Metabolic and Renal Protective Benefits of Magnesium Supplementation in the Long-Term Management of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Magnesium deficiency is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). When adequate magnesium supplementation is chronically given, patients with type 2 DM appear to have improved glucose control and may have delayed chronic complications. In addition, magnesium supplementation may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and decrease the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with type 2 DM. Keeping serum magnesium at 2.0 mEq/L or greater appears to accomplish these benefits for patients with type 2 DM. Periodically measuring serum magnesium and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) allows a physician to adjust the supplemental magnesium dose to accomplish these therapeutic goals while avoiding hypermagnesemia.

Are treatment options used for adult-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus(equally)available and effective for children and adolescents?

Youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),influenced by an increase in obesity,is a rising problem worldwide.Pathophysiological mechanisms of this early-onset T2DM include both peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance,along with increa-sed hepatic fasting glucose production accompanied by inadequate first and second-phase insulin secretion.Moreover,the incretin effect is reduced.The initial presentation of type 2 diabetes can be dramatic and symptoms may overlap with those of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Therefore,immediate therapy should address hyperglycemia and associated metabolic derangements irrespective of ultimate diabetes type,while further therapy adjustments are prone to patients’pheno-type.New agents with proven glycemic and beyond glycemia benefits,such as Glucagon-like polypeptide 1 receptor agonists and Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors,used in the adult population of T2DM patients,might become increasingly important in the treatment armamentarium.Moreover,metabolic surgery is an option for markedly obese(body mass index>35 kg/m^(2))children and adolescents suffering from T2DM who have uncontrolled glycemia and/or serious comorbidities when lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions fail.In this mini-review,we will discuss the potential of treatment options considering new data available from randomized control trials,including individuals with adult-onset type diabetes mellitus.

Research on the Effect of Comprehensive Intervention in the Clinical Treatment of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:This study aims to explore the value of comprehensive intervention in the clinical treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with hypertension.Methods:90 patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension were selected and divided into a control group and an intervention group according to the random number table method,with 45 cases in each group.The control group received conventional treatment,and the intervention group received comprehensive intervention on the basis of the control group,including a diet plan,an exercise program,scientific treatment,regular monitoring,and psychological counseling.The blood sugar,blood pressure,and other indicators of the two groups were compared.Results:After 5 months of intervention,the fasting blood glucose,postprandial 2 h blood glucose,glycosylated blood glucose protein,diastolic blood pressure,systolic blood pressure,mean arterial pressure,and other indicators of the intervention group were significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05),and the rate of decrease was significantly greater than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comprehensive intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension helps in controlling blood sugar and lowering blood pressure,with clinical significance.

Challenges and pitfalls of youth-onset type 2 diabetes

The incidence and prevalence of youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are increasing.The rise in frequency and severity of childhood obesity,inclination to sedentary lifestyle,and epigenetic risks related to prenatal hyperglycemia exposure are important drivers of the youth-onset T2DM epidemic and might as well be responsible for the early onset of diabetes complications.Indeed,youth-onset T2DM has a more extreme metabolic phenotype than adult-onset T2DM,with greater insulin resistance and more rapid deterioration of beta cell function.Therefore,intermediate complications such as microalbuminuria develop in late childhood or early adulthood,while end-stage complications develop in mid-life.Due to the lack of efficacy and safety data,several drugs available for the treatment of adults with T2DM have not been approved in youth,reducing the pharmacological treatment options.In this mini review,we will try to address the present challenges and pitfalls related to youth-onset T2DM and summarize the available interventions to mitigate the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents:Exploring the disease heterogeneity and research gaps to optimum management

Over the past 20 years,the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in children and adolescents have increased,particularly in racial and ethnic minorities.Despite the rise in T2DM in children and adolescents,the pathophysiology and progression of disease in this population are not clearly understood.Youth-onset T2DM has a more adverse clinical course than is seen in those who develop T2DM in adulthood or those with T1DM.Furthermore,the available therapeutic options are more limited for children and adolescents with T2DM compared to adult patients,mostly due to the challenges of implementing clinical trials.A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development and aggressive disease phenotype of T2DM in youth is important to finding effective prevention and management strategies.This review highlights the key evidence about T2DM in children and adolescents and its current burden and challenges both in clinical care and research activities.

