Effect of mold and core preheating temperature on corrosion resistance of casting Al-12Si alloy U-shaped cooling channel

Temperature has an important impact on the corrosion resistance of mold with cooling channels prepared by casting method.The effect of preheating temperature of the mold and the carbon fiber core on the roughness and corrosion resistance of U-shaped cooling channels made of Al-12Si alloy was examined in depth.The experimental results suggest that as the preheating temperature increased from 273 K to 573 K,the roughness of the inner wall of the cooling channel reduced from 96.6μm to 77.0μm.When the preheating temperature continued to increase to 723 K,the roughness increased to 85.3μm.The wetting between the Al melt and the carbon fiber will reduce micro bubbles and waves on the channel wall as the preheating temperature rises,thereby reducing the roughness.However,with the further increase of preheating temperature,it will increase the solidification time of the Al melt.At this time,the carbon fiber and Al melt will take more time to react,which increases the roughness of the channel wall to a certain extent.The results of exfoliation corrosion show that the larger roughness will aggravate exfoliation corrosion.The prolongation of high temperature reaction time between the carbon fiber and the Al melt will lead to the segregation of Si,which is easy to cause intergranular corrosion.Therefore,reasonable preheating temperature has an important impact on the roughness and corrosion resistance of U-shaped cooling channels.

Simple analytical model for depth-averaged velocity in meandering compound channels

A simple but applicable analytical model is presented to predict the lat- eral distribution of the depth-averaged velocity in meandering compound channels. The governing equation with curvilinear coordinates is derived from the momentum equation and the flow continuity equation under the condition of quasi-uniform flow. A series of experiments are conducted in a large-scale meandering compound channel. Based on the experimental data, a magnitude analysis is carried out for the governing equation, and two lower-order shear stress terms are ignored. Four groups of experimental data from different sources are used to verify the predictive capability of this model, and good predictions are obtained. Finally, the determination of the velocity parameter and the limitation of this model are discussed.

Geomorphology Processes of Channel Planform Migration on Meandering Rivers

1 Introduction Morphological analysis on the planform migration structure of meandering river is an important basis for the reconstruction of evolution of paleochannel.Besides,it is a significant method for restoration of rivers through the

Scaling of the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel

In order to reduce or avoid the fluctuations from interface breakup, a meandering microchannel with curved multi-bends(44 turns) is fabricated, and investigations of scaling bubble/slug length in Taylor flow in a rectangular meandering microchannel are systematically conducted. Based on considerable experimental data,quantitative analyses for the influences of two important characteristic times, liquid phase physical properties and aspect ratio are made on the prediction criteria for the bubble/slug length of Taylor flow in a meandering microchannel. A simple principle is suggested to predict the bubble formation period by using the information of Rayleigh time and capillary time for six gas–liquid systems with average deviation of 10.96%. Considering physical properties of the liquid phase and cross-section configuration of the rectangular mcirochannel,revised scaling laws for bubble length are established by introducing Ca, We, Re and W/h whether for the squeezing-driven or shearing-driven of bubble break. In addition, a simple principle in terms of Garstecki-type model and bubble formation period is set-up to predict slug lengths. A total of 107 sets of experimental data are correlated with the meandering microchannel and operating range: 0.001 b CaTPb 0.05, 0.06 b WeTPb 9.0,18 b ReTPb 460 using the bubble/slug length prediction equation from current work. The average deviation between the correlated data and the experimental data for bubble length and slug length is about 9.42% and9.95%, respectively.

Reconstruction of meandering paleo-channels using dense well data,Daqing Oil Field,Songliao Basin,China

Reconstructing meandering paleo-channels is attracting global research attention. We implemented a novel method by comprehensively integrating migration models and sedimentary structures. Firstly, the migration architectures of the corresponding characteristics in planform and cross-sectional models were summarised as expansion, translation, expansion and translation, expansion and downstream rotation, constriction and downstream rotation, and expansion and countercurrent rotation models. Secondly, full continuous core data from 270 dense drilling wells were collected from the Daqing Oil Field in the Songliao Basin, China, providing information on rock textures, sedimentary cycles, and boundary information for the two layers being studied. Through a comprehensive analysis of dense drill cores and logging data, the abandoned channels and the initial and final channel centrelines were identified. Consequently, four profiles, including one longitudinal and three transverse sections, were constructed to reveal the cross-sectional structures and planform migration architecture. Profile interpretation revealed the evolution from the initial channel centreline to the final centreline. Using a method of rational interpolation, we were able to reconstruct the migration architecture of the meandering channels. The results showed that the average ancient bankfull width(Wc) was approximately 100 m, a single meandering belt was800 m, the radius of the curvature was 250 m, the length of the channel bend was 700 m, the average meander wavelength was 1300 m, the sinuosity was 3.0, and the annual average discharge rate was 450 m3/s. Furthermore, we compared the results from empirical equations, which verified that our reconstruction is both feasible and potentially widely applicable.

