Recent progress in two-proton radioactivity

During the last few decades,rare isotope beam facilities have provided unique data for studying the properties of nuclides located far from the beta-stability line.Such nuclei are often accompanied by exotic structures and radioactive modes,which represent the forefront of nuclear research.Among them,two-proton(2p)radioactivity is a rare decay mode found in a few highly proton-rich isotopes.The 2p decay lifetimes and properties of emitted protons hold invaluable information regarding the nuclear structures in the presence of a low-lying proton continuum;as such,they have attracted considerable research attention.In this review,we present some of the recent experimental and theoretical progress regarding the 2p decay,including technical innovations for measuring nucleon-nucleon correlations and developments in the models that connect their structural aspects with their decay properties.This impressive progress should play a significant role in elucidating the mechanism of these exotic decays,probing the corresponding components inside nuclei,and providing deep insights into the open quantum nature of dripline systems.

Effect of source size and emission time on the p–p momentum correlation function in the two-proton emission process

The effect of source size and emission time on the proton-proton(p-p)momentum correlation function(Cpp(q))has been studied systematically.Assuming a spherical Gaussian source with space and time profile according to the function S(r,t)~exp(-r2/2 r02-t/τ)in the correlation function calculation code(CRAB),the results indicate that one Cpp(q)distribution corresponds to a unique combination of source size r0 and emission timeτ.Considering the possible nuclear deformation from a spherical nucleus,an ellipsoidal Gaussian source characterized by the deformation parameter∈=ΔR/R has been simulated.There is almost no difference of Cpp(q)between the results of spherically and ellipsoidally shaped sources with small deformation.These results indicate that a unique source size r0 and emission time could be extracted from the p-p momentum correlation function,which is especially important for identifying the mechanism of twoproton emission from proton-rich nuclei.Furthermore,considering the possible existence of cluster structures within a nucleus,the double Gaussian source is assumed.The results show that the p-p momentum correlation function for a source with or without cluster structures has large systematical differences with the variance of r0 andτ.This may provide a possible method for experimentally observing the cluster structures in proton-rich nuclei.

Two-proton sequential decay from excited states of ^(18)Ne

Two-proton radioactivity from18Ne is discussed in terms of sequential decay.The branch ratios for oneproton emission from excited states are calculated,which including spectroscopic factors,obtained from a Shellmodel calculation with realistic interactions.The branch ratios show that the two-proton emission from the 1-state of 18Ne at 7.94 MeV is most likely to go through the sequential decay.The same mechanism is discussed for other excited states at higher energy by different interactions.

Roles of tensor force and pairing correlation in two-proton radioactivity of halo nuclei

The tensor force and pairing correlation effects on the two-proton radioactivity of^(18)Mg and^(20)Si with a pronounced two-proton halo are explored in the framework of spherical Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory.It is shown that the halo sizes are enhanced with the increase in the strength of the tensor force and pairing correlation.Furthermore,the increasing halo sizes lead to the enhancement of diproton emission.Then,the tensor force is found to have a small influence on the two-proton decay energies,and the two-proton decay energies calculated with strong surface pairing are smaller than those with weak mixed pairing.Because the two-proton decay energies are relat-ively large,the predicted order of magnitude of half-lives within the effective liquid drop model is not sensitive to the decay energy variation caused by the tensor force and pairing correlation,which has a value of approximately 10^(-18)s.

Experimental research into the two-proton emissions from ^(17,18) Ne,^(28) P and ^(28,29)S

Two-proton emissions from the excited states of 17,18Ne, 28P and 28,29S were investigated experimentally by the radioactive beams bombarding on the 197Au target via the Coulomb excitation. The complete-kinematics measurements were actualized by the stacks of silicon-strip detectors and CsI+PIN array detectors. The invariant mass of final systems as well as the relative momentum, opening angle, and relative energy of the two emitted protons was reconstructed under the framework of relativ istic kinematics. Visible proton-proton correlations were observed in these systems. The mechanisms of two-proton emission were analyzed in a simple schematic model, in which the extreme decay modes like He cluster emission, three-body 2 phase-space decay, and two-body sequential decay were taken into account. With the help of Monte-Carlo simulations, the two protons emitted from the 6.15 MeV excited state of Ne and the excited states in the energy region of 9.6–10.4 MeV of S, 18 29 respectively, exhibited prominent features of2 He cluster decay while for the other cases, no obvious diproton emissions were observed.

