Comparative study of epiphytic algal communities on Typha latifolia L.and Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud in the shallow Gala Lake(European Part of Turkey)

The aim of this study was to determine the species composition, biodiversity and, relative abundance of epiphytic algae and their relationship with environmental variables on Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis at Lake Gala(National Park). Epiphytic algae were gathered monthly by collecting aquatic plants between March 2014 and November 2014. In the epiphytic flora were a total of 133 taxa were identified, 107 taxa were identified on T. latifolia and 96 were discovered on P. australis. While the mean species richness, species diversity and evenness values of the algae identified on T. latifolia were 46, 1.85 and 0.51 respectively, these values were respectively 43, 1.51 and 0.43 on P. australis. While diatoms were generally dominant, other dominant groups in the epiphytic flora included green algae and blue-green algae. The algae that had the highest relative biovolume on T. latifolia were Spirogyra affinis, Oscillatoria sancta and Gomphonema acuminatum, while the algae that had the highest relative biovolume on P. australis were E pithemia adnata, Oscillatoria sancta and R hopalodia gibba. Results show that species composition of epiphytic algae was different, but diversity values were similar on all the macrophytes. The hydrological pulse is one of the most important factors determining the physical and chemical environment of the epiphytic algal community. It was found that some environmental factors were highly eff ective on community distribution in the epiphyton. Additionally, it was observed that some epiphytic algae species had a substrate preference between T. latifolia and P. australis.

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Antioxidant System Responses of Typha latifolia L. Under Cd^2＋ Stress

The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd), ranging in concentration from 0.25 to 0.50 mmol/L, on the antioxidant system under Cd2+ stress (range 0.1–0.2 mmol/L Cd2+) in Typha latifolia L. grown hydroponically were investigated in order to offer a referenced evidence for an understanding of the mechanism by which polyamines (PAs) relieve the damage to plants by heavy metal and improve the phytoremediation efficiency of heavy metal-contaminated water. The results showed that Cd2+ stress induced oxidative injury, as evidenced by an increase in the generation of superoxide anion (O2-), as well as the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in both leaves and caudices. With the exception of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves, an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) was observed in both leaves and caudices, SOD activity was increased in caudices, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was increased in leaves following Cd2+ treatment. The reduced glutathione (GSH) content in both leaves and caudices and the reductive ascorbate content in leaves was obviously increased, which were prompted by the application of exogenous Spd. Spraying with Spd increased the activity of GR and APX in both leaves and caudices, whereas the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX was increased only in caudices following spraying with Spd. The generation of O2 -. and the H2O2 and MDA content in both leaves and caudices decreased after spraying with Spd. The decrease in MDA was more obvious following the application of 0.25 than 0.50 mmol/L Spd. It is supposed that exogenous Spd elevated the tolerance of T. latifolia under Cd2+ stress primarily by increasing GR activity and the GSH level.

铅锌矿废水中重金属在宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia)的积累与分布

本文通过对净化塘系统和对照点的水、土和宽叶香蒲组织的分析结果指出:宽叶香蒲具有较强的忍耐、吸收和积累Pb、Zn等重金属的能力。Pb、Zn等重金属在宽叶香蒲体内的积累数量与分布规律是根>地下茎>叶;老地下茎>嫩地下茎;Pb在叶的分布是老叶>成熟叶>嫩叶。在净化塘系统内,各种重金属在宽叶香蒲根部积累比例最大的是Pb,其次是Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Mn。

Green Composite Material Made from Typha latifolia Fibres Bonded with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil/Tall Oil-Based Polyamide Binder System

Here,we report the mechanical and water sorption properties of a green composite based on Typha latifolia fibres.The composite was prepared either completely binder-less or bonded with 10%(w/w)of a bio-based resin which was a mixture of an epoxidized linseed oil and a tall-oil based polyamide.The flexural modulus of elasticity,the flexural strength and the water absorption of hot pressed Typha panels were measured and the influence of pressing time and panel density on these properties was investigated.The cure kinetics of the biobased resin was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)in combination with the iso-conversional kinetic analysis method of Vyazovkin to derive the curing conditions required for achieving completely cured resin.For the binderless Typha panels the best technological properties were achieved for panels with high density.By adding 10%of the binder resin the flexural strength and especially the water absorption were improved significantly.

Typha×glauca Godr.,香蒲属(香蒲科)中国新记录杂种及其形态特征

香蒲属(Typha L.)为多年生水生或沼生草本植物,种间存在十分普遍的杂交现象,其中一些杂种在湿地生态系统中有重要的作用。在查阅大量腊叶标本基础上,结合野外居群生物学工作,作者发现中国一新记录杂种,即T.×glauca Godr.(T.angustifolia L.×T.latifolia L.),并新拟"粉绿香蒲"作该杂种的中文名。对粉绿香蒲的形态特征进行了研究,讨论了其与亲本水烛和宽叶香蒲的区别,并给出检索表。

Extraction and Structure Investigation of the Poly-saccharides from the Pollen of Typha Angustifolia L.

