Heat Transfer and Resistance Characteristics of Conical Spiral Tube Bundle Based on Field Synergy Principle

Conical spiral tube bundle are universally used in heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers.The heat transfer and resistance of the tube bundle are affected greatly by the conical structure,so the analysis of it is necessary.In order to a further evaluation,the heat transfer and resistance characteristics of conical spiral tube bundle are investigated with regression analysis based on numerical simulation data.The correlations of heat transfer and pressure drop of conical spiral tube bundle are proposed both in laminar and turbulent fluid flow.On the based of the field synergy principle,the synergy of four vectors,the velocity,the velocity gradient,the temperature gradient and the pressure gradient,are calculated and discussed via the user defined function（UDF） program.The synergy angles β and θ,which respectively denote the performance of heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop of the conical spiral tube bundle,are analyzed.Finally,the comprehensive performance of the conical spiral tube is evaluated by the synergy angle γ and all of the three synergy angles of conical spiral tube bundle are compared to both bare tube and thin cylinder-interpolated tube.The analysis of the synergy angles shows that the heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop of conical spiral tube bundle are smaller than that of the thin cylinder-interpolated tube,while the comprehensive performance of conical spiral tube bundle is greater.The analysis of the heat transfer and pressure drop of conical spiral tube is valuable and instructional on the design and optimum of conical spiral tube bundle heat exchangers.

Experimental Study on Cross-Flow Induced Vibrations in Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle

Vibration in heat exchangers is one of the main problems that the industry has faced over last few decades. Vibration phenomenon in heat exchangers is of major concern for designers and process engineers since it can lead to the tube damage, tube leakage, baffle damage, tube collision damage, fatigue, creep etc. In the present study, vibration response is analyzed on single tube located in the centre of the tube bundle having parallel triangular arrangement （60-） with P/D ratio of 1.44. The experiment is performed for two different flow conditions. This kind of experiment has not been reported in the literature. Under the first condition, the tube vibration response is analyzed when there is no internal flow in the tube and under the second condition, the response is analyzed when the internal tube flow is maintained at a constant value of 0.1 rn/s. The free stream shell side velocity ranges from 0.8 rn/s to 1.3 m/s, the reduced gap velocity varies from 1,80 to 2.66 and the Reynolds number varies from 44500 to 66000. It is observed that the internal tube flow results in larger vibration amplitudes for the tube than that without internal tube flow. It is also established that over the current range of shell side flow velocity, the turbulence is the dominant excitation mechanism for producing vibration in the tube since the amplitude varies directly with the increase in the shell side velocity. Damping has no significant effect on the vibration behavior of the tube for the current velocity range.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

A comprehensive comparison on vibration and heat transfer of two elastic heat transfer tube bundles

Elastic heat transfer tube bundles are widely used in the field of flow-induced vibration heat transfer enhancement. Two types of mainly used tube bundles, the planar elastic tube bundle and the conical spiral tube bundle were comprehensively compared in the condition of the same shell side diameter. The natural mode characteristics, the effect of fluid-structure interaction, the stress distribution, the comprehensive heat transfer performance and the secondary fluid flow of the two elastic tube bundles were all concluded and compared. The results show that the natural frequency and the critical velocity of vibration buckling of the planar elastic tube bundle are larger than those of the conical spiral tube bundle, while the stress distribution and the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the conical spiral tube bundle are relatively better.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Erosion Corrosion of the Air Cooler Tube Bundle in a Residue Hydrotreating Unit

Corrosion leakage occurred in the 14th tube bundle in the first row of a residual oil hydrotreating air cooler after operating for two years.The failure location was 0.5 m from the outlet header box.In this paper,the erosion corrosion of the air cooler tube bundle was investigated by experimental and numerical methods.Visual inspection,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)experiments were performed,and the failure morphology and material composition confirmed that the damage was caused by erosion corrosion.The shear stress transport k–ωturbulence model(SST-k–ω)was then used to investigate the flow and erosion corrosion characteristics,combined with mass transfer,corrosion rate,and ionization equilibrium models.The numerical simulation results revealed that the water phase volume fraction increased with flow and heat transfer in the fluid,which increased the mass flow rate and concentration of hydrogen sulfide.The mass transfer coefficient and corrosion rate were proposed as important parameters to characterize erosion corrosion.Moreover,the local concentration of wall shear stress was found to increase the risk of erosion corrosion.The predicted high-risk area was consistent with the actual failure area,which verified that this failure incident was attributable to erosion corrosion by the water phase.

