Research on casing deformation prevention technology based on cementing slurry system optimization

The casing deformation prevention technology based on the optimization of cement slurry is proposed to reduce the casing deformation of shale oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing. In this paper, the fracture mechanism of hollow particles in cement sheath was firstly analyzed by discrete element method, and the effect of hollow particles in cement on casing deformation was investigated by laboratory experiment method. Finally, field test was carried out to verify the improvement effect of the casing deformation based on cement slurry modification. The results show that the formation displacement can be absorbed effectively by hollow particles inside the cement transferring the excessive deformation away from casing. The particles in the uncemented state provide deformation space during formation slipping. The casing with diameter of 139.7 mm could be passed through by bridge plug with the diameter of 99 mm when the mass ratio of particle/cement reaches 1:4. According to the field test feedback, the method based on optimization of cement slurry can effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation, and the recommended range of hollow microbeads content in the cement slurry is between 15% and 25%.

Two-Stage Optimal Scheduling of Community Integrated Energy System

From the perspective of a community energy operator,a two-stage optimal scheduling model of a community integrated energy system is proposed by integrating information on controllable loads.The day-ahead scheduling analyzes whether various controllable loads participate in the optimization and investigates the impact of their responses on the operating economy of the community integrated energy system(IES)before and after;the intra-day scheduling proposes a two-stage rolling optimization model based on the day-ahead scheduling scheme,taking into account the fluctuation of wind turbine output and load within a short period of time and according to the different response rates of heat and cooling power,and solves the adjusted output of each controllable device.The simulation results show that the optimal scheduling of controllable loads effectively reduces the comprehensive operating costs of community IES;the two-stage optimal scheduling model can meet the energy demand of customers while effectively and timely suppressing the random fluctuations on both sides of the source and load during the intra-day stage,realizing the economic and smooth operation of IES.

Solar-assisted two-stage catalytic membrane reactor for coupling CO_(2) splitting with methane oxidation reaction

A two-stage catalytic membrane reactor(CMR)that couples CO_(2) splitting with methane oxidation reactions was constructed based on an oxygen-permeable perovskite asymmetric membrane.The asymmetric membrane comprises a dense SrFe_(0.9)Ta_(0.1)O_(3-σ)(SFT)separation layer and a porous Sr_(0.9)(Fe_(0.9)Ta_(0.1))_(0.9)Cu_(0.1)O_(3-σ)(SFTC)catalytic layer.In thefirst stage reactor,a CO_(2) splitting reaction(CDS:2CO_(2)→2CO+O_(2))occurs at the SFTC catalytic layer.Subsequently,the O_(2) product is selectively extracted through the SFT separation layer to the permeated side for the methane combustion reaction(MCR),which provides an extremely low oxygen partial pressure to enhance the oxygen extraction.In the second stage,a Sr_(0.9)(Fe_(0.9)Ta_(0.1))_(0.9)Ni_(0.1)O_(3-σ)(SFTN)catalyst is employed to reform the products derived from MCR.The two-stage CMR design results in a remarkable 35.4%CO_(2) conversion for CDS at 900℃.The two-stage CMR was extended to a hollowfiber configuration combining with solar irradiation.The solar-assisted two-stage CMR can operate stably for over 50 h with a high hydrogen yield of 18.1 mL min^(-1) cm^(-2).These results provide a novel strategy for reducing CO_(2) emissions,suggesting potential avenues for the design of the high-performance CMRs and catalysts based on perovskite oxides in the future.

Two-Stage Planning of Distributed Power Supply and Energy Storage Capacity Considering Hierarchical Partition Control of Distribution Network with Source-Load-Storage

Aiming at the consumption problems caused by the high proportion of renewable energy being connected to the distribution network,it also aims to improve the power supply reliability of the power system and reduce the operating costs of the power system.This paper proposes a two-stage planning method for distributed generation and energy storage systems that considers the hierarchical partitioning of source-storage-load.Firstly,an electrical distance structural index that comprehensively considers active power output and reactive power output is proposed to divide the distributed generation voltage regulation domain and determine the access location and number of distributed power sources.Secondly,a two-stage planning is carried out based on the zoning results.In the phase 1 distribution network-zoning optimization layer,the network loss is minimized so that the node voltage in the area does not exceed the limit,and the distributed generation configuration results are initially determined;in phase 2,the partition-node optimization layer is planned with the goal of economic optimization,and the distance-based improved ant lion algorithm is used to solve the problem to obtain the optimal distributed generation and energy storage systemconfiguration.Finally,the IEEE33 node systemwas used for simulation.The results showed that the voltage quality was significantly improved after optimization,and the overall revenue increased by about 20.6%,verifying the effectiveness of the two-stage planning.

