Performance analyses of two-phase closed thermosyphons for road embankments in the high-latitude permafrost regions

Two-phase closed thermosyphons(TPCTs)are widely used in infrastructure constructions in permafrost regions.Due to different climatic conditions,the effectiveness of TPCT will also be different,especially in the extremely cold region of the Da Xing'anling Mountains.In this study,a series of three-dimensional finite element TPCT embankment models were established based on the ZhanglingMohe highway TPCT test section in Da Xing'anling Mountains,and the thermal characteristics and the cooling effect of the TPCTs were analyzed.The results indicated that the TPCTs installed in the northeastern high-latitude regions is effective in cooling and stabilizing the embankment.The working cycle of the TPCTs is nearly 7 months,and the cooling range of the TPCTs can reach 3 m in this region.However,due to the extremely low temperature,the TPCT generates a large radial gradient in the permafrost layer.Meanwhile,by changing the climate conditions,the same type of TPCT embankment located in the Da Xing'anling Mountains,the Xiao Xing'anling Mountains,and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau permafrost regions were simulated.Based on the comparison of the climate differences between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Northeast China,the differences in the effectiveness of TPCTs were studied.Finally,the limitations of using existing TPCTs in high-latitude permafrost regions of China were discussed and the potential improvements of the TPCT in cold regions were presented.

Temperature distribution of fluids in a two-section two-phase closed thermosyphon wellbore

Compared with a conventional single section two-phase closed thermosyphon （TPCT） wellbore, a two-section TPCT wellbore has better heat transfer performance, which may improve the temperature distribution of fluid in wellbores, increase the temperature of fluid in wellheads and even more effectively reduce the failure rate of conventional TPCT wellbores. Heat transfer performance of two-section TPCT wellbores is affected by working medium, combination mode and oil flow rate. Different working media are introduced into the upper and lower TPCTs, which may achieve a better match between the working medium and the temperature field in the wellbores. Interdependence exists between the combination mode and the flow rate of the oil, which affects the heat transfer performance of a two-section TPCT wellbore. The experimental results show that a two-section TPCT wellbore, with equal upper and lower TPCTs respectively filled with Freon and methanol, has the best heat transfer performance when the oil flow rate is 200 L/h.

CONDENSING HEAT TRANSFER IN AN ADVANCED TWO-PHASE CLOSED THERMOSYPHON

1 INTRODUCTIONClosed thermosyphon has been developed to enhance heat transfer and recover wasteheat in various process industries [1,2].Stimulated by this success,a new type oftwo-phase closed thermosyphon was designed by inserting respectively two inner tubesinto the thermosyphon,one in the boiling section and the other in the condensing sec-tion.The two-phase flow boiling heat transfer coefficient was calculated successfully onthe basis of Chen’s dual-mechanism [3].A boiling heat transfer model for thetwo-phase closed thermosyphon with an inner tube in the boiling section was pro-

Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon

Heat transfer and hydrodynamics of two phase closed thermosyphon （TPCT） is studied using finite difference method of Stream function and vorticity. The mathematical model is formed for both vapor phase and liquid film in a non-dimensional form. The momentum and energy equations as parabolic equations have been solved by means of the locally one-dimensional scheme of A.A. Samarskii. The Poisson equation for the stream function has been approximated on the basis of the discrete scheme ＂cross＂. The obtained system of algebraic equations has been solved by the successive over relaxation method. The effect of the Rayleigh number on the velocity and temperature fields in the domain of interest and on the average Nusselt number at the solid-fluid interfaces is investigated. It was found that increase in the Rayleigh number leads to the increment of both the average Nusselt number and the stream function in the vapor zone.

