Fluid property identification of the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs with complex oil-water contacts in Deseo Basin,Chad

Recently,exploration breakthroughs have been made in the Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the Doseo Basin,but the identification of reservoir fluid property is difficult due to variable reservoir lithology,complex oil-water contact within and faint responses of the oil zone,which causes the lower accuracy of reservoir fluid property identification with conventional mudlogging and wirelogging techniques.Applying the geochemical logging,fluorescent logging,mud logging and cutting logging technology,in combination with formation test data,this paper distinguishes the crude oil types,analyzes the logging response characteristics of oil zone after water washing,and establishes the interpretation charts and parameter standards for reservoir fluid properties.The crude oil can be divided into two types,namely viscous-heavy and thin-light,based on total hydrocarbon content and component concentration tested by mud logging,features of pyrolysis gas chromatogram and fluorescence spectroscopy.The general characteristics of oil layers experienced water washing include the decrease of total hydrocarbon content and component concentration from mud logging,the decrease of S1 and PS values from geochemical logging,the decrease of hydrocarbon abundance and absence of some light components in pyrolysis gas chromatogram,and the decrease of fluorescence area and intensity from fluorescence logging.According to crude oil types,the cross plots of S1 versus peak-baseline ratio,and the cross plots of rock wettability versus fluorescence area ratio are drawn and used to interpret reservoir fluid property.Meanwhile,the standards of reservoir fluid parameter are established combining with the parameters of PS and the parameters in above charts,and comprehensive multiparameter correlation in both vertical and horizontal ways is also performed to interpret reservoir fluid property.The application in the Doseo Basin achieved great success,improving interpretation ability of fluid property in the reservoir with complex oil-water contact,and also provided technical reference for the efficient exploration and development of similar reservoirs.

Study on the Impact of Massive Refracturing on the Fracture Network in Tight Oil Reservoir Horizontal Wells

Class III tight oil reservoirs have low porosity and permeability,which are often responsible for low production rates and limited recovery.Extensive repeated fracturing is a well-known technique to fix some of these issues.With such methods,existing fractures are refractured,and/or new fractures are created to facilitate communication with natural fractures.This study explored how different refracturing methods affect horizontal well fracture networks,with a special focus on morphology and related fluid flow changes.In particular,the study relied on the unconventional fracture model(UFM).The evolution of fracture morphology and flow field after the initial fracturing were analyzed accordingly.The simulation results indicated that increased formation energy and reduced reservoir stress differences can promote fracture expansion.It was shown that the length of the fracture network,the width of the fracture network,and the complexity of the fracture can be improved,the oil drainage area can be increased,the distance of oil and gas seepage can be reduced,and the production of a single well can be significantly increased.

Genesis Types and Diagenesis Compaction Mechanisms of Sandstone Rreservoirs in Dynamic Environments in Oil/Gas Basins in China

The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genesis types of thermal diagenesis, tectonic diagenesis and fluid diagenesis are presented on the basis of the dynamic environment of the oil/gas basins and.the controlling factors and mechanisms of sandstone diagenesis. Thermal diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs is related not only to the effect of formation temperature on diagenesis, but also to the significant changes in diagenesis caused by geothermal gradients. The concept of thermal compaction is presented. Thermal compaction becomes weaker with increasing depth and becomes stronger at a higher geothermal gradient. At the same formation temperature, the sandstone porosity in the region with a lower geothermal gradient is e^0.077＋0.0042T times higher than that in the region with a higher geothermal gradient. Both sudden and gradual changes are observed in diagenetic evolution caused by structural deformation. Average sandstone compaction increased by 0.1051% for every 1.0MPa increase of lateral tectonic compressional stress, while late tectonic napping helped to preserve a higher porosity of underlying sandstone reservoir. Fluid diagenesis is a general phenomenon. The compaction caused by fluid properties is significant. The coarser the grain size, the stronger the fluid effect on compaction. The greater the burial depth, the weaker the fluid effect on compaction for the specific reservoir lithology and the greater the difference in the fluid effects on compaction between different grain sizes.