Influence of two-stage harvesting on the properties of cold-pressed rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)oils

Rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)harvesting method is critical since it significantly determines the seed yield,oil quality,and industrial efficiency.This study investigated the influences of harvesting methods on the quality of cold-pressed rapeseed oil of two varieties.Oil color,peroxide value(POV),tocopherol content,fatty acid composition,and polarity of total polyphenols(PTP)contents of two rapeseed varieties in Huanggang and Xiangyang were compared through artificially simulated combined harvesting and two-stage harvesting.Results showed significant differences in the quality of rapeseed oil between the two harvesting methods.The red value(R-value),POV,total tocopherol contents,linoleic and linolenic acid content,and PTP content of the pressed rapeseed oil prepared by the combined harvesting method were about 27.6,5.7,15.8,2.0,0.5,and 28.6%lower than those of the oil produced from the two-stage harvesting method,respectively.Xiangyang and Huayouza62 performed better in the two regions and two varieties,respectively.To sum up,the rapeseed oil obtained 41–44 days after final flowering of combined harvesting,35 days after final flowering,and six days of post-ripening of the two-stage harvesting had the best quality.

A Cementing Technology for Shale Oil Horizontal Wells

Organic rich dark shale of Q Formation can be found in many areas(e.g.,in the North of S Basin).The shale target stratum is easy to hydrate and often undergoes spallation.Therefore,centering the casing in the horizontal section of the irregular borehole is relatively difficult.Similarly,achieving a good cementflushing efficiency under complex borehole conditions is a complex task.Through technologies such as centralizer,efficient preflushing,multi-stageflushing and ductile cement slurry,better performances can be achieved.In this study,it is shown that the cementing rate in the DY2H horizontal section is 97.8%,which is more than 34%higher than that of adjacent wells.This cementing matching technology for sidetracking horizontal wells can be used to improve the cementing quality of continental shale and provides a reference for future applications in thisfield.

An unequal fracturing stage spacing optimization model for hydraulic fracturing that considers cementing interface integrity

Determining reasonable fracturing stage spacing is the key to horizontal well fracturing.Different from traditional stage spacing optimization methods based on the principle of maximum stimulated reservoir volume,in this paper,by considering the integrity of the wellbore interface,a fracture propagation model was established based on displacement discontinuity method and the competition mechanism of multifracture joint expansion,leading to the proposal of an unequal stage spacing optimization model.The results show that in the first stage,the interfacial fractures spread symmetrically along the axis of the central point during that stage,while in the second and subsequent stages,the interfacial fractures of each cluster extend asymmetrically along the left and right sides.There are two kinds of interface connectivity behaviour:in one,the existing fractures first extend and connect within the stage,and in the other,the fractures first extend in the direction close to the previous stage,with the specific behaviour depending on the combined effect of stress shadow and flow competition during hydraulic fracture expansion.The stage spacing is positively correlated with the number of fractures and Young’s modulus of the cement and formation and is negatively correlated with the cluster spacing and horizontal principal stress difference.The sensitivity is the strongest when the Young’s modulus of the cement sheath is 10-20 GPa,and the sensitivity of the horizontal principal stress difference is the weakest.

Tourism Route Recommendation Based on A Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Using Two-Stage Decomposition and Pareto Layering

Tourism route planning is widely applied in the smart tourism field.The Pareto-optimal front obtained by the traditional multi-objective evolutionary algorithm exhibits long tails,sharp peaks and disconnected regions problems,which leads to uneven distribution and weak diversity of optimization solutions of tourism routes.Inspired by these limitations,we propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for tourism route recommendation(MOTRR)with two-stage and Pareto layering based on decomposition.The method decomposes the multiobjective problem into several subproblems,and improves the distribution of solutions through a two-stage method.The crowding degree mechanism between extreme and intermediate populations is used in the two-stage method.The neighborhood is determined according to the weight of the subproblem for crossover mutation.Finally,Pareto layering is used to improve the updating efficiency and population diversity of the solution.The two-stage method is combined with the Pareto layering structure,which not only maintains the distribution and diversity of the algorithm,but also avoids the same solutions.Compared with several classical benchmark algorithms,the experimental results demonstrate competitive advantages on five test functions,hypervolume(HV)and inverted generational distance(IGD)metrics.Using the experimental results of real scenic spot datasets from two famous tourism social networking sites with vast amounts of users and large-scale online comments in Beijing,our proposed algorithm shows better distribution.It proves that the tourism routes recommended by our proposed algorithm have better distribution and diversity,so that the recommended routes can better meet the personalized needs of tourists.