Climate warming is likely to weaken the performance of two-phase closed thermosyphon on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Over the years,numerous geotechnical approaches have been implemented to mitigate the adverse effects of climate warming on various infrastructures in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP),such as the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Railway,and achieved the expected engineering outcomes.However,little attention has been given to whether the performance of these geotechnical approaches has changed during the ongoing process of climate warming.To investigate the performance variation of one of these geotechnical approaches,which is two-phase closed thermosyphon(TPCT),during sustained climate warming,we conducted a statistical analysis of soil temperature monitoring data in 2003-2020 from eight regular embankments and six TPCT embankments in our permafrost monitoring network.The results indicate that TPCT undeniably has a cooling effect on the permafrost beneath embankments,even rapidly eliminated previously formed taliks beneath embankment.However,further analysis reveals that the performance of TPCT has been weakening during sustained climate warming,which has confirmed by the re-forming of the taliks beneath embankment where they had been previously eliminated.Based on the current understanding,we attributed the weakening of thermosyphon performance to a significant reduction in the air temperature freezing index caused by ongoing climate warming.Through this study,we aimed to draw attention to the evolving performance of geotechnical approaches in permafrost regions amid climate warming,prompting necessary engineering innovations to address this situation and ensure the sustainable development of the permafrost region on the QTP.

Dynamic simulation and experimental validation of a two-phase closed thermosyphon for geothermal application

The heat transfer perfonmance of a vertical two-phase closed thermosyphon(TPCT)used in a geothermal heat pump was experimentally investigated.The TPCT is a verticalplain steel pipe with inner diameter of 114 mm and bored 368 m deep underground.Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is used as working fluid.In the TPCT there is no condensation section.CO_(2)is condensed by the evaporator pf the heat pump,flows into the head of the TPCT and nuns down as a falling film along the inner wall of the pipe.For the heat transfer simulation in the TPCT,a quasi-dynamic model in which the mass transfer between the liquid and vapor phases as well as the conduction heat transfer from the surrounding soil towards the pipe is treated dynamically.However the film flow modeling is based on the Nusselt theory of frilm condenssation.The compauison of the experimental data with the numerical simulation is presented and discussed.

A CLOSED SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS FOR DENSE TWO-PHASE FLOW AND EXPRESSIONS OF SHEARING STRESS OF DISPERSED PHA’E AT A WALL

Inthis paper, each of the two phases in dense two-phase flow is considered as continuous medium and the fundamental equations for two-phase flow arc described in Eulerian form. The generalized constitutive relation of the Bingham fluid is applied to the dispersed phase with the analysis oj physical mechanism of dense two-phase flow. The shearing stress of dispersed phase at a wall is used to give a boundary condition. Then a mathematical model for dense two-phase flow is obtained. In addition, the expressions of shearing stress of dispersed phase at a wall is derived according to the fundamental model of the friclional collision between dispersed-plutse particles and the wall.

Experimental study on transient behavior of semi-open two-phase thermosyphon

An experimental system was set up to measure the temperature, pressure, heat transfer rate and mass flow rate in a semi-open two-phase thermosyphon. The behaviors of a semi-open two-phase thermosyphon during startup, shutdown and lack of water were studied to get complete understanding of its thermal characteristics. The variation of wall temperature, heat-exchange condition and pressure fluctuations of semi-open two-phase thermosyphons showed that the startup of SOTPT needs about 60-70 min; the startup speed of SOTPT is determined by the startup speed of the condensation section; the average pressure in the heat pipe is equal to the environmental pressure usually; the shutdown of SOTPT needs about 30-50min; a semi-open two-phase thermosyphon has good response to lack of water accident.

Pressure Buildup Analysis for a Well in a Closed, Bounded Multiwell Reservoir

A general method has been developed for analyzing pressure buildup data from a well located in a system with both production and injection wells in a closed, bounded two-phase flow reservoir. The proposed method enables one to calculate the total mobility or permeability-thickness product, the skin factor, the average drainage-area pressure and the injection-production ratio （at the instant of shut-in） with accuracy from pressure buildup （or falloff） data dominated by a linear trend of reservoir pressure. Out of thousands of well tests, several typical field examples have been presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method for analyzing pressure transient data from a well located in a water-injection multiwell reservoir. And the possible application of this method to heterogeneous systems such as naturally fractured reservoirs is also discussed. Approaches to aid practicing engineers in verifying the buildup interpretation （or recognizing the interference of offset wells） are presented. Extension of the presented method to a gas well located in a multiwell gas reservoir is also suggested