Discussion on Standardization and Automatic Flow Measurement of U-shaped Channel Water

In human life,water resources are inseparable.In recent years,China’s population growth has accelerated,and the industrial level has been continuously improved,resulting in the rapid use and waste of water resources.The protection and rational distribution of water resources are the most pressing issue in China’s water resources.At present,the water measuring facilities of the U-shaped channel mainly include a straight wall measuring pool,a parabolic throat measuring pool,and a long throat measuring pool.In view of the problems in irrigation measurement,the empirical water measurement of basic open-channel and automatic flow measurement system in irrigation district is summarized to improve the accuracy,fairness,and rationality of water measurement,and promote irrigation district management to a higher level.

Effect of Mutual Interference of Bridge Piers on Scouring in Meandering Channel

Local scour is the reduction of original bed level around any hydraulic structure.Bridge failure due to scouring has made researchers study the cause of scouring and predict the scour depth and pattern around bridge piers and foundations.Several investigators have extensively studied local scour around isolated bridge pier,but modern designs of the bridges comprise of wide span and thus group of piers rather than a single pier.The flow and scour pattern around group of piers are different from the case of a single pier due to the interaction effect.The objective of present study is to investigate the effect of mutual interference of bridge piers on local scour experimentally around two piers in non-cohesive bed.Experiments were carried out on model bridge piers of circular cross section in a meandering channel.It was observed that when front and rear piers were placed at an angular displacement ofθ=40°and 80°respectively,maximum depth of scour is maximum.Hereθis the angle the line drawn at the inlet of bend to the line joining the centre of curvature and any point on the outer portion of the bend.

Three-Dimensional Bursting Phenomena in Meander Channel

Experiments were conducted in a U-shaped open-channel flume with the intention of investigating the bursting phenomena in the meander channel. The experimental results of the secondary flow fields and the Reynolds shear stress distributions show that the velocity and velocity fluctuation in the transverse direction are not negligible. Moreover, the bursting process is investigated using the three-dimensional quadrant analysis, which is more accurate than using the traditional two-dimensional quadrant analysis for the meandering channel. It is obtained from the experimental results that the internal group of events occurs more frequently than the external group, particularly the internal ejection and internal sweep events. In addition, the transition probabilities of the movements, which are defined as the changes of events from the current situation to the next situation in a time series, show that the stable organizations of events are the most possible movements, whereas the cross organizations of events have the least possible movements.

单侧滩地植被作用下的弯曲主槽二次流特性

为探讨单侧滩地植被对弯曲主槽二次流特性的影响,概化设计了无滩地植被与有单侧滩地植被的弯曲河道模型,利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测得其主槽特征断面的瞬时流速。试验结果显示:在单式弯道中,主涡的形成完全由弯道离心力决定;但在试验复式弯道中,主涡的形成与滩槽水流交换密切相关。当相对水深为0.15时,与无滩地植被工况相比,在滩地植被横向宽度较小的弯顶附近和直线过渡段,二次流强度出现了较大衰减,但在滩地植被横向宽度较大的弯顶附近,二次流强度无明显差别。当相对水深增至0.35时,两种滩地条件下弯曲主槽各断面的二次流强度均有所增强,但单侧滩地植被条件下各断面的二次流强度均小于无滩地植被条件下的对应值。在有单侧滩地植被条件下,对于同一相对水深,上游滩地无植被的直线过渡段,二次流强度明显大于上游滩地覆有植被的直线过渡段的情况。在无滩地植被条件下,雷诺应力R vw等值线的“岛心”位置可以标示二次流主涡的旋转中心,而“岛心”处雷诺应力R vw的正负可以表征二次流主涡的旋转方向。在有单侧滩地植被条件下,断面中部的雷诺应力R vw等值线分布十分凌乱,并无上述规律,且其绝对值明显小于无滩地植被条件的对应值。

