Type-A spermatogonia first appear at between 3-7 d postnatally in mice and are the only immortalized diploid cells that reproduce in adulthood in these animals. In our current study, we explored the feasibility of pro...Type-A spermatogonia first appear at between 3-7 d postnatally in mice and are the only immortalized diploid cells that reproduce in adulthood in these animals. In our current study, we explored the feasibility of producing stable transgenic mice using these cells. Enhanced pEGFP-N1 plasmids were suspended in ExGen500 transfection reagent and injected at different angles into the testes of 7-d-old male ICR mice. The resulting type-A spermatogonia-mediated gene transfer （TASMGT） mice were then mated with normal females at different stages of sexual maturity （6, 12, and 24 wk）. The integration and expression of the introduced EGFP gene was evaluated in the F1 transgenic offspring by PCR and Southern blotting analysis. The foreign gene integration rates for a low-dose group （15 μL gene suspension injected into each testis） and a high-dose group （30 μL suspensions injected） at the three stages of female sexual maturity tested were 11.76% （2/17）, 14.29% （3/21）, and 11.11% （2/18）, and 5% （1/20）, 5.56% （1/18）, and 0 （0/17）, respectively. The average integration rates for these two dose groups were 12.5% （7/56） and 3.64% （2/55）, respectively, which was a significant difference （P0.05）. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis further showed that the introduced GFP gene was expressed in 3/9 integration mice. In addition, GFP expression was observed in the sperm cells from the TASMGT mice, and also in the embryos and F2 pups from the F1 generation transgenic mice. Hence, although the foreign gene integration rate for TASMGT is not high and the transgenic offspring show as yet unexplained defects, our results indicate that this method is a potentially feasible and reproducible new approach to creating transgenic mice.展开更多
Cytokinin is a critical growth regulator for various aspects of plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling is mediated by a two-component system-based phosphorelay that transmits a signal from t...Cytokinin is a critical growth regulator for various aspects of plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling is mediated by a two-component system-based phosphorelay that transmits a signal from the receptors, through histidine phosphotransfer proteins, to the downstream response regulators （ARRs）. Of these ARRs, type-A ARR genes, whose transcription can be rapidly induced by cytokinin, act as negative regulators of eytokinin signaling. However, because of functional redundancy, the function of type-A ARR genes in plant growth and development is not well understood by analyzing loss-of-function mutants. In this study, we performed a comparative functional study on all ten type-A ARR genes by analyzing transgenic plants overexpressing these ARR genes fused to a MYC epitope tag. Overexpression of ARR genes results in a variety of cytokinin-associated phenotypes. Notably, overexpression of different ARR transgenes causes diverse phenotypes, even between phylogenetically closely-related gene pairs, such as within the ARR3-ARR4 and ARR5-ARR6 pairs. We found that the accumulation of a subset of ARR proteins （ARR3, ARR5, ARR7, ARR16 and ARR17; possibly ARR8 and ARR15） is increased by MG132, a specific proteasomal inhibitor, indicating that stability of these proteins is regulated by proteasomal degradation. Moreover, similar to that of previously characterized ARR5, ARR6 and ARR7, stability of ARR16 and ARR17, possibly including ARR8 and ARR15, is regulated by cytokinin. These results suggest that type-A ARR proteins are regulated by a combinatorial mechanism involving both the cytokinin and proteasome pathways, thereby executing distinctive functions in plant growth and development.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Regulatory peptide receptors have attracted the interest of oncologists as a new promising approach for cancer pathology,imaging and therapy.Although cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent modulator of gallbladd...BACKGROUND:Regulatory peptide receptors have attracted the interest of oncologists as a new promising approach for cancer pathology,imaging and therapy.Although cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent modulator of gallbladder contractility and plays a potential role in pancreatic carcinogenesis through CCK type-A receptor (CCKAR),its role in gallbladder cancer (GBC) is still unknown and immunohistochemical detection of CCKAR in the gallbladder has not yet been reported.This novel case-control study aimed to investigate the expression profile of CCKAR in GBC and gallstone disease (GSD).METHODS:This study included 162 samples of gallbladder:94 from GBC and 68 from