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation for end-stage renal failure in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Current perspectives

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is one of the important causes of chronic kidney disease(CKD)and end-stage renal failure(ESRF).Even with the best available treatment options,management of T1DM poses significant challenges for clinicians across the world,especially when associated with CKD and ESRF.Substantial increases in morbidity and mortality along with marked rise in treatment costs and marked reduction of quality of life are the usual consequences of onset of CKD and progression to ESRF in patients with T1DM.Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant(SPK)is an attractive and promising treatment option for patients with advanced CKD/ESRF and T1DM for potential cure of these diseases and possibly several complications.However,limited availability of the organs for transplantation,the need for long-term immunosuppression to prevent rejection,peri-and post-operative complications of SPK,lack of resources and the expertise for the procedure in many centers,and the cost implications related to the surgery and postoperative care of these patients are major issues faced by clinicians across the globe.This clinical update review compiles the latest evidence and current recommendations of SPK for patients with T1DM and advanced CKD/ESRF to enable clinicians to care for these diseases.

Prevention of macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Review of cardiovascular safety and efficacy of newer diabetes medications

Lack of conclusive beneficial effects of strict glycemic control on macrovascular complications has been very frustrating for clinicians involved in care of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Highly publicized controversy surrounding cardiovascular (CV) safety of rosiglitazone resulted in major changes in United States Food and Drug Administration policy in 2008 regarding approval process of new antidiabetic medications, which has resulted in revolutionary data from several large CV outcome trials over the last few years. All drugs in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor classes have shown to be CV safe with heterogeneous results on CV efficacy. Given twofold higher CV disease mortality in patients with DM than without DM, GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2-inhibitors are important additions to clinician’s armamentarium and should be second line-therapy particularly in patients with T2DM and established atherosclerotic CV disease or high risks for CV disease. Abundance of data and heterogeneity in CV outcome trials results can make it difficult for clinicians, particularly primary care physicians, to stay updated with all the recent evidence. The scope of this comprehensive review will focus on all major CV outcome studies evaluating CV safety and efficacy of GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors.

Association between admission hemoglobin level and prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND Anaemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)and is a major risk factor that contributes to mortality in such patients.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is one of the leading causes of CKD.The association between admission hemoglobin levels and renal damage in patients with T2DM remains unclear.AIM To evaluate the relationship between admission hemoglobin levels and prognosis in patients with T2DM.METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 265 consecutive patients presenting with T2DM between 2011 and 2015.The composite endpoint was end-stage renal disease or a 50%reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate.RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models(adjusting for demographic factors,traditional risk factors,lipids),the adjusted hazard ratios(HRs)for the highest and middle tertiles compared to the lowest tertile of hemoglobin were 0.82(95%CI:0.11-6.26,P=0.8457)and 0.28(95%CI:0.09-0.85,P=0.0246),respectively.However,after further adjustment for glycaemia control,hemoglobin was positively related to the risk of the composite endpoint(HR:1.05,95%CI:0.14-8.09,P=0.9602)when the highest tertile was compared to the lowest tertile of hemoglobin.We found a U-shaped relationship between hemoglobin levels and the composite endpoint.The curve tended to reach the lowest level at an optimal hemoglobin level.CONCLUSION Among patients with T2DM,a U-shaped relationship was observed between hemoglobin levels and renal damage.A lower admission hemoglobin level(hemoglobin<13.3 g/dL)is an independent predictor of renal damage.