Multi-source coordinated stochastic restoration for SOP in distribution networks with a two-stage algorithm

After suffering from a grid blackout, distributed energy resources(DERs), such as local renewable energy and controllable distributed generators and energy storage can be used to restore loads enhancing the system’s resilience. In this study, a multi-source coordinated load restoration strategy was investigated for a distribution network with soft open points(SOPs). Here, the flexible regulation ability of the SOPs is fully utilized to improve the load restoration level while mitigating voltage deviations. Owing to the uncertainty, a scenario-based stochastic optimization approach was employed,and the load restoration problem was formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. A computationally efficient solution algorithm was developed for the model using convex relaxation and linearization methods. The algorithm is organized into a two-stage structure, in which the energy storage system is dispatched in the first stage by solving a relaxed convex problem. In the second stage, an integer programming problem is calculated to acquire the outputs of both SOPs and power resources. A numerical test was conducted on both IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 123-bus systems to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Estimating shear strength of high-level pillars supported with cemented backfilling using the HoekeBrown strength criterion

Deep metal mines are often mined using the high-level pillars with subsequent cementation backfilling(HLSCB)mining method.At the design stage,it is therefore important to have a reasonable method for determining the shear strength of the high-level pillars(i.e.cohesion and internal friction angle)when they are supported by cemented backfilling.In this study,a formula was derived for the upper limit of the confining pressure σ3max on a high-level pillar supported by cemented backfilling in a deep metal mine.A new method of estimating the shear strength of such pillars was then proposed based on the Hoek eBrown failure criterion.Our analysis indicates that the horizontal stress σhh acting on the cemented backfill pillar can be simplified by expressing it as a constant value.A reasonable and effective value for σ3max can then be determined.The value of s3max predicted using the proposed method is generally less than 3 MPa.Within this range,the shear strength of the high-level pillar is accurately calculated using the equivalent MohreCoulomb theory.The proposed method can effectively avoid the calculation of inaccurate shear strength values for the high-level pillars when the original HoekeBrown criterion is used in the presence of large confining pressures,i.e.the situation in which the cohesion value is too large and the friction angle is too small can effectively be avoided.The proposed method is applied to a deep metal mine in China that is being excavated using the HLSCB method.The shear strength parameters of the high-level pillars obtained using the proposed method were input in the numerical simulations.The numerical results show that the recommended level heights and sizes of the high-level pillars and rooms in the mine are rational.

Two-stage revision in periprosthetic knee joint infections

Periprosthetic joint infection(PJI)following total knee arthroplasty is one of the most catastrophic and costly complications that carries significant patient wellness as well as economic burdens.The road to efficiently diagnosing and treating PJI is challenging,as there is still no gold standard method to reach the diagnosis as early as desired.There are also international controversies with respect to the best approach to manage PJI cases.In this review,we highlight recent advances in managing PJI following knee arthroplasty surgery and discuss in depth the two-stage revision method.

Using cemented paste backfill to tackle the phosphogypsum stockpile in China:A down-to-earth technology with new vitalities in pollutant retention and CO_(2) abatement

Phosphogypsum(PG),a hard-to-dissipate by-product of the phosphorus fertilizer production industry,places strain on the biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functions of storage sites.This pervasive problem is already widespread worldwide and requires careful stewardship.In this study,we review the presence of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)in PG and describe their associations with soil properties,anthropogenic activities,and surrounding organisms.Then,we review different ex-/in-situ solutions for promoting the sustainable management of PG,with an emphasis on in-situ cemented paste backfill,which offers a cost-effective and highly scalable opportunity to advance the value-added recovery of PG.However,concerns related to the PTEs'retention capacity and long-term effectiveness limit the implementation of this strategy.Furthermore,given that the large-scale demand for ordinary Portland cement from this conventional option has resulted in significant CO_(2) emissions,the technology has recently undergone additional scrutiny to meet the climate mitigation ambition of the Paris Agreement and China's Carbon Neutrality Economy.Therefore,we discuss the ways by which we can integrate innovative strategies,including supplementary cementitious materials,alternative binder solutions,CO_(2) mineralization,CO_(2) curing,and optimization of the supply chain for the profitability and sustainability of PG remediation.However,to maximize the co-benefits in environmental,social,and economic,future research must bridge the gap between the feasibility of expanding these advanced pathways and the multidisciplinary needs.