Proton and Two-proton Emissions from Proton-rich Nuclei with 10 ≤ Z ≤ 20

Proton(p) and two-proton(2p) emissions from the proton-rich nuclei with 10≤Z≤20 have been explored by the in-fight decay and implantation decay methods, respectively, in a series of experiments at the HIRFL-RIBLL facility. The in-flight 2p emissions from the excited states of ^(28,29)S/^(26,27)P and ^(17,18)Ne were studied by complete-kinematics measurements. Mechanisms of 2p decay and related p-p correlations have been explored. Obvious 2p correlated emissions have been observed in the cases of ^(28,29)S but not in ^(27,28)P, indicating the 2p halo plays an important role in the diproton emission. In the ^(17,18)Ne cases, a small 2p opening angles were deduced by the HBT analyses, implying the BCS-BEC crossover may occur in the dilute nuclear matter. Moreover,^(27)S/^(26)P/^(25)Si,^(22)Si/^(20)Mg,^(23)Si/^(22)Al/^(21)Mg,^(24)Si/^(23)Al, and ^(36,37)Ca were implanted in a thin double-sided-silicon-strip detector and their β-delayed p and 2p decays have been measured by a surrounding silicon detector array under the continuous-beam mode. Important information on the nuclear spectroscopy, such as energy, lifetime, branching-ratio, and so on, has been extracted, which helps us to understand the nuclear structures of proton-rich exotic nuclei close to the drip-line.

Two-proton radioactivity of ground and excited states within a unified fission model

A unified fission model is extended to study two-proton radioactivity of the ground states of nuclei,and a good agreement between the experimental and calculated half-lives is found.The two-proton radioactivity half-lives of the ground states of some probable candidates are predicted within this model by inputting the released energies taken from the AME2020 table.It is shown that the predictive accuracy of the half-lives is comparable to those of other models.Then,two-proton radioactivity of the excited states of^(14)O,^(17,18)Ne,^(22)Mg,^(29)S,and^(94)Ag is discussed within the unified fission model and two analytical formulas.It is found that the experimental half-lives of the excited states are reproduced better within the unified fission model.Furthermore,the two formulas are not suitable for the study of two-proton radioactivity of excited states because their physical appearance deviates from the mechanism of quantum tunneling,and the parameters involved are obtained without including experimental data from the excited states.

二维材料复合质子膜的制备及其氕氚分离性能研究

采用溶液浇铸法分别制备了Graphene-Nafion和hBN-Nafion 2种二维纳米复合质子交换膜,利用XRD､ATR-FT-IR和SEM对复合膜的结构及微观形貌进行表征,并对复合膜的离子交换容量､质子电导率､机械性能和热稳定性进行测试,结果表明,Graphene和hBN纳米片均匀地分散于Nafion基体内部。相较于重铸Nafion膜(空白对照样品),复合膜的离子交换容量､质子电导率以及机械性能均有不同程度的提升,特别是在掺入质量分数为0.50%时,Graphene-Nafion和hBN-Nafion复合膜的质子传导性能约为重铸Nafion膜的1.25倍和1.14倍。通过对比Graphene-Nafion和hBN-Nafion 2种复合膜的氕氚分离性能发现,在初始氚水比活度为3.51×10^(7)Bq/L时,持续电解超过60 h,2种复合膜的氕氚分离系数分别为5.73和8.46,氚回收率分别为78.53%和85.35%,表明hBN-Nafion复合膜具有更好的氕氚分离性能。

Time-dependent Calculations for Two-proton Decay Width with Schematic Density-dependent Contact Pairing Interaction

We calculate the two-proton decay width of the6 Be nucleus employing the schematic densitydependent contact potential for the proton-proton pairing interaction. The decay width is calculated with a time-dependent method, in which the two-proton emission is described as a time-evolution of a threebody meta-stable state. Model-dependence of the two-proton decay width has been shown by comparing the results obtained with the two different pairing models, schematic density-dependent contact and Minnesota interactions, which have zero and finite ranges, respectively.