Three polysaccharides, TAA, TAB, TAC have been isolated from the pollen of Typha angustifolia L. , and purified by hot water extraction, alcohol precipitation, Sevage method, gel filtration (Sephadex G50) and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A25 and DEAE-cellulose. Their purities were tested by gel filtration and electrophoresis. Their structures were characterized by paper chromatography of the hydrolysis products, GLC analysis of the alditol acetates, alkylation analysis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. TAA is mainly composed of a-L-arabinofuanose, β-D-galactose and α-D-galacturonic acid, while the backbones of TAB and TAC are composed of (1→5)-linked α- L-arabinofuranosyl residues.

PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM THE POLLEN OF TYPHA ANGUSTIFILIA L.

Three polysaccharides TAA,TAB and TAC were purified from the pollen of Typha An- gustifilia L..TAA is mainly composed of α-L-arabinofuranose,β—D—galactose and α—D—galac- turonic acid.TAB and TAC contain the backbone mainly composed of (1→5)—linked—L—arabi- nosyl residue.

蒲菜总黄酮的分离纯化及其对小鼠运动耐力的影响

建立大孔树脂纯化蒲菜黄酮化合物的工艺条件,并讨论其对小鼠运动耐力的影响。根据单因素试验结果,确定AB-8型大孔树脂纯化蒲菜总黄酮的最佳条件为上样浓度3.0 mg/mL、上样液pH 4.0、上样流速与洗脱流速分别为2.0 mL/min和1.0 mL/min,洗脱液乙醇体积分数为65%,上样液体积与洗脱液体积分别为70 mL与80 mL。纯化后的产物中黄酮化合物的纯度由18.3%提高至64.5%,约为纯化前的3.5倍。与空白对照组比较,低、高剂量纯化物组小鼠的负重游泳时间均有明显延长(P<0.05,P<0.01),血清中乳酸与尿素氮浓度均显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),同时肝脏与骨骼肌组织中丙二醛的生成量明显减少(P<0.05,P<0.01),并可增强体内超氧化物歧化酶的活力(P<0.05,P<0.01),从而可知蒲菜黄酮化合物能够提高机体的运动耐力。

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a ＂brownfield＂ site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season（May–September）in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal（Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn）concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence（μXRF）and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography（μCMT）techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals（Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn）and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.

Metals and metalloid bioconcentrations in the tissues of Typha latifolia grown in the four interconnected ponds of a domestic landfill site

The uptake of metals in roots and their transfer to rhizomes and above-ground plant parts（stems, leaves） of cattails（Typha latifolia L.） were studied in leachates from a domestic landfill site（Etueffont, France） and treated in a natural lagooning system. Plant parts and corresponding water and sediment samples were taken at the inflow and outflow points of the four ponds at the beginning and at the end of the growing season. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in the different compartments were estimated and their removal efficiency assessed, reaching more than 90% for Fe, Mn and Ni in spring and fall as well in the water compartment. The above-and below-ground cattail biomass varied from 0.21 to 0.85, and 0.34 to 1.24 kg dry weight/m^2, respectively, the highest values being recorded in the fourth pond in spring 2011. The root system was the first site of accumulation before the rhizome, stem and leaves. The highest metal concentration was observed in roots from cattails growing at the inflow of the system＇s first pond. The trend in the average trace element concentrations in the cattail plant organs can generally be expressed as： Fe 〉 Mn 〉 As 〉 Zn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Cd for both spring and fall. While T. latifolia removes trace elements efficiently from landfill leachates, attention should also be paid to the negative effects of these elements on plant growth.

蒲菜中矿质元素和水溶性维生素的检测与分析

通过ICP-AES和HPLC测定了新鲜蒲菜中15种矿质元素和6种水溶性维生素的含量.结果显示在新鲜蒲菜中K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Sr、Zn、Se及Cr等元素的含量较高,尤其是Mn和Sr元素远高于其他蔬菜,而Pb、Cd、As及Hg元素含量极低,维生素C、烟酸、烟酰胺的含量也较高.表明蒲菜是一种营养丰富且具有一定保健功能的蔬菜.

添加剂对壳聚糖膜保鲜鲜切蒲菜的影响

研究了室温下(20～25℃)添加氯化钙和VC等助剂的壳聚糖对鲜切蒲菜涂膜保鲜效果。结果表明,2%壳聚糖被膜对鲜切蒲菜有较好的保鲜效果,能显著降低鲜切蒲菜的失重率,抑制其褐变,而且壳聚糖被膜中氯化钙和VC等助剂的添加增强了其对褐变的抑制。

壳聚糖涂膜对蒲菜采后生理及品质的影响

在蒲菜贮藏过程中,通过评价其外观品质及测定其失重率、腐烂指数、维生素C含量、纤维素含量和多酚氧化酶活性等指标,研究壳聚糖涂膜对蒲菜采后生理和品质的影响。结果表明:蒲菜在采后前20d维生素C含量迅速下降,失重率和纤维素含量上升较快,10d后腐烂迅速增加,而多酚氧化酶活性呈“低-高-低”变化。壳聚糖涂膜能抑制蒲菜储藏期间的蒸腾失水和多酚氧化酶活性,保持较低的纤维素含量和较高的维生素C含量,从而延缓蒲菜的衰老与品质下降,延长储藏寿命,达到保鲜目的。