Social Cultural and Economic Factors Affecting the Practice of Secondary Prevention among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Consolata Nkubu and Meru Level Five Hospital in Meru County

Diabetes is chronic metabolic disorder characterized by states of hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes affects millions of people globally every day and the prevalence of the disease is on the rise due to unhealthy diet and lifestyle. The disorder usually results to chronic complications including cardiovascular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, foot ulcers and diabetic eye diseases that are all preventable through secondary preventive measures. Once an individual has been diagnosed with T2DM, secondary preventive approaches are essential in preventing the occurrence of chronic complications. However, lack of awareness of these measures has been cited as the common reasons for the development of complications. The study aimed to assess the effect of social cultural and economic factors on the practice of secondary diabetes prevention among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) at Consolata Hospital Nkubu and Meru Level Five Hospital between March and April 2019. A descriptive correlational study design was adopted to collect data from 357 purposively sampled participants with T2DM using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion Guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 at 95% confidence interval and a significance level p ≤ 0.05. Most respondents attended Meru Teaching and Referral Hospital. Majority of the respondents were aged between 40 - 60 years. Most respondents 31.6% had secondary level of education and majority 67% was employed. Concerning secondary prevention, majority did foot examination on every visit 70.6% and BP monitoring 69.5% while 56.5% did annual eye screening. Level of income, affordability of services, health insurance cover of the patients, monthly cost of DM management and traditional beliefs in managing DM all significantly influenced DM secondary prevention at a p value ≤ 0.05. The factors need to be addressed to reduce the global burden posed by the disease.

Study of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism in Egyptian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Diabetic Kidney Disease

Objective: Diabetic kidney disease DKD (Diabetic nephropathy DN) is considered one of the chronic micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and considered the commonest cause leading to chronic renal failure and chronic renal dialysis. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in DKD. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the key roles in the renin angiotensin system cascade by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II which plays a key role in regulation of blood pressure as well as electrolytes and fluid balance. This study addressed the association of (ACE) gene polymorphisms with DN in Egyptian (T2DM) patients. Methods: Our research comprised of 75 cases of T2DM with diabetic kidney disease, 100 cases of T2DM without DKD and 94 healthy volunteers. Different genotypes of ACE gene were determined by SSP-PCR analysis. Results: Gene polymorphism of ACE (DD, ID, II) in diabetic patient with DKD is 44%, 52%, 4% respectively and for T2DM individuals without DKD is 23%, 72%, 5% respectively. (DD) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM patients with DKD compared to those without DKD (p < 0.005) and (ID) had significant higher frequencies in T2DM without DKD (p < 0.0001). These results indicated that there is an association between ACE gene polymorphisms and susceptibility of diabetic patients to be affected by diabetic kidney disease. Conclusion: From our results, we can conclude that genotype of ACE in Egypt DD is the genotype of cases diabetic kidney disease. So the presence of D allele has a significant relation with diabetic kidney disease. Our data confirm the role of ACE in its relationship with diabetic kidney disease in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients.

Clinical efficacy and significance of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 and ghrelin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes complicated with coronary heart disease with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine

Objective: To treat the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease, to explore the clinical efficacy and mechanism of conventional western medicine combined with Yiqi Yangyin Huoxue herbs, and to detect the level of serum fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) and Ghrelin. Changes and significance. Methods: A randomized control method was used to collect 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease who were diagnosed and treated in our hospital from March 2015 to March 2018.They were randomly divided into two groups according to the random number table method: 50 patients separately. The patients in the control group were treated with conventional western medicine and basic treatment;the observation group was treated with the addition and subtraction of traditional Chinese medicine formulas on the basis of the control group;the clinical curative effect was evaluated after two months of treatment, and the treatment efficiency and scores of traditional Chinese medicine symptoms were observed in the two groups. Basic laboratory indicators were improved, and serum levels of FGF-21 and Ghrelin in patients were measured and the difference between the results of the tests was compared with the condition and efficacy. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group (86.0%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (68.0%) (P<0.05), suggesting that the combination of Chinese and Western medicine treatment can significantly improve the clinical efficacy;before treatment,there is no difference between the two groups of Chinese medicine symptom scores (P>0.05). After treatment, the symptom scores of the two groups were significantly improved after treatment (P<0.05). The observation group was better among the two groups (P<0.05).After treatment, the basic biochemical indicators were improved. The observation group was better than the control group (P<0.05);Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly lower in both groups after treatment (P<0.05), and Ghrelin levels were significantly increased. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of conventional western medicine in combination with Yiqi Yangyin Huoxue Chinese medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with coronary heart disease can significantly improve the clinical efficacy, effectively promote the improvement of symptoms, and can be used in clinical work through serum FGF-21, Ghrelin levels combined detection of the value of Abnormal changes to predict the severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus with coronary heart disease severity and treatment effect should be widely used in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