重力热管技术研究与应用概述

重力热管是一种高效的传热元件,因其结构简单、等温性良好、换热性能优异、不含有能动部件等特点,被广泛应用于各个领域。本文全面总结讨论了重力热管的传热机制,包括膜状冷凝和努塞尔理论、降膜蒸发和降膜沸腾等机理,并对相关的理论模型进行了讨论分析,给出了比较合适可靠的理论模型选择建议。此外还介绍了重力热管在工程领域的应用现状,指出了重力热管技术应用所面临的问题和发展方向。

充液率和倾角对多年冻土区重力热管传热性能的影响

为探讨热管最佳工况,搭建了适用于多年冻土区的氨-钢热管试验台。通过监测热管内部轴向、外壁的温度分布以及外壁面的热流密度变化,在负温条件下开展了不同充液率(20%、30%、40%)和倾角(10°、30°、50°、70°、90°)对热管传热性能影响的试验。试验结果表明:在三种充液率下,热管处于10°倾角时均温性最佳;充液率为30%和40%的热管倾角50°时总热阻最小、传热效率最高,充液率为20%条件下热管的总热阻和传热效率在倾角30°时分别达到极小值和最高值。总体而言,充液率为30%的热管具有最佳传热表现。

青藏铁路多年冻土区热棒路基温度场三维非线性分析

高温高含冰量的多年冻土地段,极易受外部条件的扰动而发生变化。针对此类冻土的特征,提出了热棒路基。根据带相变热传导有限元方法,对普通路基、热棒路基在未来50年青藏铁路沿线气温上升1.0℃情况下的温度场进行了预报分析和比较。计算结果表明,在年平均气温为-3.5℃或年平均地温为-1℃的地区,在青藏铁路50年的使用期内,普通路基在气温升高条件下路基下伏冻土都将发生融化,路基将会产生较大融沉变形,不能保证青藏铁路路基的稳定性。热棒路基具有主动冷却的作用,可以更好的保护冻土。路基计算结构表明,在未来50年气温上升1.0℃的条件下,在年平均气温为-3.5℃或地表温度为-1.0℃的青藏铁路沿线多年冻土地区,热棒路基可以抵消气候变暖的影响,可以保证路基下伏冻土不发生融化,从而可以保证路基的稳定性。

青藏铁路保温板热棒复合结构路基保护冻土效果数值分析

根据带相变热传导有限元方法,对普通路基、含保温板路基、热棒路基和保温板热棒复合结构路基在未来50年青藏铁路沿线气温上升2．0℃情况下的温度场进行了预报分析和比较．计算结果表明,在年平均气温为-3．5℃或地表年平均温度为-1℃的地区,在青藏铁路50年的使用期内,普通路基、含保温板路基和热棒路基在气温升高条件下路基下伏、冻土都将发生融化,路基将会产生较大融沉变形,不能保证青藏铁路路基的稳定性．而保温板热棒复式结构充分利用了保温板和热棒两种措施的优点,可以更好的提高保护冻土的效率．

具有内置管的多相流闭式重力热管传热性能

通过在闭式重力热管中加内置管,考察内置管对两相流及三相流体系传热性能的影响.结果表明:加入内置管后,等效对流传热系数、冷凝段对流传热系数较未加入内管时有所提高,而内置管对加热段的对流传热影响不明显;在具有内置管的体系中,当加入沙子的固含率达到2%以上时,等效对流传热系数较两相流体系有明显提高,最大增加了30.7%;随着加热功率的增大,两相流及三相流体系的等效对流传热系数增加.