Factors influencing oil recovery by surfactant-polymer flooding in conglomerate reservoirs and its quantitative calculation method

This study aims to clarify the factors influencing oil recovery of surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding and to establish a quantitative calculation model of oil recovery during different displacement stages from water flooding to SP flooding.The conglomerate reservoir of the Badaowan Formation in the seventh block of the Karamay Oilfield is selected as the research object to reveal the start-up mechanism of residual oil and determine the controlling factors of oil recovery through SP flooding experiments of natural cores and microetching models.The experimental results are used to identify four types of residual oil after water flooding in this conglomerate reservoir with a complex pore structure:oil droplets retained in pore throats by capillary forces,oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and throats,oil film on the rock surface,isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel.For the four types of residual oil identified,the SP solution can enhance oil recovery by enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency.First,the viscosity-increasing effect of the polymer can effectively reduce the permeability of the displacement liquid phase,change the oil-water mobility ratio,and increase the water absorption.Furthermore,the stronger the shear drag force of the SP solution,the more the crude oil in a porous medium is displaced.Second,the surfactant can change the rock wettability and reduce the absorption capacity of residual oil by lowering interfacial tension.At the same time,the emulsification further increases the viscosity of the SP solution,and the residual oil is recovered effectively under the combined effect of the above two factors.For the four start-up mechanisms of residual oil identified after water flooding,enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency are interdependent,but their contribution to enhanced oil recovery are different.The SP flooding system primarily enlarges the sweep volume by increasing viscosity of solution to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil droplet retained in pore throats and isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel,and primarily improves the oil displacement efficiency by lowing interfacial tension of oil phase to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and oil film on the rock surface.On this basis,the experimental results of the oil displacement from seven natural cores show that the pore structure of the reservoir is the main factor influencing water flooding recovery,while the physical properties and original oil saturation have relatively little influence.The main factor influencing SP flooding recovery is the physical and chemical properties of the solution itself,which primarily control the interfacial tension and solution viscosity in the reservoir.The residual oil saturation after water flooding is the material basis of SP flooding,and it is the second-most dominant factor controlling oil recovery.Combined with the analysis results of the influencing factors and reservoir parameters,the water flooding recovery index and SP flooding recovery index are defined to further establish quantitative calculation models of oil recovery under different displacement modes.The average relative errors of the two models are 4.4%and 2.5%,respectively;thus,they can accurately predict the oil recovery of different displacement stages and the ultimate reservoir oil recovery.

Formation conditions and exploration direction of large natural gas reservoirs in the oil-prone Bohai Bay Basin, East China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a typical oil-prone basin, in which natural gas geological reserves have a small proportion. In this basin, the gas source rock is largely medium-deep lake mudstone with oil-prone type Ⅱ2-Ⅱ1 kerogens, and natural gas preservation conditions are poor due to active late tectonic movements. The formation conditions of large natural gas fields in the Bohai Bay Basin have been elusive. Based on the exploration results of Bohai Bay Basin and comparison with large gas fields in China and abroad, the formation conditions of conventional large-scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin were examined from accumulation dynamics, structure and sedimentation. The results show that the formation conditions of conventional large natural gas reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin mainly include one core element and two key elements. The core factor is the strong sealing of Paleogene "quilt-like" overpressure mudstone. The two key factors include the rapid maturation and high-intensity gas generation of source rock in the late stage and large scale reservoir. On this basis, large-scale nature gas accumulation models in the Bohai Bay Basin have been worked out, including regional overpressure mudstone enriching model, local overpressure mudstone depleting model, sand-rich sedimentary subsag depleting model and late strongly-developed fault depleting model. It is found that Bozhong sag, northern Liaozhong sag and Banqiao sag have favorable conditions for the formation of large-scale natural gas reservoirs, and are worth exploring. The study results have important guidance for exploration of large scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin.