To achieve good metabolic control in diabetes and keep long term, a combination of changes in lifestyle and pharmacological treatment is necessary. Achieving near-normal glycated hemoglobin significantly, decreases risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. At present there are different treatments, both oral and injectable, available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Treatment algorithms designed to reduce the development or progression of the complications of diabetes emphasizes the need for good glycaemic control. The aim of this review is to perform an update on the benefits and limitations of different drugs, both current and future, for the treatment of T2 DM. Initial intervention should focus on lifestyle changes. Moreover, changes in lifestyle have proven to be beneficial, but for many patients is a complication keep long term. Physicians should be familiar with the different types of existing drugs for the treatment of diabetes and select the most effective, safe and better tolerated by patients. Metformin remains the first choice of treatment for most patients. Other alternative or second-line treatment options should be individualized depending on the characteristics of each patient. This article reviews the treatments available for patients with T2 DM, with an emphasis on agents introduced within the last decade.

Clinical Features and Microvascular Complications Risk Factors of Early-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The aim of this research was to study the clinical features and microvascular complications risk factors of early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).We analyzed the clinical data from 1421 T2DM inpatients at Wuhan Union Hospital.Subjects were divided into early-onset T2DM group(diagnostic age<40 years)and late-onset T2DM group(diagnostic age>40 years).All subjects underwent a standardized assessment of microvascular complications.Data were compared with independent-samples t test or Chi-square test.Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors of microvascular complications.Patients with early-onset T2DM were more inclined to have a lower systolic blood pressure(SBP),a longer duration of diabetes and higher levels of body mass index(BM1),uric acid(UA),fasting plasma glucose(FPG),total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and glycosylated hemoglobin(HbAlc)than those with lateonset T2DM(P<0.05).The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy(DR)was significantly higher and that of diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN)was significantly lower in early-onset group than in late-onset group(P<0.05).For DN,UA was an independent risk factor in early-onset T2DM.SBP and TG were independent risk factors in late-onset T2DM.For DR,duration of diabetes and SBP were independent risk factors in early-onset T2DM.Duration of diabetes,SBP and HbAlc were independent risk factors in late-onset T2DM.This study demonstrated that the clinical characteristics of early-onset T2DM were metabolic disorders,including glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism.Early-onset T2DM was more likely to be associated with DR.The potential pathogenesis of early and late-onset T2DM might be different.The management of metabolic risk factors especially HbA1c,SBP,TG and UA is advised to be performed in the early stage of diabetes.

Mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with NAFLD Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To explore the mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)by analyzing the effective components of Gegen Qinlian Decoction.[Methods]TCMSP database was used to analyze the active components of Gegen Qinlian Decoction,and pubchem and Swiss ADME databases were also used to predict drug targets,extract T2DM complicated with NAFLD targets from OMIM and Genecards databases.Venny plot was drawn to obtain intersection targets,and finally Cytoscape was used to make core target maps and drug-target-disease network maps.Using DAVID and Metascape database to analyze the intersection targets,the gene ontology information of Go and KEGG was obtained.Microbial informatics technology was used to visualize GO,and Cytoscape was used to make drug-target-disease network map-enrichment pathway map.[Results]The network pharmacological analysis showed that Gegen Qinlian Decoction acted on the key targets of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,such as ALB and ALT1,through many components,and achieved the purpose of treating this disease.The chemical constituents of the drug include formononetin,5-hydroxyisomucronulatol-2,5-2-O-glucoside,cholesteryl laurate,isoliquiritigenin,etc.[Conclusions]This study provides a new idea and theoretical support for future drug research and clinical practice.

Comments on“Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients in China”

A study addressing the influence of type 2 diabetes on the prognosis of acute-onchronic liver failure patients was reviewed.Some statistical deficiencies were found in the reviewed article,and the sample size was too small to support the study.In addition,age should have been considered as one of the prognostic factors.