Systematic study of two-proton radioactivity half-lives using the two-potential and Skyrme-Hartree-Fock approaches

In this work,we systematically study the two-proton(2_(p))radioactivity half-lives using the two-potential approach,and the nuclear potential is obtained using the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock approach and the Skyrme effective interaction of SLy8.For true 2_(p) radioactivity(Q2_(p)>0 and Q_(p)<0,where Q_(p) and Q2_(p) are the released energies of the one-proton and two-proton radioactivity,respectively),the standard deviation between the experimental half-lives and our theoretical calculations is 0.701.In addition,we extend this model to predict the half-lives of 15 possible 2_(p) radioactivity candidates with Q2_(p)>0 obtained from the evaluated atomic mass table AME2016.The calcu-lated results indicate a clear linear relationship between the logarithmic 2_(p) radioactivity half-lives(logio10T_(1/2))and coulomb parameters[(Z_(d)^(0.8)+l^(0.25))Q_(2_(p))^(-1/2)]considering the effect of orbital angular momentum proposed by Liu et al.[Chin.Phys.C 45,024108(2021)].For comparison,the generalized liquid drop model(GLDM),effective liquid drop model(ELDM),and Gamow-like model are also used.Our predicted results are consistent with those obtained using other relevant models.

Systematic study of two-proton radioactivity within a Gamow-like model

In this study,based on the Gamow-like model,we systematically analyze two-proton(2p) radioactivity half-lives of nuclei near or beyond the proton drip line.It is found that the calculated results can reproduce experimental data well.Furthermore,using this model,we predict the half-lives of possible 2p radioactivity candidates whose 2p radioactivity is energetically allowed or observed but not yet quantified in the latest table of evaluated nuclear properties,i.e.,NUBASE2016.The predicted results are in good agreement with those from other theoretical models and empirical formulas,namely the effective liquid drop model(ELDM),generalized liquid drop model(GLDM),Sreej a formula,and Liu formula.

New Geiger-Nuttall law for two-proton radioactivity

In the present work,a two-parameter empirical formula is proposed,based on the Geiger-Nuttall law,to study two-proton( 2p )radioactivity.Using this formula,the calculated 2p radioactivity half-lives are in good agreement with the experimental data as well as with calculated results obtained by Goncalves et al.[Phys.Lett.B 774,14(2017)]using the effective liquid drop model(ELDM),Sreeja et al.[Eur.Phys.J.A 55,33(2019)]using a four-parameter empirical formula,and Cui et al.[Phys.Rev.C 101:014301(2020)]using a generalized liquid drop model(GLDM).In addition,this two-parameter empirical formula is extended to predict the half-lives of 22 possible 2p radioactivity candidates with 2p radioactivity released energy Q_(2p)>0 ,obtained from the latest evaluated atomic mass table AME2016.The predicted results are highly consistent with those obtained using other theoretical models such as the ELDM,GLDM and four-parameter empirical formula.

Two-proton radioactivity within Coulomb and proximity potential model

Considering the preformation probability of the two emitted protons in the parent nucleus,we extend the Coulomb and proximity potential model(CPPM)to systematically study two-proton(2p)radioactivity half-lives of the nuclei close to proton drip line.The proximity potential chosen is Prox.81 proposed by Blocki et al.in 1981.Furthermore,we apply this model to predict the half-lives of possible 2p radioactive candidates whose 2p radioactivity is energetically allowed or observed but not yet quantified in the evaluated nuclear properties table NUBASE2016.The predicted results are in good agreement with those from other theoretical models and empirical formulas,namely the effective liquid drop model(ELDM),generalized liquid drop model(GLDM),Gamow-like model,Sreeja formula and Liu formula.

面向控制的一维非等温两相流燃料电池模型研究

经验模型不能反映电池内部复杂的物理化学耦合过程及其导致的响应迟滞,这给燃料电池系统精确控制策略的开发带来了一定困难。针对此问题,建立了面向控制的一维非等温两相流模型,考虑了流道内气体瞬态效应、电池内部水相变,研究了电流密度对气体浓度以及水热分布特性的影响,分析了运行条件和模型参数对电池输出电压的影响,探究了电流阶跃下该模型相比于集总参数模型在输出性能方面的优势。结果表明,该模型具有更好的适用性,可为燃料电池系统层面的模型优化及控制策略设计提供可靠依据。