GSD.Expression of CCKAR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.The results were statistically correlated with disease history including age,sex,presence of gallstone,stage and differentiation.RESULTS:CCKAR was positive in 30/68 (44.1%) of GSD and 72/94 (76.6%) of GBC samples.Fifty-one of the 72 (70.8%) CCKAR-positive GBC samples showed over-expression.Interestingly,consistent results also appeared in the immunoblotting study.CONCLUSIONS:CCKAR expression was significantly increased in GBC compared to GSD.Moreover,CCKAR expression was associated with the degree of tumor differentiation,i.e.,less expression in poorly-differentiated tumors.Thus,it has future prognostic and therapeutic implications in the management of GBC.展开更多
Numerical simulations based on a high-resolution three-dimensional MIT general circulation model(MITgcm)using realistic topography and tidal forcing are conducted to investigate the generation and propagation of the s...Numerical simulations based on a high-resolution three-dimensional MIT general circulation model(MITgcm)using realistic topography and tidal forcing are conducted to investigate the generation and propagation of the so-called type-a waves(large-amplitude rank-ordered wave packets)and type-b waves(isolated wave packets)in the northern South China Sea.At first,we summarized and analyzed the generation and propagation characteristics of these waves.Then,energy budget at the Luzon Strait is calculated.Energy generation has three local maxima every day,of which the largest one corresponds to the emergence of the type-a wave.Energy flux at the west boundary of the Luzon Strait shows two local maxima each day.The larger one is consistent with the generation of the type-a wave and the smaller one is in correspondence with the generation of the type-b wave.Sensitivity experiments are designed to explore the role of the east and west ridge of the Luzon Strait on the generation and propagation of the type-a and type-b waves.It is found that the east ridge is indispensable on the generation of the type-a wave while the west ridge has little contribution.The west ridge diminishes the type-a waves'amplitude but hardly changes their propagation speed.The type-b waves also come from perturbation signals which originate from the east ridge and are enhanced in amplitude and reduced in propagation speed by the west ridge.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in patients with acquired VI nerve palsy. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (16 F and 12 M), mean age 36.4 +/-- 1...Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in patients with acquired VI nerve palsy. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (16 F and 12 M), mean age 36.4 +/-- 17.8 DS;range 10 - 69 years with acquired VI nerve palsy, have been treated with BTX-A injection into the ipsilateral medial rectus, at least 6 months after onset. At 6 months follow up, a paresis and a paralysis, were respectively diagnosed if the affected eye could be actively abducted or not, across the mid-line;a simple horizontal rectus muscle procedure was performed for the paresis whilst for the paralysis, both a horizontal and vertical muscle transportation procedure were required. Results: A gradual physiological recovery of the lateral rectus muscle was observed in 9 (32%) patients (GROUP I) and surgical treatment was therefore unnecessary;the remaining 19 cases (68%), of which 5 paresis (GROUP II) and 14 paralysis (GROUP III) underwent surgery and within 1 year were all restored to orthotropia. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) injection is an invaluable tool in the differential diagnosis between paresis versus paralysis of the VIth nerve, allowing the correct choice of surgical procedure.展开更多
A previous study has proposed a mathematical model of type-A medial vestibular nucleus neurons (mVNn). This model is described by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is based on the Hodgkin-Hu...A previous study has proposed a mathematical model of type-A medial vestibular nucleus neurons (mVNn). This model is described by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. The type-A mVNn model contains several ionic conductances, such as the sodium conductance, calcium conductance, delayed-rectifier potassium conductance, transient potassium conductance, and calcium-dependent potassium conductance. The previous study revealed that spontaneous repetitive spiking in the type-A mVNn model can be suppressed by hyperpolarizing stimulation. However, how this suppression is affected by the ionic conductances has not been clarified in the previous study. The present study performed numerical simulation analysis of the type-A mVNn model to clarify how variations in the different ionic conductance values affect the suppression of repetitive spiking. The present study revealed that the threshold for the transition from a repetitive spiking state to a quiescent state is differentially sensitive to variations in the ionic conductances among the different types of ionic conductance.展开更多