长江中游武汉河段江心洲的差异化冲刷规律

近20 a长江中游分汊河段的江心洲经历了冲刷并发生蚀退,但对微弯河段和顺直河段的江心洲差异化冲刷尚未有清晰认识。选取长江中游武汉河段的白沙洲和天兴洲作为研究对象,采用遥感影像、水文资料及野外调查,分析了白沙洲与天兴洲形态变化及差异化冲刷的原因。结果表明:1989—2020年,白沙洲洲体萎缩将近43.83%,天兴洲洲头浅滩变化较大,整体出露面积相对稳定;白沙洲与天兴洲的归一化植被指数(NDVI)整体较小,洲体植被覆盖空间差异性减小;这2个江心洲枯水期出露面积的变化主要体现在洲头浅滩;位于顺直河段的白沙洲洲头及侧向洲体遭遇冲刷,左侧洲体出现窝崩现象,其主要原因是白沙洲大桥桥墩的壅水与阻流作用;位于微弯河段的天兴洲自三峡工程蓄水后洲头遭受冲刷,2004年洲头守护工程实施和人工抛石有效地抑制了冲刷并实现了促淤作用。因此,江心洲的冲刷差异性主要体现在河段形态、主支汊相对位置和有无守护工程。

鄂尔多斯盆地北部S井区盒8上亚段砂岩气藏沉积微相研究

鄂尔多斯盆地北部(鄂北)S井区盒8段气藏属于致密砂岩气藏。目前该井区盒8上亚段作为主力层位之一已进入开采中后期,存在剩余气分布特征不清的问题,进一步开采难度较大。为解决此问题,综合利用动静态资料,对该层位开展沉积微相的精细研究。研究区盒8上亚段自下而上分别划分为盒8上1、盒8上2两个小层,通过沉积相标志以及测井相分析,识别盒8上亚段单井沉积微相发育特征,并在横向上对该井区内的沉积微相及其组合关系进行分析,最终确定该研究井区盒8上亚段的沉积微相平面展布特征。结果表明:研究区气藏范围内发育边滩、河道充填、废弃河道、堤岸(天然堤、决口扇)、河道间5种微相;边滩以及河道充填为主要的控砂微相类型;盒8上1小层的西北部分布较大规模边滩,东部零星分散,盒8上2小层的东南部零星分布有边滩,西部分布有较大规模。研究成果可为鄂北地区储层非均质性特征和剩余气藏分布预测提供地质依据。

西湖凹陷中南部花港组浅水三角洲辫流型-曲流型分流河道沉积特征

西湖凹陷中央洼陷带中南部花港组上段是重要的构造-岩性油气藏勘探层系,研究区以浅水三角洲沉积为主,但纵向和平面上砂体相类型和规模存在较大差异。通过对花港组古水体、古地貌、古气候等沉积背景的分析,认为花港组SQ3层序发育浅水三角洲平原分流河道沉积,并且受中期基准面、微古地貌、物源供给等因素控制,平原分流河道呈现出辫流型和曲流型特征。研究结果表明:①中期基准面上升期和下降期,东北侧物源供给为主,西北侧物源补充,可容纳空间较小,地貌低势区以辫流型分流河道为主,粒度粗、发育多期冲刷面和滞留砾石、心滩砂体,测井相以箱形为主,横剖面呈现厚而宽的槽状;②中期基准面转换期,西北侧物源供给为主,东北侧物源供给减弱,可容纳空间较大,地貌低势区以曲流型分流河道为主,粒度细,冲刷面见撕裂泥砾,测井相以钟形为主,横剖面呈现不对称透镜状。

High-speed railway channel measurements and characterizations: a review

Wireless communication for high-speed railways （HSRs） that provides reliable and high data rate communi- cation between the train and trackside networks is a challenging task. It is estimated that the wireless communication traffic could be as high as 65 Mbps per high-speed train. The development of such HSR communications systems and standards requires, in turn, accurate models for the HSR propagation channel. This article provides an overview of ex- isting HSR channel measurement campaigns in recent years. Particularly, some important measurement and modeling results in various HSR scenarios, such as viaduct and U-shaped groove （USG）, are briefly described and analyzed. In addition, we review a novel channel sounding method, which can highly improve the measurement efficiency in HSR environment.