司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病伴慢性心力衰竭合并肾功能不全患者的疗效与安全性观察研究

目的 探索司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病伴慢性心力衰竭(CHF)合并肾功能不全患者的临床效果及安全性。方法 选取2022年1月-2022年9月于新疆医科大学第一附属医院就诊的71例2型糖尿病合并CHF及肾功能不全的患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方案随机分为对照组(胰岛素治疗,35例)与治疗组(胰岛素联合司美格鲁肽治疗,36例)。比较2组治疗的临床疗效与安全性。结果 治疗3个月后,治疗组HbA1c达标有效率为72.2%,显著高于对照组的有效率(31.4%)(P <0.05)。治疗后治疗组的体质量、FBG、HbA1c和TG均出现明显下降并显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。与对照组比较,联合应用司美格鲁肽治疗后出现LVEF升高、BNP降低、UACR和尿α1MG下降,差异具有显著统计学意义(P <0.05)。但2组的不良反应无明显区别(P> 0.05)。结论 司美格鲁肽对2型糖尿病伴CHF合并肾功能不全患者具有良好的血糖控制效果,可显著改善心功能,减少肾脏病病情进展,临床应用安全性较高。

2型糖尿病伴干眼症病人血清和泪液分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5、脂肪酸结合蛋白4水平与病情严重程度的相关性

目的分析分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(SFRP-5)、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)在2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴干眼症病人血清和泪液中的表达及其与病情严重程度的相关性。方法选取2020年12月至2021年12月唐山市眼科医院收治的T2DM病人145例,其中单纯T2DM病人84例168眼(T2DM组),伴干眼症病人61例122眼(T2DM伴干眼症组),另选取同期该院体检健康者50例100眼作为对照组。T2DM伴干眼症病人又分为轻度组(29例)、中度组(17例)、重度组(15例)。利用酶联免疫吸附法测定所有受试者血清和泪液中SFRP-5、FABP4水平;相关性分析采用Pearson法或Spearman法;logistic回归分析影响T2DM病人干眼症发生的因素。结果T2DM伴干眼症组、T2DM组血清和泪液SFRP-5水平均低于对照组(106.09±8.37、135.72±9.26比158.34±9.45,28.85±5.13、58.27±6.14比45.18±5.92),T2DM伴干眼症组低于T2DM组(P<0.05);T2DM伴干眼症组、T2DM组血清和泪液FABP4水平均高于对照组(70.63±6.59、58.27±6.14比45.18±5.92,15.91±3.76、10.28±3.58比7.72±3.29),T2DM伴干眼症组高于T2DM组(P<0.05)。重度组、中度组血清和泪液SFRP-5水平(68.29±7.15、95.54±8.34比131.82±9.02,12.83±4.62、24.72±5.49比39.56±5.18)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、泪液分泌试验(SIT)低于轻度组,重度组低于中度组(P<0.05);重度组、中度组血清和泪液FABP4水平(84.56±6.83、73.18±6.94比61.93±6.27,25.64±4.19、17.15±3.86比10.16±3.47)及眼表疾病指数量表(OSDI)积分高于轻度组,重度组高于中度组(P<0.05)。T2DM伴干眼症病人血清与泪液SFRP-5水平呈正相关,血清与泪液FABP4水平也呈正相关(P<0.05)。T2DM伴干眼症病人血清和泪液SFRP-5水平与OSDI积分均呈负相关,与BUT、SIT均呈正相关(P<0.05);血清和泪液FABP4水平与OSDI积分均呈正相关,与BUT、SIT均呈负相关(P<0.05)。血清和泪液SFRP-5水平是影响T2DM病人干眼症发生的独立保护因素,而血清和泪液FABP4水平是独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论SFRP-5在T2DM伴干眼症病人血清和泪液中均低表达,FABP4均高表达,二者与病情严重程度密切相关。