A two-stage but time-saving reconstructive scheme to treat severe lower limb length discrepancy:Two case reports

Limb length discrepancy(LLD)is a common orthopedic condition that can result in significant functional impairment,pain,and cosmetic deformities.Current reconstructive techniques for severe LLD are primarily based on callus distraction,which is a time-consuming process that can lead to complications,such as significant infection,joint stiffness,and stress fractures.To reduce the therapeutic time and minimize the risk of complications,we investigated the use of vascularized bone flaps as a technical supplement to callus distraction in the reconstruction of short limbs.We present two cases of severe LLD in the upper and lower legs,in which a twostage reconstruction approach was used.In the first stage,external fixation was applied to the affected limb to correct the soft tissue length and convert the short deformity into a bone defect.In the second stage,the bone defect was reconstructed using bilateral(patient A)or unilateral(patient B)free vascularized fibula bone grafts.Both patients had complete survival of the fibular grafts without stress fractures,and bone consolidation took 8 months(patient A)and 4 months(patient B).Compared to the traditional callus distraction,the two-stage approach was found to be more time-saving and reliable.The entire reconstructive scheme required 18 and 4 months for patients A and B,respectively,whereas the traditional callus distraction required 41 and 17 months,respectively.These findings suggest that the use of vascularized bone flaps as a technical supplement for callus distraction may provide an effective and efficient alternative for the treatment of severe LLD.Further studies are needed to validate these results and assess the long-term outcomes of this approach.

A New Two-Stage Tunable Space-Time Adaptive Detector

In order to improve the rejection capability of mismatched interferer signals,a new two-stage detector is proposed under homogeneous scenarios with unknown covariance matrix,which is obtained by cascading the adaptive matched filter(AMF)detector and the enhanced RAO(EnRAO)detector.The new detector has constant false alarm performance,and the closed-form expression of probability of false alarm and probability of detection is derived.The performance of the new detector is assessed,and analyzed in comparison with other detectors.The results show that,the proposed detector can provide enhanced rejection capability in the case of mismatch,but the performance of the detector is slightly lost under the condition of matching.

Development and application of novel high‐efficiency composite ultrafine cement grouts for roadway in fractured surrounding rocks

The fractured surrounding rocks of roadways pose major challenges to safe mining.Grouting has often been used to reinforce the surrounding rocks to mitigate the safety risks associated with fractured rocks.The aim of this study is to develop highly efficient composite ultrafine cement(CUC)grouts to reinforce the roadway in fractured surrounding rocks.The materials used are ultrafine cement(UC),ultrafine fly ash(UF),ultrafine slag(US),and additives(superplasticizer[SUP],aluminate ultrafine expansion agent[AUA],gypsum,and retarder).The fluidity,bleeding,shrinkage,setting time,chemical composition,microstructure,degree of hydration,and mechanical property of grouting materials were evaluated in this study.Also,a suitable and effective CUC grout mixture was used to reinforce the roadway in the fractured surrounding rock.The results have shown that the addition of UF and US reduces the plastic viscosity of CUC,and the best fluidity can be obtained by adding 40%UF and 10%US.Since UC and UF particles are small,the pozzolanic effect of UF promotes the hydration reaction,which is conductive to the stability of CUC grouts.In addition,fine particles of UC,UF,and US can effectively fill the pores,while the volumetric expansion of AUA and gypsum decreases the pores and thus affects the microstructure of the solidified grout.The compressive test results have shown that the addition of specific amounts of UF and US can ameliorate the mechanical properties of CUC grouts.Finally,the CUC22‐8 grout was used to reinforce the No.20322 belt roadway.The results of numerical simulation and field monitoring have indicated that grouting can efficaciously reinforce the surrounding rock of the roadway.In this research,high‐performance CUC grouts were developed for surrounding rock reinforcement of underground engineering by utilizing UC and some additives.

Particle aggregation and breakage kinetics in cemented paste backfill

The macroscopic flow behavior and rheological properties of cemented paste backfill(CPB)are highly impacted by the inherent structure of the paste matrix.In this study,the effects of shear-induced forces and proportioning parameters on the microstructure of fresh CPB were studied.The size evolution and distribution of floc/agglomerate/particles of paste were monitored by focused beam reflection measuring(FBRM)technique,and the influencing factors of aggregation and breakage kinetics of CPB were discussed.The results indicate that influenced by both internal and external factors,the paste kinetics evolution covers the dynamic phase and the stable phase.Increasing the mass content or the cement-tailings ratio can accelerate aggregation kinetics,which is advantageous for the rise of average floc size.Besides,the admixture and high shear can improve breaking kinetics,which is beneficial to reduce the average floc size.The chord length resembles a normal distribution somewhat,with a peak value of approximate 20μm.The particle disaggregation con-stant(k_(2))is positively correlated with the agitation rate,and k_(2) is five orders of magnitude greater than the particle aggregation constant(k1).The kinetics model depicts the evolution law of particles over time quantitatively and provides a theoretical foundation for the micromechanics of complicated rheological behavior of paste.