Formation Mechanism and Sedimentary Pattern of Abandoned Channels

Accurately identifying and quantitatively describing abandoned channels in meandering rivers are of great significance for improving hydrocarbon recovery. By using modern deposition analogy, field outcrop analysis, a dense well spacing, core observations and a review of the literature, this paper studied the formation process and space–time amalgamation of abandoned channels in meandering river. The results reveal that formation mechanisms of abandoned channels include chute cutoff patterns(shoal-cutting, ditch-scouring and embayment-eroding patterns) and neck cutoff patterns. The chute cutoff pattern forms a gradually abandoned channel, while the neck cutoff pattern forms a suddenly abandoned channel. From upstream to downstream, the sedimentary pattern of the abandoned channel transforms from a chute cutoff pattern to a neck cutoff pattern, where the main controlling factors transition from the grain size and gradient to the flow and vegetation. An abandoned channel formed by a chute cutoff pattern consists mainly of siltstone, fine sandstone and thin gravel layers, which form a lithological-physical barrier. The abandoned channel formed by a neck cutoff pattern consists mainly of mudstone and argillaceous siltstone, forming a lithological barrier. Based on the amalgamation and structure of the reservoir architectural elements, the abandoned channel can be divided into three planar sedimentary patterns(crescent, semilune and horseshoe) for a single channel and five vertical sedimentary patterns for composite channels.

Effect of Meander on Bridge Pier Scour

have been done in the past by many researchers.Many factors which affect scour around piers such as shape of piers,size,positioning and orientation etc.have been studied in detail by them.However,similar studies in meandering channels are scanty.Very few researchers have studied the effect of angular displacement which has considerable effects of scour around bridge piers.In this paper an attempt has been made to carry out a detailed study of angular displacement on scour.A constant diameter bridge pier of circular shape has been tested in a meandering channel bend with bend angle as 800.The test bed was prepared by using uniform sand having d50 as 0.27 mm and run was taken for a discharge of 2.5 l/s.

鄂尔多斯盆地东部二叠系下石盒子组8段河流相砂体构型要素

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地东部二叠系下石盒子组8段河流相沉积露头的岩相特征进行描述,明确了其砂体构型要素类型、空间展布及组合模式。研究结果表明:(1)研究区发育辫状河和曲流河沉积,识别出块状层理砂砾岩相(Gm),槽状交错层理含砾砂岩相(Gst),槽状交错层理砂岩相(St),板状交错层理砂岩相(Sp),平行层理砂岩相(Sh),上攀波纹层理砂岩相(Sc),水平层理粉砂岩相(Fh)和块状层理泥岩相(M)等8种岩相。(2)研究区发育河道、心滩、废弃河道、边滩和漫溢沉积5种构型要素,垂向沉积序列差异明显,河道为Gm—Gst—St—M—St,心滩为Gm—Gst—St—Sp,边滩为St—Sp—Sc—Sh—M或St—Sp—Sc—M,废弃河道为Gm—St—Sp—M且与河道相似,但粒度更小、泥质含量更高,漫溢沉积为Sp—Fh—M。(3)研究区构型要素组合有河道-漫溢沉积、河道-废弃河道、河道-心滩(垂向、侧向)叠加、多期河道砂体(垂向、侧向)叠加、心滩-漫溢沉积、多期心滩砂体(垂向、侧向)叠加、多期边滩砂体侧向叠加、边滩-废弃河道、边滩-漫溢沉积等9种类型。(4)研究区砂体构型要素类型、组合样式及其分布都受物源距离和水动力条件的影响,距离物源越近,水动力条件越好,砂体规模越大,连通性越好;近物源区辫状河底部砂体发育优于顶部,心滩砂体储集性能最佳;远物源区曲流河底部边滩砂体横向上多期叠置,连通性较好,发育较好。