微生态制剂联合肠内营养治疗2型糖尿病并发肺结核的效果分析

目的探讨微生态制剂联合肠内营养辅助治疗2型糖尿病并发肺结核(T2DMTB)患者的临床疗效。方法将2019年1月至2020年12月收治的77例T2DMTB患者随机分为正常饮食组(A组,19例)、微生态制剂组(B组,19例)、肠内营养组(C组,19例)和微生态制剂+肠内营养组(D组,20例),4组均给予常规抗结核及降糖治疗。比较4组患者治疗效果,治疗1个月后痰涂片转阴情况、免疫指标及离子指标变化情况等。结果4组患者结核痰涂片转阴率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=19.204,P=0.0038),其中A组转阴率为52.63%,B组转阴率为36.84%,C组转阴率为57.89%,D组转阴率为95%;治疗前后4组患者免疫水平无显著差异(P>0.05);与治疗前比较,A组Na^(+)、Pi水平升高,B组Na^(+)、Pi、Mg^(2+)离子水平升高,C组Na^(+)、Pi、Mg^(2+)、Fe^(2+)水平升高,D组P、Fe^(2+)水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论微生态制剂联合肠内营养有助于提高痰涂片转阴率,显著改善2型糖尿病并发肺结核患者的临床治疗效果。

基于TGF-β_(1)/Smads信号通路探讨大蒜素对2型糖尿病大鼠肾纤维化的影响

目的:探讨大蒜素对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠肾纤维化和TGF-β_(1)/Smads信号通路的影响以及大蒜素对T2DM所致肾纤维化的作用机制。方法:将50只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组和大蒜素低剂量组(5 mg/kg)、大蒜素中剂量组(10 mg/kg)、大蒜素高剂量组(20 mg/kg),每组10只。正常对照组大鼠常规饲养,其余各组采用高糖高脂饲料喂养加腹腔注射链尿佐菌素的方法复制T2DM大鼠模型。造模完成后,大蒜素各剂量组大鼠腹腔注射相应剂量大蒜素溶液,正常对照组及模型组腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水,每天1次,共4周。干预4周后,测定各组大鼠空腹血糖水平,称量体质量;生化分析法测定24h尿蛋白(24 hour urine protein,24h UP)、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)表达水平;苏木精-伊红染色法(hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)进行肾组织病理学检查;Masson染色进行肾组织纤维化检查并计算胶原容积分数(collagen volume fraction,CVF);免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)法检测肾组织中转化生长因子β_(1)(transforming growth factor-β_(1),TGF-β_(1))、磷酸化Smad2(phospho-Smad2,p-Smad2)、p-Smad3蛋白表达以及Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(collagenⅠ,ColⅠ)和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白(collagenⅢ,ColⅢ)表达。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠肾小球增大、系膜基质增厚、肾小管上皮细胞空泡变性、炎性细胞浸润,大鼠空腹血糖、24h UP、BUN、SCr、CVF、TGF-β_(1)、p-Smad2、p-Smad3、Col I、ColⅢ均升高,体质量下降;与模型组比较,大蒜素中、高剂量组大鼠空腹血糖水平降低、体质量升高(P<0.05),24h UP和血清BUN、SCr水平降低(P<0.01),病理学改变改善;与模型组比较,大蒜素低、中、高剂量组大鼠肾组织纤维化改善,肾组织CVF降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,大蒜素中、高剂量组大鼠肾组织TGF-β_(1)、p-Smad2、p-Smad3、Col I、ColⅢ蛋白表达下调(P<0.01)。结论:大蒜素对T2DM大鼠肾纤维化具有抑制作用,其机制可能与大蒜素调控TGF-β_(1)/Smads信号通路进而抑制细胞外基质生成有关。

司美格鲁肽注射液对早期2型糖尿病肾病患者肾功能及促炎因子的影响

目的:探讨司美格鲁肽注射液对早期2型糖尿病肾病(T2DN)患者肾功能及促炎因子的影响。方法:选取2021年9月—2022年3月南阳市第一人民医院就诊的120例早期T2DN患者作为研究对象,按照随机数表法将分为对照组与观察组,每组各60例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组患者给予司美格鲁肽注射液治疗,均连续治疗12周。比较两组患者空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、肾功能指标[血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)、尿白蛋白肌酐比值(UACR)]及促炎因子[白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)]。结果:治疗后,两组患者FBG、HbAlc水平均较治疗前明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.162、3.046,P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者Cr、UACR水平均较治疗前明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.261、8.426,P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者血清IL-6、TNF-α水平均较治疗前明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.357、3.814,P<0.05)。结论:司美格鲁肽注射液能有效控制早期T2DN患者的血糖水平,改善肾功能,降低促炎因子水平。