重力热管井筒伴热方式可行性分析

将重力热管的高效传热特性应用于井筒伴热过程,并与热流体循环伴热和电加热伴热两种传统方法进行对比,分析影响重力热管伴热效果的外部因素。结果表明,重力热管作为一种井筒伴热方式是可行的,空心抽油杆为工质提供工作环境。通过重力热管的热量存储和传导,将井筒下部流体多余热能通过自平衡过程传递给近井口管段内的流体,加热井筒上部温度较低的原油。与两种传统伴热方式相比,重力热管在无需补充能量的情况下,能起到均衡井筒温度场的作用,同时满足生产的要求。重力热管的伴热效果受到井底流体温度、下入深度、产量以及原油物性的影响:随着井底温度、下入深度、产量的增加,重力热管的伴热效果变好;原油物性直接决定重力热管能否在油井应用。

两相闭式热虹吸管强化传热研究进展

回顾了两相闭式热虹吸管强化传热技术研究现状,将热虹吸管强化传热技术归纳分为4类,即采用高效工作介质、管壁内表面处理、管内设置内插件和其它类。分别阐述了这4种技术的强化传热机理,总结得出大部分技术多局限在实验分析层面上,缺乏理论上的深入分析,暂时没有得到工业生产的大规模应用。并指出了强化传热技术的理论研究、各种参数对传热性能的影响探究以及如何降低工业应用的生产成本将是今后热虹吸管强化传热技术的研究热点。

地热能自平衡加热采油过程数值模拟

根据华北油田楚32井的实验测试数据,采用热平衡方程、有限差分法和数值模拟方法研究了采油过程中地热能自平衡加热效果,计算了不同产液量和不同泵挂深度时井口出液温度的变化.计算结果表明,用空心抽油杆密封连接而制成的超长重力热管,依靠地热能自平衡加热井筒内流体效果明显,井口出液温度随油井产液量和泵挂深度的增加而升高,且基本上呈线性变化.地热能自平衡加热原油的方式适合于产液量大的深井.

聚光型光伏电池冷却热管蒸发端的数值模拟

针对碟式聚光型太阳能光伏电池效率受温度制约的问题,采用两相闭式热虹吸管(重力热管)散热的方式,工质采用水。热管的蒸发端与聚光太阳能电池接触,其温度场对电池性能和热管效率影响显著。通过FLUENT建立了蒸发端底部的数学模型,计算过程中考虑热流密度、蒸汽饱和温度以及充液量对蒸发端性能的影响。计算结果表明,在聚光倍数为140～180时、蒸发端的尺寸100(长)×100(宽)×30(高)mm下,最佳充液量在27%～30%左右,此时蒸发端最高温度不超过85℃,蒸汽饱和温度较低利于传热性能的改善。

重力热管冷凝段携带极限的理论研究

重力热管作为一种高效的传热元件已在众多领域得到广泛应用,然而其性能受到传热极限的制约.本文建立二维稳态数学模型分析垂直放置的重力热管冷凝段的携带极限,并与其它研究者的实验数据和计算结果进行比较,分析了两种气液界面剪切力计算方法的适用性。

两相闭式热虹吸管内部过程可视化及其强化传热研究进展

两相闭式热虹吸管(TPCT)内部包含两相流和相变过程,传统的理论分析和实验研究不能直观地给出其内部两相流流动、热质传递以及蒸发冷凝相变的具体过程。本文介绍了常用的TPCT传热模型,并分别对冷凝段、绝热段和蒸发段传热流动过程的理论研究进行归纳总结。综述了实验和数值研究方法对其内部过程的可视化研究现状,流体力学数值计算软件(CFD)为在保证TPCT内部真实情况下对其进行数值可视化研究提供了可能,给出了国内外的CFD研究成果和仿真水平,指出国内在采用CFD的方法对其研究相对滞后。同时,对TPCT的强化传热方法进行系统总结,尤其是高效流体工质较好地解决了强化传热过程中的污垢问题,重点介绍了纳米流体和自润湿流体强化传热的研究现状和焦点。最后,提出采用CFD方法对TPCT内部流动过程、蒸发冷凝和传热传质具体细节进行数值可视化分析,将实验结果、理论计算以及数值研究三者结合,为深入其内部机理研究开辟了新思路。