Gadolinium-doped injectable magnesium-calcium phosphate bone cements for noninvasive visualization

Injectable bone cements are used in minimally invasive surgical techniques including vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.This work is devoted to the development of magnesium-calcium phosphate cements(MCPCs)doped with gadolinium ions(Gd^(3+))for bone defect repair.Interaction between cement powders and a cement liquid resulted in the formation of newberyite and brushite phases,which gave mechanical strength up to 17 MPa without a thermal effect.The introduction of Gd3+into the lattice was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy;the doping increased injectivity while giving rise to antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli.Assays of the cement samples soaking in Kokubo’s simulated body fluid revealed the formation of calcium phosphate coatings on the cements’surface.The cements manifested biocompatibility with the MG-63 cell line and significantly enhanced contrast when Gd-MCPC was placed into a bone defect and examined by X-ray micro-computed tomography.For the first time,visualization of a Gd-doped cement material was achieved in a model of a bone defect analyzed by MRI.

Preparation and Properties of Magnesium Oxysulfide Cement Based Foam Board Absorbing Material

In order to better solve the problem of electromagnetic pollution in the civil building cement,to improve the absorption capacity of magnesium oxysulfide cement based materials,and to better use sulfur oxide magnesium cement foamed sheet for improvement of electromagnetic industry,this paper uses the excellent microwave absorbing properties of ferrite and the modified sulfur oxide magnesium cement foam board,and discusses the microwave absorbing performance,aiming at improving the electromagnetic pollution in daily life.The effects of ferrite and silicon carbide doping on microwave absorption properties of modified magnesium oxysulfate cement were studied.At the same time,the wave absorbing properties of the corresponding samples were detected by bow method,and the causes of the corresponding phenomena were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results show that the lowest reflectance of the material is-17.9 dB at 34.1 GHz and the average reflectance of the whole band is-15.9 dB under the target frequency band of 26.5-40 GHz.Under the action of external magnetic field,the absorbing particles are affected by magnetization force,magnetic dipole and resistance coupling,and play the absorbing effect in the cement base solidified completely in the electromagnetic field environment.The lowest reflectance is-17.3dB at 36.4GHz and the average reflectance is-14.3dB for the whole band.

Effect of Sodium Tripolyphosphate and Silica Fume on Hydration of High Alumina Cement

It was found that silica fume can reduce the maximum hydration heat release rate of cement by microcalorimetry,inhibit CAH_(10),promote the generation of C_(3)AH_(6)and strätlingite C_(2)ASH_(8),or promote the conversion of CAH_(10)to C_(3)AH_(6).Sodium tripolyphosphate can retard the early hydration of cement,have a slight effect on 1 d hydration products of cement and inhibit the generation hydration products.Sodium tripolyphosphate and silica fume can promote the early hydration of cement,advance the formation of C_(2)ASH_(8)or the conversion from CAH_(10)to C_(3)AH_(6)at 1 d.

Carbonation of Pure Minerals in Portland Cement:Evolution in Products as a Function of Water-to-solid Ratio

Minerals in Portland cement including tricalcium silicate(C_(3)S),β-dicalcium silicate(β-C_(2)S),tricalcium aluminate(C_(3)A),and tetracalcium ferroaluminate(C_(4)AF),show a significantly different activity and product evolution for CO_(2)curing at various water-to-solid ratios.These pure minerals were synthesized and subject to CO_(2)curing in this study to make an in-depth understanding for the carbonation properties of cement-based materials.Results showed that the optimum water-to-solid ratios of C_(3)S,β-C_(2)S,C_(3)A and C_(4)AF were 0.25,0.15,0.30 and 0.40 for carbonation,corresponding to 2 h carbonation degree of 38.5%,38.5%,24.2%,and 21.9%,respectively.The produced calcite duringβ-C_(2)S carbonation decreased as the water-to-solid ratio increased,with an increase in content of metastable CaCO_(3)of vaterite and aragonite.The thermodynamic stability of CaCO_(3)produced during carbonation was C_(3)A>C_(4)AF>β-C_(2)S>C_(3)S.The carbonation degree of Portland cement was predicted based on the results of pure minerals and the composition of cement,and the error of predicted production of CaCO_(3)was only 1.1%,which provides a potential method to predict carbonation properties of systems with a complex mineral composition.