A right adequate semigroup of type F is defined as a right adequate semigroup which is an F-rpp semigroup. A right adequate semigroup T of type F is called an F-cover for a right type-A semigroup S if S is the image o...A right adequate semigroup of type F is defined as a right adequate semigroup which is an F-rpp semigroup. A right adequate semigroup T of type F is called an F-cover for a right type-A semigroup S if S is the image of T under an L＊-homomorphism. In this paper, we will prove that any right type-A monoid has F-covers and then establish the structure of F-covers for a given right type-A monoid. Our results extend and enrich the related results for inverse semigroups.展开更多
The removal of trace propyne(C_(3)H_(4))from propyne/propylene(C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6))mixtures is a technical and challenging task during the production of polymer-grade propylene in view of their very similar size and...The removal of trace propyne(C_(3)H_(4))from propyne/propylene(C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6))mixtures is a technical and challenging task during the production of polymer-grade propylene in view of their very similar size and physical properties.While some progress has been made,it is still very challenging to use some highly stable and commercially available porous materials via an energy-efficient adsorptive separation process.Herein,we report the ultrafine tuning of the pore apertures in type-A zeolites for the highly efficient removal of trace amounts of C_(3)H_(4)from C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6)mixtures.The resulting ion-exchanged zeolite 5 A exhibits a large C_(3)H_(4)adsorption capacity(2.3 mmol g^(-1)under 10^(-4)MPa)and high C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6)selectivity at room temperature,which were mainly attributed to the ultrafine-tuned pore size that selectively blocks C_(3)H_(6)molecules,while maintaining the stro ng adsorption of C_(3)H_(4)at low pressure region.High purity of C_(3)H_(6)(>99.9999%)can be directly obtained on this material under ambient conditions,as demonstrated by the experimental breakthrough curves obtained for both 1/99 and 0.1/99.9(V V)C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6) mixtures.展开更多
Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A), a subtype from known seven types of botulinum neurotoxin (serotype A-G), is produced by a gram-positive bacterium, <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>. The toxin is now widely and ...Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A), a subtype from known seven types of botulinum neurotoxin (serotype A-G), is produced by a gram-positive bacterium, <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>. The toxin is now widely and efficiently used in treating a plethora of diverse symptoms and conditions. Recent evidence in the literature also shows that BTX-A exhibits a wide range of effects on non-neuronal cells. Its potential has markedly expanded to clinical applications other than the treatment of neurological and muscular conditions that are characterized by neuronal hyperactivity. A number of studies have shown BTX-A to improve the quality of scar outcome and prevent the formation of keloids and HTS. Although the mechanism of action of BTX-A on wound healing is still not clearly understood, lately there has been extensive research to grasp the underlying mechanisms of this multifunctional toxin. BTX-A seems to affect wound healing by a number of mechanisms that include action on tensile forces, inhibition of fibroblasts differentiation, downregulation of TGF-<i><span style="white-space:nowrap;">β</span></i>1 and collagen expression. This review will explore the responses of Botulinum toxin type-A on wound healing and preventing pathological scars like HTS and keloids, and comprehend the overall effect BTX-A has on wound healing.展开更多
