Soil Plug Effect Prediction and Pile Driveability Analysis for Large-Diameter Steel Piles in Ocean Engineering

Long steel piles with large diameters have been more widely used in the field of ocean engineering. Owing to the pile with a large diameter, soil plug development during pile driving has great influences on pile driveability and bearing capacity. The response of soil plug developed inside the open-ended pipe pile during the dynamic condition of pile-driving is different from the response under the static condition of loading during service. This paper addresses the former aspect. A numerical procedure for soil plug effect prediction and pile driveabihty analysis is proposed and described. By taking into consideration of the pile dimension effect on side and tip resistance, this approach introduces a dimensional coefficient to the conventional static eqnihbrium equations for the plug differential unit and proposes an improved static equity method for the plug effect prediction. At the same time, this approach introduces a simplified model by use of one-dimensional stress wave equation to simulate the interaction between soil plug and pile inner wall. The proposed approach has been applied in practical engineering analyses. Results show that the calculated plug effect and pile driveabihty based on the proposed approach agree well with the observed data.

Effect of Sacrificial Anode Protection for Steel Pipe Piles at Dandong Port

The sacrificial anode protection system for the steel pipe piles of the 3rd berth of Dandong; wharf at Dandong port has operated for eight years. In this paper, the program design and the protection effect of the sacrificial anode protection system are presented. The results of various inspections show that the piles are protected very satisfactorily.

Control of floor heaves with steel pile in gob-side entry retaining

A new approach named as steel pile method is innovatively proposed in this study to control severe floor heaves in gob-side entry retaining. It is required that the steel piles be installed in the floor corners with a certain interval before the influence of the dynamic pressure induced by current panel extraction. Using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, this study investigated the interaction between the steel piles and the floor rocks during the service life of the steel piles, and revealed the mechanism of the steel piles in controlling floor heaves. The effect of the steel pile parameters on the control of floor heaves was presented and elaborated. It is found that the effectiveness of the steel piles in controlling floor heaves can be enhanced with greater installed dip angle, longer length and smaller interval of the steel piles.Compared with traditional methods, e.g., using floor anchor bolts and floor restoration, the advantages using steel pile were successfully defined in terms of controlling effect and economic benefits. It is hoped that the proposed method can contribute to the development of gob-side entry retaining technique.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

Key technology for construction of connection between steel pylonand concrete pile cap of middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Bridge is a suspension bridge with three pylons and two 1 080 m main spans. The middle pylon is a steel frame with longitudinal herringbone shape and lateral gate shape. The connection between steel pylon and concrete pile cap is a key part to transfer the huge inner force from the pylon to the foundation. Its construction quality is a critical factor to the overall structural loading of the whole bridge; therefore the contact ratio between the bearing steel plate of pylon and concrete pile cap is required to be over 75 %. The inclined joint surface in two directions, longitudinally at 39/1 920 and laterally at 1/4, posted a challenge to the construction work. A procedure test was carried out to find an optimal construction method by comparison, and finally the post-injection method was selected as it can meet the requirement of concrete strength and contact ratio at the connection. The successful application of the post-injection method in Taizhou Bridge can provide an example and reference for similar projects in the future.

Drivability of Large Diameter Steel Cylinders During Hammer-Group Vibratory Installation for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB)involved the installation of 120 mega-cylinders with a diameter of 22 m,weights up to 513 t,and penetration depths up to 33 m using an eight-vibratory hammer group.Due to the lack of engineering experience on the drivability of large-diameter cylinders under multiple vibratory hammers,predicting the penetration rate and time of steel cylinders is an open challenge that has a considerable impact on the construction control of the HZMB.In this study,the vibratory penetration of large-diameter steel cylinders in the HZMB is investigated based on geological surveys,field monitoring,and drivability analysis.The vibratory penetration rate,installation accuracy,and dynamic responses of the steel cylinders at both the eastern and western artificial islands are analyzed.The dynamic soil resistance has a great influence on the cylinder drivability.However,the current design methods for estimating the vibratory driving soil resistance are proven inaccurate without considering the scale effects.Therefore,a modified method with a normalized effective area ratio A_(r,eff)is proposed in this study to calculate the vibratory soil resistance for open-ended thin-wall cylinders under unplugged conditions.Considering the scale effects on the vibratory driving soil resistance,the proposed method leads to closer results to the measured data,providing a reference for future engineering practice.

