胚胎畸形发生率也显著升高。

Neural network study of the nuclear ground-state spin distribution within a random interaction ensemble

The distribution of the nuclear ground-state spin in a two-body random ensemble(TBRE)was studied using a general classification neural network(NN)model with two-body interaction matrix elements as input features and the corresponding ground-state spins as labels or output predictions.The quantum many-body system problem exceeds the capability of our optimized NNs in terms of accurately predicting the ground-state spin of each sample within the TBRE.However,our NN model effectively captured the statistical properties of the ground-state spin because it learned the empirical regularity of the ground-state spin distribution in TBRE,as discovered by physicists.

基于联合仿真的波浪能发电装置PTO系统参数优化研究

PTO(power take-off)系统是波浪能发电装置(wave energy converter,WEC)的重要组成部分。本文针对摇臂式波浪能发电装置,提出一种机械式PTO系统,考虑发电机负载与机械传动的影响,开展摇臂浮子水动力性能与PTO系统的联合仿真研究。分析摇臂浮子在不同行程工作模式下的运动响应,并对联合仿真模型的PTO系统参数进行优化。研究发现:在目标海况下,本项目设计的发电装置,双行程工作的WEC系统功率显著高于单行程工作状态,双行程WEC最佳功率对应的传动比约为72.5;单行程工作的摇臂浮子在低传动比(小于60)下的上升、下降功率近乎相等,随着传动比的增加,上升、下降行程的功率相较于双行程模式都分别递增,且下降行程功率大于上升行程功率。本文采用的联合仿真方法可为不同海况与各类振荡浮子式波能发电装置的设计与选型提供参考。

Theoretical analysis of the double-differential cross-sections of neutron,proton,deuteron,^(3)He,andαfor the p+^(6) Li reaction

Based on the unified Hauser–Feshbach and exciton model,which can describe the particle emission processes between discrete energy levels with energy,angular momentum,and parity conservations,a statistical theory of light nucleus reaction(STLN)is developed to calculate the double-differential cross-sections of the outgoing neutron and light charged particles for the proton-induced^(6) Li reaction.A significant difference is observed between the p+^(6) Li and p+^(7) Li reactions owing to the discrepancies in the energy-level structures of the targets.The reaction channels,including sequential and simultaneous emission processes,are analyzed in detail.Taking the double-differential cross-sections of the outgoing proton as an example,the influence of contaminations(such as^(1) H,^(7)Li,^(12)C,and^(16)O)on the target is identified in terms of the kinetic energy of the first emitted particles.The optical potential parameters of the proton are obtained by fitting the elastic scattering differential cross-sections.The calculated total double-differential cross-sections of the outgoing proton and deuteron at E_(p)=14 MeV agree well with the experimental data for different outgoing angles.Simultaneously,the mixed double differential cross-sections of^(3) He andαare in good agreement with the measurements.The agreement between the measured data and calculated results indicates that the two-body and three-body breakup reactions need to be considered,and the pre-equilibrium reaction mechanism dominates the reaction processes.Based on the STLN model,a PLUNF code for the p+^(6) Li reaction is developed to obtain an ENDF-6-formatted file of the double-differential cross-sections of the nucleon and light composite charged particles.

Binding Energy, Root Mean Square Radius and Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Triton Nucleus

The basis functions of the translation invariant shell model are used to construct the ground state nuclear wave functions of 3H. The used residual two-body interactions consist of central, tensor, spin orbit and quadratic spin orbit terms with Gaussian radial dependence. The parameters of these interactions are so chosen in such a way that they represent the long-range attraction and the short-range repulsion of the nucleon-nucleon interactions. These parameters are so chosen to reproduce good agreement between the calculated values of the binding energy, the root mean-square radius, the D-state probability, the magnetic dipole moment and the electric quadrupole moment of the deuteron nucleus. The variation method is then used to calculate the binding energy of triton by varying the oscillator parameter which exists in the nuclear wave function. The obtained nuclear wave functions are then used to calculate the root mean-square radius and the magnetic dipole moment of the triton.