As sessile organisms, plants encounter a variety of environmental stresses and must optimize their growth for survival. Abscisic acid （ABA） and cytokinin antagonistically regulate many developmental processes and en...As sessile organisms, plants encounter a variety of environmental stresses and must optimize their growth for survival. Abscisic acid （ABA） and cytokinin antagonistically regulate many developmental processes and environmental stress responses in plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this antag- onism remains poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrated that Sucrose nonfermentingl-related kinases SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, and SnRK2.6, the key kinases of the ABA signaling pathway, directly interact with and phosphorylate type-A response regulator 5 （ARR5）, a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling. The phosphorylation of ARR5 Ser residues by SnRK2s enhanced ARR5 protein stability. Accord- ingly, plants overexpressing ARR5 showed ABA hypersensitivity and drought tolerance, and these pheno- types could not be recapitulated by overexpressing a non-phosphorylated ARR5 mimic. Moreover, the type-B ARRs, ARR1, ARR11 and ARR12, physically interacted with SnRK2s and repressed the kinase activ- ity of SnRK2.6. The arrl, 11,12 triple mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to ABA. Genetic analysis demon- strated that SnRK2s act upstream of ARR5 but downstream of ARR1, ARR11 and ARR12 in mediating ABA response and drought tolerance. Taken together, this study unravels the antagonistic actions of several molecular components of the ABA and cytokinin signaling pathways in mediates drought stress response, providing significant insights into how plants coordinate growth and drought stress response by integrating multiple hormone pathways.展开更多
基金supported by the National Transgenic Breeding Project (2008ZX08010-004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30830080)+1 种基金the National 973 Program of China (G2006CB102105,2009CB941604)the National 863 Program of China (20060110Z1039, 2008AA10Z143)
文摘Type-A spermatogonia first appear at between 3-7 d postnatally in mice and are the only immortalized diploid cells that reproduce in adulthood in these animals. In our current study, we explored the feasibility of producing stable transgenic mice using these cells. Enhanced pEGFP-N1 plasmids were suspended in ExGen500 transfection reagent and injected at different angles into the testes of 7-d-old male ICR mice. The resulting type-A spermatogonia-mediated gene transfer （TASMGT） mice were then mated with normal females at different stages of sexual maturity （6, 12, and 24 wk）. The integration and expression of the introduced EGFP gene was evaluated in the F1 transgenic offspring by PCR and Southern blotting analysis. The foreign gene integration rates for a low-dose group （15 μL gene suspension injected into each testis） and a high-dose group （30 μL suspensions injected） at the three stages of female sexual maturity tested were 11.76% （2/17）, 14.29% （3/21）, and 11.11% （2/18）, and 5% （1/20）, 5.56% （1/18）, and 0 （0/17）, respectively. The average integration rates for these two dose groups were 12.5% （7/56） and 3.64% （2/55）, respectively, which was a significant difference （P0.05）. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis further showed that the introduced GFP gene was expressed in 3/9 integration mice. In addition, GFP expression was observed in the sperm cells from the TASMGT mice, and also in the embryos and F2 pups from the F1 generation transgenic mice. Hence, although the foreign gene integration rate for TASMGT is not high and the transgenic offspring show as yet unexplained defects, our results indicate that this method is a potentially feasible and reproducible new approach to creating transgenic mice.
文摘Cytokinin is a critical growth regulator for various aspects of plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, cytokinin signaling is mediated by a two-component system-based phosphorelay that transmits a signal from the receptors, through histidine phosphotransfer proteins, to the downstream response regulators （ARRs）. Of these ARRs, type-A ARR genes, whose transcription can be rapidly induced by cytokinin, act as negative regulators of eytokinin signaling. However, because of functional redundancy, the function of type-A ARR genes in plant growth and development is not well understood by analyzing loss-of-function mutants. In this study, we performed a comparative functional study on all ten type-A ARR genes by analyzing transgenic plants overexpressing these ARR genes fused to a MYC epitope tag. Overexpression of ARR genes results in a variety of cytokinin-associated phenotypes. Notably, overexpression of different ARR transgenes causes diverse phenotypes, even between phylogenetically closely-related gene pairs, such as within the ARR3-ARR4 and ARR5-ARR6 pairs. We found that the accumulation of a subset of ARR proteins （ARR3, ARR5, ARR7, ARR16 and ARR17; possibly ARR8 and ARR15） is increased by MG132, a specific proteasomal inhibitor, indicating that stability of these proteins is regulated by proteasomal degradation. Moreover, similar to that of previously characterized ARR5, ARR6 and ARR7, stability of ARR16 and ARR17, possibly including ARR8 and ARR15, is regulated by cytokinin. These results suggest that type-A ARR proteins are regulated by a combinatorial mechanism involving both the cytokinin and proteasome pathways, thereby executing distinctive functions in plant growth and development.