储藏温度对蒲儿菜采后生理和品质的影响

在蒲儿菜贮藏过程中,通过评价其外观品质及测定其失重率、腐烂指数、维生素C含量、纤维素含量和多酚氧化酶活性等指标,筛选出蒲儿菜最佳贮藏温度。结果表明:蒲儿菜在采后前20 d维生素C含量迅速下降,失重率和纤维素含量上升较快,10 d后腐烂迅速增加,而多酚氧化酶活性呈低→高→低变化。低温能抑制蒲儿菜储藏期间的蒸腾失水和多酚氧化酶活性,保持较低的纤维素含量和较高的维生素C含量,从而延缓蒲儿菜的衰老与品质下降,延长储藏寿命。

聚丙烯小球对人工垂直潜流湿地氮磷去除性能的优化研究

采用页岩和香蒲（Typhalatifolia L.）构建人工垂直潜流湿地处理津河富营养化水体,并用聚丙烯小球替代部分页岩研究其对垂直潜流湿地氮磷去除性能的影响.设计水力负荷800 mm/d,理论水力停留时间12 h.试验期间（2006-06-2006-11）,氮磷月平均去除率在8月份达到最大值.与全页岩湿地相比,聚丙烯小球使氨氮（NH4^＋-N）、总氮（TN）、溶解性活性磷（SRP）和总磷（TP）月平均去除率分别提高13.38%、8.9%、9.29%和8.25%,使用聚丙烯小球能够有效提高人工垂直潜流湿地氮磷去除效率.试验结束后收割香蒲地上组织（茎和叶）,测定地上组织生物量及茎、叶中的氮磷含量.结果表明,聚丙烯小球虽然抑制香蒲地上组织生物量的增加,但却能够有效提高茎、叶中氮磷含量.通过收割香蒲地上组织可使TN和TP去除分别增加29.382g·m^-2和13.469 g·m^-2.

蒲菜热烫工艺条件的研究

通过对过氧化物酶的残留酶活、色差、剪切强度和剪切功的分析,研究了热烫时间和储藏温度对蒲菜的过氧化物酶、色泽和质构的影响。结果表明,在100℃的热烫温度下,随着热烫时间的延长,过氧化物酶活降低,而储藏2d后酶活的再生量先增大后降低,在热处理时间为1～1.5min时达到最大值;热烫时间为4min时,可基本破坏蒲菜中的过氧化物酶,且蒲菜的质构和色泽较好。

喷施亚精胺缓解宽叶香蒲镉毒害的研究

采用培养箱培养方法,研究了喷施不同浓度植物生长素Spd,对不同浓度Cd2+胁迫下宽叶香蒲叶片和地下茎中活性氧、脂质过氧化,抗氧化系统生理指标的影响。结果表明,单一镉处理可以诱导宽叶香蒲叶片和地下茎O·2-产生速率、H2O2、MDA和GSH含量的增加;外源Spd促进叶片和地下茎中GSH含量的上升,抑制活性氧和MDA的产生,且0.25mmol·L-1Spd比0.5mmol·L-1Spd处理更有效地降低了MDA含量。镉胁迫不同程度地提高了叶片和地下茎CAT、GPX、GR和茎部SOD的活性,而使SOD活性下降;叶片喷施Spd可进一步提高叶片和地下茎中GR活性以及地下茎的SOD、CAT、GPX活性,但不能缓解镉胁迫下叶片SOD活性的下降,叶片CAT的活性变化随Spd和Cd2+浓度的不同而各异。推测:外源Spd可能主要通过提高GR活性和抗氧化剂(GSH和内源多胺)的含量来提高宽叶香蒲对镉胁迫的抗性。

蒲菜汁饮料生产工艺研究

[目的]研究蒲菜鲜汁加工成新型绿色保健饮料的最佳工艺。[方法]通过单因素和正交试验,研究蒲菜汁饮料的最佳配方和工艺条件。[结果]最佳配方为:料液比15%,蔗糖4%、柠檬酸0.09%、明胶0.10%。混合物料经20MPa均质,90～100℃杀菌10min,最终获得乳白色、无沉淀、口感佳、具有浓郁蒲菜香气的饮料。通过感官指标、理化指标、微生物指标进行检测得到合格的蒲菜汁饮料,保存期可达6个月以上。[结论]该工艺条件下生产的蒲菜汁饮料口感好、营养丰富、稳定性强。

云南建水草牙中金属元素的光谱测定

[目的]测定云南建水草牙(Typha latifolia L.)中8种金属元素的含量,以期为这一资源的开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定草芽中的Fe、Zn、Cu、N i、Co、Cd、Pb和Cr元素的含量。[结果]建水草牙含有多种对人体有益的矿物元素,7种金属元素含量顺序为Fe>Zn>Cu>N i>Co>Cd>Pb,Cr未检测出;Fe元素含量较高,而Cu含量相对较低。[结论]建水草牙含矿物元素较丰富。