A novel type curve for estimating oil recovery factor of gas flooding

A novel type curve is presented for oil recovery factor prediction suitable for gas flooding by innovatively introducing the equivalent water-gas cut to replace the water cut,comprehensively considering the impact of three-phase flow(oil,gas,water),and deriving the theoretical equations of gas flooding type curve based on Tong’s type curve.The equivalent water-gas cut is the ratio of the cumulative underground volume of gas and water production to the total underground volume of produced fluids.Field production data and the numerical simulation results are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the new type curve and verify the accuracy of the prediction results with field cases.The new type curve is suitable for oil recovery factor prediction of both water flooding and gas flooding.When a reservoir has no gas injected or produced,the gas phase can be ignored and only the oil and water phases need to be considered,in this case,this gas flooding type curve returns to the Tong’s type curve,which can evaluate the oil recovery factor of water flooding.For reservoirs with equivalent water-gas cuts of 60%-80%,the regression method of the new type curve works well in predicting the oil recovery factor.For reservoirs with equivalent water-gas cuts higher than 80%,both the regression and assignment methods of the new type curve can accurately predict the oil recovery factor of gas flooding.

Oil oxidation in the whole temperature regions during oil reservoir air injection and development methods

The oil oxidation characteristics of the whole temperature regions from 30 ℃ to 600 ℃ during oil reservoir air injection were revealed by experiments. The whole oil oxidation temperature regions were divided into four different parts: dissolving and inflation region, low temperature oxidation region, medium temperature oxidation region and high temperature oxidation region. The reaction mechanisms of different regions were explained. Based on the oil oxidation characteristics and filed tests results, light oil reservoirs air injection development methods were divided into two types: oxygen-reducing air flooding and air flooding;heavy oil reservoirs air injection in-situ combustion development methods were divided into two types: medium temperature in-situ combustion and high temperature in-situ combustion. When the reservoir temperature is lower than 120 ℃, oxygen-reducing air flooding should be used for light oil reservoir development. When the reservoir temperature is higher than 120 ℃, air flooding method should be used for light oil reservoir development. For a normal heavy oil reservoir, when the combustion front temperature is lower than 400 ℃, the development method is medium temperature in-situ combustion. For a heavy oil reservoir with high oil resin and asphalting contents, when the combustion front temperature is higher than 450 ℃, the development method at this condition is high temperature in-situ combustion. Ten years field tests of air injection carried out by PetroChina proved that air has advantages in technical, economical and gas source aspects compared with other gas agents for oilfield gas injection development. Air injection development can be used in low/super-low permeability light oil reservoirs, medium and high permeability light oil reservoirs and heavy oil reservoirs. Air is a very promising gas flooding agent.

Shale oil enrichment evaluation and production law in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In conjunction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the Gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the Gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Second,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon content,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral content are the core indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon content equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral content equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the core area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration and production,more efforts will be devoted to the clarification of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion mechanisms,accurate testing of porosity and hydrocarbon content/phase of shale under formation conditions,precise delineation of the boundary of enrichment area,relationship between mechanical properties and stimulated reservoir volume,and enhanced oil recovery,in order to improve the EUR and achieve a large-scale,efficient development of shale oil.

苏北盆地古近系阜宁组二段页岩油储层岩石力学特征及其控制因素

为查明苏北盆地页岩油储层可压性特征及压后孔、缝变化规律,以古近系阜宁组二段(阜二段)为研究对象,对岩石力学特征、压裂效果及其影响因素进行研究。用计算机高分辨断层扫描成像技术(多尺度CT扫描)对岩样进行三维重构,获取孔、缝结构参数;开展地层围压下三轴力学实验,获取岩石力学参数;将压裂后的岩样按相同位置和方向再次进行多尺度CT扫描,获取压裂后三维孔、缝结构图像。根据应力-应变曲线特征,将本区页岩划分为3种类型。①1型页岩,为破裂曲线波浪下降,压后形成复杂网状缝页岩。②2型页岩,为破裂曲线类型多样,具波浪下降和垂直下降形状,压后缝网较发育的页岩。③3型页岩,为破裂曲线垂直下降,破裂后整体较完整,压后多形成纵向劈裂缝、缝网不发育的页岩。这3种类型页岩压后孔隙变化特征是:1型和2型页岩直径10~50μm孔隙占比减少,直径50~100μm孔隙增多,直径300μm以上孔隙孔容贡献增大;3型页岩压裂前、后孔径分布及孔容贡献变化不明显。研究表明,抗压强度与弹性模量、剪切模量具有正相关关系,与泊松比具有V型曲线关系;碳酸盐和黏土矿物含量是控制本区页岩力学性质的主要因素,石英和有机碳含量为次要因素。孔隙度及纹层发育特征是页岩储层可压性特征的重要影响因素。