侵蚀基准面下降对弯道河床演变的影响

概化设计了一在出口处布设有高度可变的拦沙坎的弯曲河道模型,利用声学多普勒流速仪和数字波高仪测得13个特征断面的瞬时流速与瞬时水位数据,依托激光扫描技术获得试验床面的精确数字高程,以此来探讨侵蚀基准面下降对弯道河床演变的影响。结果发现:粗化层对河床有一定的保护作用,当侵蚀基准面小幅下降而导致流速小幅增大时,粗化层的保护作用可一定程度地抵减流速的增量,减弱甚至避免水流对河床的冲蚀;当侵蚀基准面下降幅度较大时,河床会被全局冲蚀,但各局部的被冲蚀程度并不相同,其中过渡段主流带的被冲蚀程度较小,弯段凹侧主流顶冲区的被冲蚀程度较大;越靠近侵蚀基准面的区域,侵蚀基准面的下降越易增强该区域的水流强度,越易使该区域的河床被冲蚀;在侵蚀基准面下降幅度较小且槽底未见裸露的情况下,连续弯道完整周期的床面高程频率分布总体上接近于正态分布,但若从细节上看其分布具有双峰特征;双峰特征为半周期床面高程频率分布所特有,完整周期床面高程频率分布的双峰特征只是半周期床面高程频率分布双峰特征叠加的结果;当侵蚀基准面下降至槽底时,主流顶冲区的槽底会严重裸露,连续弯道完整周期的床面高程频率分布仍具有双峰特征,但其总体形态已明显偏离正态分布。

冲决:河道演化关键环节的综述与讨论

有关冲决的研究已充分应用于地质学、地貌学、水工学等领域,但尚未受到国内沉积学家的充分重视。在梳理相关争议性问题的基础上,综述并讨论有关冲决概念、成因、演化、识别、应用等关键问题。主要成果包括:(1)阐述冲决的概念,以及冲决与决口、改道的异同,并建议使用狭义的冲决概念来解释大规模的河道改道;(2)明确坡度比是冲决的主要控制因素,天然堤的抗冲性(砂质天然堤还是泥质天然堤)、泛滥平原的地貌特征(地表植被,水位,排水状况,废弃河道)是河道冲决的次要控制因素;(3)总结了冲决的演化模式与识别标准,提出了适用于储层沉积学的分类方案;建议国内的沉积学家使用决口型冲决与废弃河道再占用型冲决识别不同的河道类型与演化方式,或使用地层过渡型冲决与地层突变型冲决的分类方案来区分河道之间的叠置关系;(4)讨论了冲决在储层构型、河型转化等当前热点问题中的应用前景。建议引入冲决的概念来完善储层构型领域5级构型的演变、大型河道化体系的地质知识库的建立,以及异旋回对储层构型的影响;补充河型转化当中大型单一河道与网状化河道相互转化的沉积模式。有关冲决问题的综述与讨论为储层沉积学家恢复古河道演化方式,建立更加精准的地质模型提供更多的科学依据。

弯道鱼类产卵场水力生境指标的空间分布

弯道鱼类产卵场是鱼类栖息地中重要且敏感的场所,基于三维水流数值模拟,以长江流域中的重要经济鱼类四大家鱼为代表,开展弯道鱼类产卵场水力生境指标的空间分布研究。结果表明:①弯道断面水面至水底方向,流速减小,最小流速接近0.19 m/s。弯道凹岸侧的流速适宜度S_(u)随水深的增加先增大后减小,凸岸侧下游出口段S_(u)较为稳定。②横向流速沿横向梯度G_(yy)与纵向流速沿垂向梯度G_(xz)在凸岸均沿程先增大后减小再增大,在河心先增大后减小。③凸岸的弯道前半段断面上,平均涡量Ω的增加速度随流量增加而加快,后半段断面Ω的增加速度趋于平缓,河心与凹岸Ω的增加速度均随流量的增加而加快。④弯道中的大部分区域较适宜鱼类产卵,流量较小时,中水层更适宜鱼类产卵,鱼类在流量较大的情况下偏好选择高水层产卵。

溢流坝壅水条件下的弯道水流特性

为探讨溢流坝壅水条件下的弯道水流特性,概化设计了一在出口处布设有溢流坝的连续弯道模型,利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)和数字波高仪测得模型特征断面的流速、水位数据。试验结果显示:弯段绝对水面横比降随相对坝高的增大而减小;弯段下半弯的水面纵比降为正,而从直线过渡段进口至下游邻近弯顶的水面纵比降为负,但其绝对水面纵比降均随相对坝高的增大而减小;连续弯道的直线过渡段也存在二次流且其旋转方向与上游弯段二次流的旋转方向相同;当相对坝高增大时,流道各断面的垂线平均纵向流速均不同程度的减小;当相对坝高增大时,各断面最大紊动能减小;纵向脉动对紊动能的贡献最大,横向脉动次之,垂向脉动最小;雷诺应力R uv的正负能近似标示弯道直线过渡段进出口断面的横向水流运动,当雷诺应力R uv为正时,流体将从左侧流向右侧;当雷诺应力R uv为负时,流体将从右侧流向左侧。