基金supported by a grant from the Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR Project Ref No.3/2/2/187/2009/NCD-Ⅲ)
文摘BACKGROUND:Regulatory peptide receptors have attracted the interest of oncologists as a new promising approach for cancer pathology,imaging and therapy.Although cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent modulator of gallbladder contractility and plays a potential role in pancreatic carcinogenesis through CCK type-A receptor (CCKAR),its role in gallbladder cancer (GBC) is still unknown and immunohistochemical detection of CCKAR in the gallbladder has not yet been reported.This novel case-control study aimed to investigate the expression profile of CCKAR in GBC and gallstone disease (GSD).METHODS:This study included 162 samples of gallbladder:94 from GBC and 68 from GSD.Expression of CCKAR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.The results were statistically correlated with disease history including age,sex,presence of gallstone,stage and differentiation.RESULTS:CCKAR was positive in 30/68 (44.1%) of GSD and 72/94 (76.6%) of GBC samples.Fifty-one of the 72 (70.8%) CCKAR-positive GBC samples showed over-expression.Interestingly,consistent results also appeared in the immunoblotting study.CONCLUSIONS:CCKAR expression was significantly increased in GBC compared to GSD.Moreover,CCKAR expression was associated with the degree of tumor differentiation,i.e.,less expression in poorly-differentiated tumors.Thus,it has future prognostic and therapeutic implications in the management of GBC.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge Dr.K.R.Mahadik,Principal,Poona College of Pharmacy,Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University,Pune,India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the study.Research support was provided by Indus Biotech Private Limited but played no role in collection,analysis and interpretation of data.
基金The National Key Research and Development Plan of China under contract No.2016YFC1401300the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41276008the Taishan Scholars Program
文摘Numerical simulations based on a high-resolution three-dimensional MIT general circulation model(MITgcm)using realistic topography and tidal forcing are conducted to investigate the generation and propagation of the so-called type-a waves(large-amplitude rank-ordered wave packets)and type-b waves(isolated wave packets)in the northern South China Sea.At first,we summarized and analyzed the generation and propagation characteristics of these waves.Then,energy budget at the Luzon Strait is calculated.Energy generation has three local maxima every day,of which the largest one corresponds to the emergence of the type-a wave.Energy flux at the west boundary of the Luzon Strait shows two local maxima each day.The larger one is consistent with the generation of the type-a wave and the smaller one is in correspondence with the generation of the type-b wave.Sensitivity experiments are designed to explore the role of the east and west ridge of the Luzon Strait on the generation and propagation of the type-a and type-b waves.It is found that the east ridge is indispensable on the generation of the type-a wave while the west ridge has little contribution.The west ridge diminishes the type-a waves'amplitude but hardly changes their propagation speed.The type-b waves also come from perturbation signals which originate from the east ridge and are enhanced in amplitude and reduced in propagation speed by the west ridge.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in patients with acquired VI nerve palsy. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (16 F and 12 M), mean age 36.4 +/-- 17.8 DS;range 10 - 69 years with acquired VI nerve palsy, have been treated with BTX-A injection into the ipsilateral medial rectus, at least 6 months after onset. At 6 months follow up, a paresis and a paralysis, were respectively diagnosed if the affected eye could be actively abducted or not, across the mid-line;a simple horizontal rectus muscle procedure was performed for the paresis whilst for the paralysis, both a horizontal and vertical muscle transportation procedure were required. Results: A gradual physiological recovery of the lateral rectus muscle was observed in 9 (32%) patients (GROUP I) and surgical treatment was therefore unnecessary;the remaining 19 cases (68%), of which 5 paresis (GROUP II) and 14 paralysis (GROUP III) underwent surgery and within 1 year were all restored to orthotropia. Conclusion: Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) injection is an invaluable tool in the differential diagnosis between paresis versus paralysis of the VIth nerve, allowing the correct choice of surgical procedure.