塔里木盆地顺北油气田少井高产地质工程一体化做法与关键技术

塔里木盆地顺北油气田埋藏深度为7300~9000m,脆性地层破碎形成的缝洞型储层沿高陡走滑断裂带发育,断裂破碎带内部非均质性极强,且流体性质差异大。面对这类超深复杂的断控缝洞型油气藏,高效成井面临世界级挑战,单井费用高,效益开发难度大,没有现成的经验、技术可借鉴。顺北油气田以项目管理为抓手,建立了独有的“五有五提升”地质工程一体化管理模式,创新形成了“少井高产”七要素关键技术。近几年,少井高产地质工程一体化实现了质的飞跃,落实了4号、8号断裂带2个亿吨级资源阵地,新增石油探明储量为1.53×10^(8)t、天然气探明储量为1620×10^(8)m^(3),4号断裂带共部署井位20口,两年建成了130×10^(4)t油当量产能阵地。与2016年开发动用的1号断裂带相比,高产井成功率提升了35%、单井产能提升了316%、单井发现探明储量提升了55%,实现了高效勘探,效益开发,其经验对其他同类型油藏开发具有较好的借鉴意义。

致密砂岩气藏与页岩气藏展布模式

在阐述美国和中国致密砂岩气和页岩气资源潜力和年产量的基础上,系统梳理致密砂岩气藏与页岩气藏展布的研究沿革,分析页岩气藏、致密砂岩气藏展布特征及致密砂岩气成因类型。研究表明:(1)美国致密砂岩气在天然气总产量中占比由2008年的35%降至2023年的8%左右;美国页岩气2023年产量为8310×10^(8)m^(3),在天然气总产量中占比由2000—2008年的5%~17%升至2023年的70%以上。(2)中国致密砂岩气占天然气总产量比例由2010年的16%升至2023年的28%以上;2012年中国开始生产页岩气,2023年产量达250×10^(8)m^(3),约占天然气全国总产量的11%。(3)页岩气藏展布模式为连续型,根据页岩气藏是否有断层切割及断距与气层厚度的关系,连续型页岩气藏可分为连续式和断续式两种。(4)与以往大部分学者认为致密砂岩气藏展布模式为连续型的认识不同,致密砂岩气藏展布模式不是连续型;根据圈闭类型,致密砂岩气藏可分为岩性型、背斜型和向斜型3种。(5)中国3大克拉通盆地和埃及Obavied次盆的致密砂岩气为煤成气,美国阿巴拉契亚盆地和阿曼迦巴盐盆地的致密砂岩气为油型气。

准噶尔盆地中Ⅲ区块原油地球化学特征与油源分析

通过对准噶尔盆地中Ⅲ区块的原油或油砂抽提物饱和烃与芳烃气相色谱-质谱分析,研究了原油及油砂抽提物中的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、β-胡萝卜烷以及甾萜烷烃系列化合物的分布特征,对原油类型进行了划分,并对其油源做了初步的分析。研究表明,中Ⅲ区块原油可划分为3种类型:第Ⅰ类包括永6井与永9井白垩系吐谷鲁群原油及油砂抽提物,主要来自于中二叠统乌尔禾组烃源岩;第Ⅱ类包括永1井西山窑组和三工河组原油及油砂抽提物、永2井西山窑组油砂抽提物及永3井西山窑组和三工河组原油,为二叠系和侏罗系烃源岩生成的混源油;第Ⅲ类包括永6井西山窑组油砂抽提物和永2井西山窑组下部原油,主要来源于侏罗系烃源岩。