Performance of Two Types of Mooring Systems in the Heave Motion of a Two-body Floating Wave Energy Converter

This work investigated the influence of two types of mooring systems on the hydrodynamic performance of a two-body floating wave energy converter(WEC). It also investigated the effects of the physical parameters of the mooring system on the amount of extractable power from incident waves in the frequency domain. The modeled converter comprised a floating body(a buoy), a submerged body with two mooring systems, and a coupling system for two bodies. The coupling system was a simplified power take-off system that was modeled by a linear spring-damper model. The tension leg mooring system could drastically affect the heave motion of the submerged body of the model and increase relative displacement between the two bodies. The effects of the stiffness parameter of the mooring system on power absorption exceeded those of the pretension tendon force.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and two-body abrasive wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al-Si-SiC composite

The microstructure,mechanical properties,and the effects of sliding distance and material removal mechanism on two-body abrasive wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al-Si-Si C composite and its matrix alloy were investigated.The hypereutectic Al-Si-Si C composite was prepared by stir casting route.The hardness,ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the composite are increased by 17%,38%,and 30%respectively compared with those of the matrix alloy,while the elongation of the composite is decreased by 48%compared with that of the matrix alloy.The wear rate of the materials is increased with increasing the abrasive size and the applied load and does not vary with the sliding distance.The wear surfaces and wear debris of the materials were characterized by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy(HR FESEM)and wear mechanism was analyzed for low and high load regimes.

Parametric Study of Two-Body Floating-Point Wave Absorber

In this paper, we present a comprehensive numerical simulation of a point wave absorber in deep water. Analyses are performed in both the frequency and time domains. The converter is a two-body floating-point absorber （FPA） with one degree of freedom in the heave direction. Its two parts are connected by a linear mass-spring-damper system. The commercial ANSYS-AQWA software used in this study performs well in considering validations. The velocity potential is obtained by assuming incompressible and irrotational flow. As such, we investigated the effects of wave characteristics on energy conversion and device efficiency, including wave height and wave period, as well as the device diameter, draft, geometry, and damping coefficient. To validate the model, we compared our numerical results with those from similar experiments. Our study results can clearly help to maximize the converter＇s efficiency when considering specific conditions.

INVESTIGATION ON TWO-BODY WEAR OF AUSTENITIC MANGANESE STEEL THROUGH NUMERICAL QUADRATURE

The mathematic calculation on two--body wear of austenitic manganese steel has been performed by means of the elastic contact theory,stress interferometer and SEM.Stress distribution in contacted area was calculated and the mechanism on two--body wear has been investigated through numerical quadrature.Results show that two--body wear is mainly plowing wear the cracks of abrasive dust originates from the region between 0.2αand 0.5α(αis radius of contacted round).Driving force to make crack extension along y axis is T_(yzmax)and extension direction is 45°with horizon.Driving forces to make crack extension along x axis is alternativeσ_x and T_(yzmax),the direction of crack extension is 37°with horizon.

On the Gravitational Two-Body System and an Infinite Set of Laplace-Runge-Lenz Vectors

The current approach of a system of two bodies that interact through a gravitational force goes beyond the familiar expositions [1-3] and derives some interesting features and laws that are overlooked. A new expression for the angular momentum of a system in terms of the angular momenta of its parts is deduced. It is shown that the characteristics of the relative motion depend on the system’s total mass, whereas the characteristics of the individual motions depend on the masses of the two bodies. The reduced energy and angular momentum densities are constants of motion that do not depend on the distribution of the total mass between the two bodies;whereas the energy may vary in absolute value from an infinitesimal to a maximum value which occurs when the two bodies are of equal masses. In correspondence with infinite possible ways to describe the absolute rotational positioning of a two body system, an infinite set of Laplace-Runge-Lenz vectors (LRL) are constructed, all fixing a unique orientation of the orbit relative to the fixed stars. The common expression of LRV vector is an approximation of the actual one. The conditions for nested and intersecting individual orbits of the two bodies are specified. As far as we know, and apart from the law of periods, the laws of equivalent orbits concerning their associated periods, areal velocities, angular velocities, velocities, energies, as well as, the law of total angular momentum, were never considered before.

Re-examination of the Two-Body Problem Using Our New General System Theory

It is well-known that philosophical conflicts exist among classical mechanics,quantum mechanics and relativistic mechanics.In order to use the framework of general system theory to unify these three mechanics subjects,a new general system theory is developed based on a new ontology of ether and minds as the fundamental existences in the world.The two-body problem is the simplest model in mechanics and in this paper,it is re-examined by using our new general system theory.It is found that the current description of the classical full two-body problem is inappropriate since the observer and the measurement apparatus have not been explicitly considered.After considering these,it is actually a three-body problem while only the special case of the Kepler problem is the two-body problem.By introducing the concepts of psychic force and psychic field,all the possible movement states in the two-body problem can be explained within the framework of classical mechanics.There is no need to change the meanings of many fundamental concepts,such as time,space,matter,mass,and energy as done in quantum mechanics and relativity theory.This points out a new direction for the unification of different theories.