文摘A previous study has proposed a mathematical model of type-A medial vestibular nucleus neurons (mVNn). This model is described by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which is based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. The type-A mVNn model contains several ionic conductances, such as the sodium conductance, calcium conductance, delayed-rectifier potassium conductance, transient potassium conductance, and calcium-dependent potassium conductance. The previous study revealed that spontaneous repetitive spiking in the type-A mVNn model can be suppressed by hyperpolarizing stimulation. However, how this suppression is affected by the ionic conductances has not been clarified in the previous study. The present study performed numerical simulation analysis of the type-A mVNn model to clarify how variations in the different ionic conductance values affect the suppression of repetitive spiking. The present study revealed that the threshold for the transition from a repetitive spiking state to a quiescent state is differentially sensitive to variations in the ionic conductances among the different types of ionic conductance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10961014)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (Grant No.2008GZ048)+1 种基金the Science Foundation of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province and the Foundation of Jiangxi Normal University (Grant No.[2007]134)the Graduate Innovation Special Foundation of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province (Grant No.YC08A044)
文摘A right adequate semigroup of type F is defined as a right adequate semigroup which is an F-rpp semigroup. A right adequate semigroup T of type F is called an F-cover for a right type-A semigroup S if S is the image of T under an L＊-homomorphism. In this paper, we will prove that any right type-A monoid has F-covers and then establish the structure of F-covers for a given right type-A monoid. Our results extend and enrich the related results for inverse semigroups.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21922810,21908153,21908155)program of Innovative Talents of Higher Education Institutions of Shanxithe supported by Cultivate Scientific Research Excellence Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(CSREP)。
文摘The removal of trace propyne(C_(3)H_(4))from propyne/propylene(C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6))mixtures is a technical and challenging task during the production of polymer-grade propylene in view of their very similar size and physical properties.While some progress has been made,it is still very challenging to use some highly stable and commercially available porous materials via an energy-efficient adsorptive separation process.Herein,we report the ultrafine tuning of the pore apertures in type-A zeolites for the highly efficient removal of trace amounts of C_(3)H_(4)from C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6)mixtures.The resulting ion-exchanged zeolite 5 A exhibits a large C_(3)H_(4)adsorption capacity(2.3 mmol g^(-1)under 10^(-4)MPa)and high C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6)selectivity at room temperature,which were mainly attributed to the ultrafine-tuned pore size that selectively blocks C_(3)H_(6)molecules,while maintaining the stro ng adsorption of C_(3)H_(4)at low pressure region.High purity of C_(3)H_(6)(>99.9999%)can be directly obtained on this material under ambient conditions,as demonstrated by the experimental breakthrough curves obtained for both 1/99 and 0.1/99.9(V V)C_(3)H_(4)/C_(3)H_(6) mixtures.
文摘Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A), a subtype from known seven types of botulinum neurotoxin (serotype A-G), is produced by a gram-positive bacterium, <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>. The toxin is now widely and efficiently used in treating a plethora of diverse symptoms and conditions. Recent evidence in the literature also shows that BTX-A exhibits a wide range of effects on non-neuronal cells. Its potential has markedly expanded to clinical applications other than the treatment of neurological and muscular conditions that are characterized by neuronal hyperactivity. A number of studies have shown BTX-A to improve the quality of scar outcome and prevent the formation of keloids and HTS. Although the mechanism of action of BTX-A on wound healing is still not clearly understood, lately there has been extensive research to grasp the underlying mechanisms of this multifunctional toxin. BTX-A seems to affect wound healing by a number of mechanisms that include action on tensile forces, inhibition of fibroblasts differentiation, downregulation of TGF-<i><span style="white-space:nowrap;">β</span></i>1 and collagen expression. This review will explore the responses of Botulinum toxin type-A on wound healing and preventing pathological scars like HTS and keloids, and comprehend the overall effect BTX-A has on wound healing.
文摘As sessile organisms, plants encounter a variety of environmental stresses and must optimize their growth for survival. Abscisic acid （ABA） and cytokinin antagonistically regulate many developmental processes and environmental stress responses in plants. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this antag- onism remains poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrated that Sucrose nonfermentingl-related kinases SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, and SnRK2.6, the key kinases of the ABA signaling pathway, directly interact with and phosphorylate type-A response regulator 5 （ARR5）, a negative regulator of cytokinin signaling. The phosphorylation of ARR5 Ser residues by SnRK2s enhanced ARR5 protein stability. Accord- ingly, plants overexpressing ARR5 showed ABA hypersensitivity and drought tolerance, and these pheno- types could not be recapitulated by overexpressing a non-phosphorylated ARR5 mimic. Moreover, the type-B ARRs, ARR1, ARR11 and ARR12, physically interacted with SnRK2s and repressed the kinase activ- ity of SnRK2.6. The arrl, 11,12 triple mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to ABA. Genetic analysis demon- strated that SnRK2s act upstream of ARR5 but downstream of ARR1, ARR11 and ARR12 in mediating ABA response and drought tolerance. Taken together, this study unravels the antagonistic actions of several molecular components of the ABA and cytokinin signaling pathways in mediates drought stress response, providing significant insights into how plants coordinate growth and drought stress response by integrating multiple hormone pathways.