鄂尔多斯盆地胡尖山地区长7段页岩型页岩油源储特征及勘探前景

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段发育一套以富有机质泥页岩为主夹砂质沉积的烃源岩层系,其中长7段源内夹层型页岩油已取得勘探突破并实现规模效益开发,但页岩型页岩油前期研究相对较少,是否具有勘探开发前景还不够明确。为此,以长7段烃源岩为研究对象,开展基于岩心分析化验、测井资料解释的烃源岩源储特征评价和矿场开发试验,用以评价胡尖山地区长7段页岩型页岩油勘探前景。长7段岩心测试分析表明,页岩主要发育粒间孔、晶间孔及有机质孔,常见层理缝及有机质收缩缝,游离态轻质油主要赋存于粒间孔及页理缝;运用多溶剂连续分步抽提方法实验结果表明,长7段页岩中游离态轻质油比例可达到54.3%。通过地球化学特征分析,长7段页岩平均TOC为14.03%、平均生烃潜量为57.73mg/g,为优质烃源岩;有机质热演化程度较高,平均R_(o)为1.08%、平均T_(max)为450℃;岩石热解可动烃含量达到4.34mg/g,表明页岩型页岩油具有良好的资源基础。研究区长7段页岩有机质类型好、有机质含量高、岩石可压裂性好,盆地内直井试油试采表明页岩含油性较好,利用岩石热解法估算该地区页岩型页岩油可动烃资源量为4.1×10^(8)t,综合认为研究区页岩具有水平井体积压裂提产的勘探开发前景。

带凝析气顶挥发性油藏水平井优化设计:以轮南油田JⅢ(6+7)油组为例

针对轮南油田JⅢ（6＋7）油组的实际油藏地质条件，利用相图判别法研究了该油藏的流体类型，并确定了油环的大小。在此基础上提出利用水平井开发此类油藏，并进行了优化设计研究。研究结果表明：JⅢ（6＋7）油组的油环原油地层流体样品为挥发油体系，并且油环的体积远大于凝析气顶。本油组适合水平井开发，水平段长度为350-400m较好，在相同压差下，其产量是直井产量的4．5倍，若考虑底水锥进的影响，则水平井的水平段应位于油水界面之上0．7～0．9倍油层厚度的位置较好；若不考虑底水锥进情况，则水平井的水平段位于油层中部位置产量最大。

典型Ⅱ_2-Ⅲ过渡型褐煤近地质条件下生排油模拟研究

煤作为一类有机质高度富集的烃源岩,在生油窗内其生排油能力一直存在着争议。以未成熟典型Ⅱ_2-Ⅲ过渡型褐煤为例,利用自研的DK-Ⅱ型地层孔隙热压生排烃模拟实验仪,开展煤在有限空间体系内,在不同温度、上覆压力负载和水介质流体压力共同作用下的生排油模拟研究。模拟实验结果表明:在成熟度R_o≤0.82%的各个演化阶段,煤均以生油为主,阶段生油产率显著高于生气产率,成熟度0.68≤R_o≤0.82%阶段,为煤主生油阶段,该阶段的生油量占总生油量的53.66%;在成熟度R_o>0.82%的各个演化阶段,煤均以生气为主。煤不仅可以生油,而且当总油产率达到30 mg/g TOC左右时就可以有效排油,主生油窗内煤岩的排油能力优于泥岩烃源岩。煤在主生油窗内的烃气和二氧化碳产率显著高于泥质烃源岩的烃气和二氧化碳产率,应是造成煤成油可以高效排油的重要因素。

丈方台区块油藏特征及油水分布关系探讨

丈方台油区目前所有层系均未投入注水开发,开发方式仍然主要依靠弹性驱+溶解气驱的天然能量,地层能量和油井产量都下降较快,影响了该区的开发效果。通过对丈方台区块油藏进行精细研究,弄清了延10、长6、长7等主力含油层系的沉积特征、油藏类型及油水分布关系,对今后开发方案的调整具有重要的意义。