The Effective Buckling Length on Numerical Study of Pipe-Sectioned Pier-Pile Integral Steel Structure

Pier-Pile integral structures provide construction works with many environmental and landscape advantages. For example, the space required to construct these structures is smaller than that of other bridges due to the footing being removed, meaning that it is not necessity to greatly change the surroundings of these bridges. While there are environmental and landscape advantages, there are also a few demerits for the overall land-scape designs, including demerits in the design of this proposed structure which consists of relatively slender parts. This proposed structure has already been constructed in areas where possibility of a severe earthquake is low. However, some problems that have yet to be examined are related to the use of this proposed structure in areas where earthquakes are frequent. Lacking detailed studies of its behavior during severe earthquakes, it is currently difficult to construct these structures in Japan. Consequently, it is necessary to investigate in detail limited performance about compression and bending moment, and earthquake- resistant performance of these structures in order to resolve these problems. In this paper, It was clarified the relationship between the rigidity of the ground and the effective buckling length by buckling analysis and elasto- plastic finite deformation analysis. Moreover, it was proposed a simplified formula using a proposed characteristic value β and several factors for analysis accuracy. A simplified formula would support to determine the effective buckling length to design the pier using the load-bearing capacity curve based on the slenderness ratio parameter.

重庆官栈河大桥主桥主墩基础锁口钢管桩围堰加固

重庆官栈河大桥主桥为(62+110+62)m三跨连续刚构桥,主墩基础采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工。围堰施工正常水位+325.300 m,施工期控制水位+330.500 m。在该桥主墩围堰完成四周锁口钢管桩插打及前4道内支撑安装后,因极端天气原因,长寿湖水位上涨到+332.200 m,危及围堰安全。为解决钢管桩围堰的安全问题,提出采用水下施工内支撑的加固方案。待围堰内部水头与外部保持一致后,将已经插打的锁口钢管桩加高至标高+334.000 m,拆除已安装好的4道内支撑,重新安装6道内支撑。采用MIDAS Civil软件分别建立加固前、后钢管桩围堰结构有限元模型,分析钢管桩及内支撑的受力安全与稳定性。结果表明:施工控制水位+330.500 m下,围堰结构最大正应力由加固前的162.6 MPa下降到加固后的82.3 MPa,下降了49.3%;承载水位可从施工控制水位+330.500 m增加到目标控制水位+333.500 m,且强度和刚度等均留有一定储备。水下施工内支撑的加固方案可提升围堰的承载能力。该桥围堰加固后整体受力效果良好,已顺利完成承台浇筑施工。

大倾角钢箱提篮拱桥总体设计

考虑施工技术、经济性和景观效果等方面,陕西蔡家坡渭河特大桥主桥采用(35+210+35) m大倾角钢箱提篮拱桥。该桥采用摩擦摆和环向钢丝绳阻尼支座综合减隔震约束体系,以降低结构的地震响应。拱肋为单室等宽钢箱截面,采用主、副拱肋2条悬链线,主、副拱肋共面,设计为横向内倾20°的大倾角,在提高桥梁景观效果的同时,又有效提高了结构的整体稳定性;拱肋设钢-混结合段连接拱脚与混凝土拱座。桥面系采用自重较轻的正交异性钢桥面板结构。吊杆采用抗拉强度1 860 MPa的环氧柔性钢绞线。基础采用Φ2.5 m的钻孔灌注群桩,以抵抗软弱地质条件下荷载的竖向及水平作用力。该桥总体采用先梁后拱的施工方案。整体及局部有限元分析结果表明,桥梁结构力学性能均满足规范要求,设计安全可靠。

高陡边坡变截面桩基础受力性能研究

高陡边坡中输电塔大直径钢管直桩基础存在材料浪费、经济型较差的问题,使用阶梯变截面桩基础可有效提高基础的经济性、降低施工难度。文中采用ABAQUS软件分别建立45°边坡的变截面桩及直桩精细化有限元模型,在相同下压工况下,以最大应力和最大位移为分析对象,对变截面桩和直桩进行对比。研究发现,在软土地区45°边坡条件下,变截面桩和等截面桩最大拉应力值均符合强度要求,最大位移和钢筋笼最大应力相差很小,变截面桩可以代替直桩;在硬土地区45°边坡条件下,变截面桩和等截面桩最大拉应力值均符合强度要求,最大位移和钢筋笼最大应力相差很小,变截面桩可以代替直桩。研究成果可为阶梯变截面桩在高陡边坡输电塔中应用提供一定的借鉴与参考。

深基坑斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙数值模拟分析

依托福建某医院的基坑工程实例,采用数值模拟方法,研究斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护结构的变形特征及其稳定性。结果表明:坡面水平位移最大变形出现在基坑“腰部”,设计时应适当加强此位置的变形控制;斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系安全可行,其较双排直立钢管桩复合土钉墙及单一土钉墙有更好的变形控制能力和更高的稳定性。

