Although four species of odontocete and four species of baleen whale have been recorded in Prydz Bay,their vocalizations have been rarely investigated.Underwater vocalizations were recorded during March 2017 in Prydz ...Although four species of odontocete and four species of baleen whale have been recorded in Prydz Bay,their vocalizations have been rarely investigated.Underwater vocalizations were recorded during March 2017 in Prydz Bay,Antarctica.Bio-duck sounds,downsweeps,inverted“u”shape signals,whistles,pulsed sounds,and broadband clicks were recorded.Bio-duck sounds and downsweeps were associated with Antarctic minke whales(Balaenoptera bonaerensis)based on visual observations.Similarities between inverted“u”shape signals,biphonic calls,and clicks with vocalizations previously described for killer whales(Orcinus orca)lead us believe the presence of Antarctic killer whales.According to sound structures,signal characteristics,and recording location,Antarctic type C killer whales were the most probable candidates to produce these detected calls.These represent the fi rst detection of inverted“u”shape signals in Antarctic waters,and the fi rst report of Antarctic killer whale in Prydz Bay based on passive acoustic monitoring.The co-existence of Antarctic minke and killer whales may imply that minke whales can detect diff erences between the sounds of mammal-eating and fi sh-eating killer whales.Our descriptions of these underwater vocalizations contribute to the limited body of information regarding the distribution and acoustic behavior of cetaceans in Prydz Bay.展开更多
Interaction between indigenous fungal strains in preventing ochratoxin A(OTA) production by Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium nordicum was studied in 100 mL of Czapek yeast autolysate(CYA) medium in a 250-mL &quo...Interaction between indigenous fungal strains in preventing ochratoxin A(OTA) production by Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium nordicum was studied in 100 mL of Czapek yeast autolysate(CYA) medium in a 250-mL "U" shaped culture vessel in one end for 3 days. At the end of incubation period, test fungi inoculated and incubated at 27 ± 2℃ for another 14 days to study the inhibition of OTA production was estimated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Total inhibition of OTA production was recorded with Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ustus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminarium, Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum and Trichoderma viridae. A significant correlation coefficient(r) on growth(0.493, P < 0.0003) and OTA production(0.785, P < 0.0001) was observed between the tested Penicillium species and other coexisting fungi. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed that those indigenous fungi are necessary to minimize potential losses to the poultry farmer and toxicological hazards to the consumer as biological control agent in different foods and feeds.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41906170)the Indian Ocean Ninety-east Ridge Ecosystem and Marine Environment Monitoring and Protection(No.DY135-E2-4)+1 种基金the Cooperation of Top Predators Observation in the Southern Ocean(No.QT4519003)the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund。
文摘Although four species of odontocete and four species of baleen whale have been recorded in Prydz Bay,their vocalizations have been rarely investigated.Underwater vocalizations were recorded during March 2017 in Prydz Bay,Antarctica.Bio-duck sounds,downsweeps,inverted“u”shape signals,whistles,pulsed sounds,and broadband clicks were recorded.Bio-duck sounds and downsweeps were associated with Antarctic minke whales(Balaenoptera bonaerensis)based on visual observations.Similarities between inverted“u”shape signals,biphonic calls,and clicks with vocalizations previously described for killer whales(Orcinus orca)lead us believe the presence of Antarctic killer whales.According to sound structures,signal characteristics,and recording location,Antarctic type C killer whales were the most probable candidates to produce these detected calls.These represent the fi rst detection of inverted“u”shape signals in Antarctic waters,and the fi rst report of Antarctic killer whale in Prydz Bay based on passive acoustic monitoring.The co-existence of Antarctic minke and killer whales may imply that minke whales can detect diff erences between the sounds of mammal-eating and fi sh-eating killer whales.Our descriptions of these underwater vocalizations contribute to the limited body of information regarding the distribution and acoustic behavior of cetaceans in Prydz Bay.
基金supported by University Grants Commission (F.No. 36-129/2008), New Delhi, India and the Head Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University
文摘Interaction between indigenous fungal strains in preventing ochratoxin A(OTA) production by Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium nordicum was studied in 100 mL of Czapek yeast autolysate(CYA) medium in a 250-mL "U" shaped culture vessel in one end for 3 days. At the end of incubation period, test fungi inoculated and incubated at 27 ± 2℃ for another 14 days to study the inhibition of OTA production was estimated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Total inhibition of OTA production was recorded with Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ustus, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminarium, Fusarium proliferatum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium expansum and Trichoderma viridae. A significant correlation coefficient(r) on growth(0.493, P < 0.0003) and OTA production(0.785, P < 0.0001) was observed between the tested Penicillium species and other coexisting fungi. In conclusion, the present investigation revealed that those indigenous fungi are necessary to minimize potential losses to the poultry farmer and toxicological hazards to the consumer as biological control agent in different foods and feeds.