质子膜燃料电池耦合反应模型研究

本文提出了一种基于多孔介质两相流传质过程的质子交换膜燃料电池三维理论模型,通过流体力学、两相流传质、膜传输以及电化学反应等过程的多重耦合,研究多物理过程对于燃料电池性能影响的协同机制。研究结果表明,氢气空气同向流条件下,燃料电池内部液态水主要产生于中部及出口端,且流道脊区域的多孔介质液态水含量远高于流道区域;由于质子膜内阻、阴极氧气浓度以及多孔电极液态水含量的综合作用,电流密度峰值位于反应区中部区域,达到进口处电流密度的两倍以上。

质子交换膜电解池二维两相流综合模拟研究

建立一个二维、非等温质子交换膜电解池两相流稳态模型,研究不同电压下电解池膜电极组件(MEA)中温度、液态水饱和度、膜态水分布以及温度、液态水饱和度和膜厚对质子交换膜电解池性能的影响,并通过实验验证模型的可靠性。实验结果表明:即使忽略接触电阻,膜润湿性较好,高电压(2.0 V)下欧姆损失占比仍可达到34.7%;随着电压的增大,极化损失的主导部分由活化损失变为欧姆损失,且传质损失占总极化损失的比例最小;当电压较小时,膜水含量是质子交换膜(PEM)电导率的主要影响因素,当电压较大时,温度是PEM电导率的主要影响因素。升高温度、增加液态水饱和度及降低膜厚均能有效提高电解池的性能。

远离稳定线核研究进展

近几年在对远离核的实验研究中,观测到了理论预言的新衰变模式,如45Fe的双质子衰变,β-缓发裂变;对中子滴线外一些核的存在可能性也进行了较多的实验探索和理论分析;开始了对人们一直关注的中子集团存在可能性的实验探索.远离核谱学和衰变性质研究逐渐深入,通过对一些远离核第一激发态能量的系统比较和许多远离核β衰变Q值的测量,以及核质量的精确测量,发现在远离核区,原有的一些幻数消失,代之产生了一些新的幻数,对其产生原因的理论分析做了简要的综述.

PEM燃料电池中质子交换膜内水和质子的迁移特性

质子交换膜的水含量及水和质子的迁移对PEM燃料电池的性能具有重要影响.提出了一个稳态两相流数学模型,用以研究质子交换膜中的水迁移和水含量及其与质子传递阻力的关系.模型耦合了连续方程、动量守恒方程、物料守恒方程和水在质子交换膜中的传递方程.通过与实验数据对比,验证了模型的有效性.分析模拟结果发现,当电流密度相同时,沿气体流动方向,质子交换膜中水的电渗拉力系数、反扩散系数和水力渗透系数逐步增大,而水的净迁移系数逐步减小;同时,质子交换膜的含水量增加,质子传递阻力逐步下降;增大电池的操作压力,电渗拉力系数、反扩散系数、水力渗透系数、水净迁移系数和质子膜的含水量增加,而质子传递阻力下降,使燃料电池的性能得到了提高.

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的位置效应

考虑局部几何效应,通过二维稳态数学模型研究了质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的位置与其表面传质和反应能力的关系。模型方程涉及氧气在催化层气孔的传输,氧气在气相和电解质相界面的分配以及氧气和质子在电解质中的传递和电化学反应过程。计算结果表明,催化剂表面的氧气扩散能力对催化剂的位置变化非常敏感,随催化剂深入电解质内部,其表面的氧气扩散能力经短暂上升后迅速下降。催化剂位置对质子传递阻力的影响与氧气扩散类似,但位置效应要弱些。性能比较确定最优的催化剂位置是恰好处于刚被电解质膜完全覆盖的位置。

质子交换膜燃料电池两相流动和传递现象的三维数值模拟

为更好地模拟质子交换膜燃料电池内的复杂传递过程,发展了一个三维稳态的、非等温的气液两相流模型,模型综合考虑电池内的流动、传热、传质等过程,以及水的相变过程对电池内传质和温度场的影响.本模型的特性是可以详细地模拟和估计电极电化学动力学,考虑电子在扩散层和催化层,以及质子在膜相中的传递规律.通过数值计算得到了详细的组分浓度、电位和温度等在电池内的空间分布.比较了估算的极化性能与文献中的实验数据,结果表明两者较好地相符合.