桩—土—钢、砼结构动力相互作用试验对比研究

为了分析不同上部结构-桩-土相互作用规律,分别进行了钢框架结构-桩-土模型和混凝土结构-桩-土模型的振动台试验,并对试验模型进行了相应的有限元数值模拟分析。试验采用三维叠层剪切模型箱,土体为均匀粉质黏土,钢结构和混凝土结构模型为简化的3层框架结构,桩基为3×3根群桩,桩径为10 cm,桩长为200 cm,输入为人工地震动时程,按时间相似比压缩1/5。振动台对比试验结果表明,相同几何尺寸的结构试验模型,混凝土结构的整体刚度大于钢结构,因此振动频率大于钢结构;相同地震作用下,钢框架结构模型加速度反应明显大于混凝土结构,桩身加速度放大系数前者为后者1.15~1.2倍,上部结构可达2倍,钢框架结构模型反应谱的卓越周期更长。有限元数值模拟的结果定性地验证了试验结果的合理性。

杂填土地层深基坑微型桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性原位试验

为深入研究杂填土地层深基坑桩-锚-撑组合支护体系受力特性,依托青岛市某深基坑工程开展微型桩-锚-撑原位试验,分析不同开挖工况下双排微型钢管桩桩身弯矩与预应力锚索轴力的演化规律,揭示该支护体系下前、后排桩的受力性状、预应力锚索应力分布特征,探讨邻近建筑物、基坑暴露时间及钢支撑拆除对该支护体系内力的影响。研究结果表明:1)在基坑开挖过程中,前排桩在受力中起主导作用;当开挖至基底时,桩身最大正、负弯矩极值呈现增大趋势,且极值点不断下移,开挖面以上桩身弯矩均呈正“S”型分布。2)开挖深度增加引起开挖面上、下1.0 m范围内桩身弯矩显著增大,前排桩桩身的反弯点分别位于钢支撑下方0.5 m、开挖面位置。3)在开挖过程中,锚索轴力沿埋深方向呈现减小趋势,锚固段前端1.5 m之后的轴力基本不变或呈微小波动。4)锚索锚固段应力高度集中在锚固段前端4.0 m以内的区域,约为锚固段长度的44%,锚固段末端基本未产生轴力,可对该段长度进行优化处理。5)邻近建筑物对微型钢管桩桩身受力影响较小;随着基坑暴露时间增加,桩身弯矩呈微小增长趋势;钢支撑拆除后,前排桩的弯矩变化集中在0.38H~0.96H(H为基坑开挖深度)。6)桩-锚-撑组合支护体系能够较好地限制基坑变形,选择合理的支撑预应力是该类基坑设计的关键。

冲击作用下钢护筒复合桩塑性区形成及迁移机制

为探究钢护筒复合桩在冲击作用下塑性区形成和迁移机制,基于经摆锤冲击试验验证的钢护筒复合桩船舶撞击数值模型,通过对比钢护筒复合桩(SCC桩)和普通钢筋混凝土桩(RC桩)塑性区产生和发展的异同,以及不同钢护筒尺度下基桩塑性区的形成和分布规律,深入分析了钢护筒复合桩在冲击荷载作用下塑性区域的产生和演化情况,探索了钢护筒长径比和厚径比对基桩塑性区域的影响规律。研究表明,钢护筒缩短了冲击作用下基桩的塑性区发展时间,使同种桩基中不同桩身位置的塑性区的产生部位趋于一致,增加了基桩参与受力的范围;钢护筒入土深度的增加和厚度的减小均导致基桩塑性区域向钢护筒包裹段转移,厚度偏小的钢护筒容易在冲击荷载作用下产生局部屈曲,导致基桩远离冲击侧也产生塑性区。

张靖皋长江大桥南航道桥南塔防撞方案研究

张靖皋长江大桥南航道桥为主跨2300 m的双塔双吊跨钢箱梁悬索桥,桥下船舶通航密度大、船舶平均吨位大、船舶碰撞概率高、南塔所受船撞力计算值大。经综合分析,传统被动防撞方案均不能很好满足南塔防撞要求,故提出采用锁口钢管桩围堰外挂软体护舷的新型防撞方案。该防撞方案通过在承台外围设锁口钢管桩围堰形成裙墙,在围堰外侧外挂软体护舷,并在围堰与承台之间空隙处填充耗能材料实现防撞及消能,裙墙同时兼作临时施工围水设施以及起到永久冲刷防护和船撞消能作用。为验证新型防撞装置的防撞效果并选择合适的耗能材料,进行船桥碰撞有限元分析。最终采用填充沙粒的新型防撞装置方案,该方案可削减36.68%南塔承台撞击力,防撞效果好。新型防撞方案施工简单,后期仅需对钢管桩作防腐处理,撞后便于修复,工程造价低。