吴起油田W油区长7油层油气成藏因素分析

针对油气藏分布及主控因素认识不清等问题,文章在烃源岩、储层等方面进行油气地质条件分析的基础上,从油水层识别、油气藏类型及分布等方面开展了油气控制因素分析工作。研究表明:(1)吴起油田W油区长7油页岩厚度在15~25 m,TOC含量远大于2%、Ro为0.8%;长73、长72、长71东北部砂体较为发育,主河道砂体厚度分别为15~25 m、15~23 m、15~28 m。(2)吴起油田W油区长7主要发育鼻状构造、砂岩透镜体、致密砂岩遮挡等类型油藏,主要富集三角洲前缘水下分流河道,河道砂岩与分流间湾泥岩的合理有效配置是成藏的关键。

新构造运动对渤海凸起区、斜坡—洼陷区浅层油气最终成藏的控制作用

浅层新近系馆陶组—明化镇组为渤海的主力含油气层系。新构造运动是渤海新生代晚期发生的对油气成藏影响最为深刻的构造事件,对浅层油气成藏的影响远大于深层,控制了渤海浅层油气最终成藏。研究表明,新构造运动导致的凹陷晚期快速生排烃、多种类型圈闭发育、油气运移活跃等,整体上调整、控制了浅层油气藏的定型和分布,但对不同构造带浅层油气成藏的控制作用存在差异。根据构造位置和油气成藏特点,可将渤海浅层油气藏归为两大类:凸起区浅层油气藏、斜坡—洼陷区浅层油气藏。通过系统分析两类构造带浅层油气的成藏特点,明确新构造运动对两类构造带油气最终成藏的控制作用与富集模式差异,并构建了相应成藏模式。凸起区的浅层具有“晚期油源断层+浅层稳定储盖组合”的“台阶”型油气成藏模式;斜坡—洼陷区的浅层具有“洼中隆+晚期断层”“深层运移脊+晚期断层”两种“倒漏斗”型油气成藏模式。渤海浅层已进入了以岩性油气藏为主的勘探阶段,应加强新构造运动控制下的“晚期运移断层+岩性圈闭”组合勘探。

油气藏型储气库CO_(2)腐蚀防护技术研究

国内外绝大多数地下储气库由枯竭油气藏改建而成,采气期采出天然气中通常含有液烃、水和CO_(2)。CO_(2)在湿气环境中具有腐蚀性,会对采气集输管线和设备造成一定程度的内腐蚀。为做好油气藏型储气库CO_(2)腐蚀防护,最大程度减缓CO_(2)腐蚀对采气系统造成的不利影响,延长储气库服役寿命,通过对储气库采气系统CO_(2)腐蚀规律和各种腐蚀因素进行研究分析,对比分析不同腐蚀防护技术和手段,明确了油气藏型储气库更适合通过加注缓蚀剂对CO_(2)腐蚀进行防护。以辽河雷61储气库第一个采气期为例,定期化验监测CO_(2)摩尔体积分数、计算CO_(2)分压,依据规范要求,及时调整缓蚀剂加注量。采气期结束对腐蚀挂片和电子监测探针数据进行分析评价,显示缓蚀剂动态加注取得了良好防护效果。该研究可为类似工艺情况提供借鉴。

Compositional heterogeneity of crude oil and its origin in the Linnan subsag,Linyi County,Shandong Province

The Linnan subsag is the main oil producer of the Linpan oil zone. Based on the oil group composition,gas chromatography data and biomarker analysis,it was indicated that crude oils from different oilfields varied greatly in group composition and showed obvious heterogeneities in the aspects of precursor type,crude oil maturity and hydrocarbon depositional environment. According to the characteristics of source rocks,three oil populations can be distinguished,i.e.,the southern,northern and transitional oil populations. Furthermore,on the basis of post-reservoir reworking processes,the medium conditions of hydrocarbon-generating environment and differences in maturity,six oil families and twelve sub-families were distinquished. An integrated study suggested that the fac-tors leading to such heterogeneities in crude oil composition mainly include different source rocks,multi-stage oil/gas charging,geo-chromatographic effects during oil/gas migration,reservoir heterogeneities and various post-reservoir secondary alterations.