Experimental Research on Resistance Characteristics of H-type Elliptical Finned Tube Bundles

阻力特性是换热器的基本特性之一，流体横掠换热管产生的绕流扰动是换热器阻力恶化的主要因素。为分析前排绕流对后排阻力的影响规律，分别对管排数2-10不等的换热管进行阻力特性试验研究，同时为定量分析管排数对阻力特性的影响规律，定义了管排阻力修正系数，并根据实验数据给出了其在不同管排数下的取值，具有重要的工程意义；同时基于冷态阻力特性试验台进行实验研究，得到κ=1及κ=1.6的经典椭圆管的阻力特性公式Eu，并研究不同管型及布置方式对其的影响规律。

Heat transfer characteristics of air cross-flow for in-line arrangement of spirally corrugated tube and smooth tube bundles

An experimental study on heat transfer and resistance coefficients of linearly arranged smooth and spirally corrugated tube bundles in cross-flow was performed. The heat transfer and resistance coefficients are presented in this paper with transverse and longitudinal tube-pitch and tube geometries taken into account. The experiment's results can provide technical guidelines for application to horizontal air preheater with arranged in-line spirally corrugated tube bundles, especially to the air preheater for CFBCBs (Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Boilers).

Heat transfer model of two-phase flow across tube bundle in submerged combustion vaporizer

In order to optimize the design of the submerged combustion vaporizer(SCV), an experimental apparatus was set up to investigate the heat transfer character outside the tube bundle in SCV. Several experiments were conducted using water and CO_2 as the heat transfer media in the tubes, respectively. The results indicated that hot air flux, the initial liquid level height and the tube pitch ratio had great influence on the heat transfer coefficient outside the tube bundle(ho). Finally, the air flux associated factor β and height associated factor γ were introduced to propose a new hocorrelation. After verified by experiments using cold water, high pressure CO_2 and liquid N_2 as heat transfer media, respectively, it was found that the biggest deviation between the predicted and the experimental values was less than 25%.

Vibration Response and Stress Analysis of Planar Elastic Tube Bundle Induced by Fluid Flow

Flow?induced vibration plays a positive role on heat transfer enhancement. Meanwhile, it is also a negative factor for fatigue strength. Satisfying the fatigue strength is the primary prerequisite for heat transfer enhancement. This paper numerically studied the flow?induced vibration of planar elastic tube bundle based on a two?way fluid–structure interaction(FSI) calculation. The numerical calculation involved the unsteady, three?dimensional incompressible governing equations solved with finite volume approach and the dynamic balance equation of planar elastic tube bundle solved with finite element method combined with dynamic mesh scheme. The numerical approach was verified by comparing with the published experimental results. Then the vibration trajectory, deformation and stress contour of planar elastic tube bundle were all studied. Results show that the combined movement of planar elastic tube bundle represents the agitation from inside to outside. The vibration of out?of?plane is the main vibration form with the typically sinusoidal behavior because the magnitude of displacement along the out?of?plane direction is the 100 times than the value of in?plane direction. The dangerous point locates in the innermost tube where the equivalent stress can be utilized to study the multiaxial fatigue of planar elastic tube bundle due to the alternating stress concentration. In the velocity range of 0.2-3 m/s, it is inferred that the vibration amplitude plays a role on the stress response and the stress amplitude is susceptible to the fluid velocity. This research paves a way for studying the fatigue strength of planar elastic tube bundle by flow?induced vibration.

Numerical Study of Fluid Flow over Bundle Tubes

In this paper, a bank of tubes containing a flowing fluid which is immersed in a cross flow second medium of fluid with different temperature has been studied numerically using computational fluid dynamics. Laminar steady flow with a low Reynolds number has been studied in this work. Inlet mass flow rate and the bulk temperature are known and numerical method has been implemented to study the convective heat transfer to investigate the temperature and flow fields. Effects of different inlet bulk temperatures and mass flow rates have been investigated on temperature and pressure variations.

管束结构的阻尼控制型流弹失稳特性研究

尽管自2012年SONGS事故以来,流弹失稳对管束结构的危害性和重要性再次引起了重点关注,但对导致这种不稳定现象的根本因素仍未确定。为进一步研究流弹失稳的基本物理机制,以压水堆蒸汽发生器通常采用的平行三角形管束为对象,基于开源CFD(computational fluid dynamics)工具OpenFOAM,同时耦合管的动力学方程,求解具有移动边界的非定常Navier-Stokes(uRANS)方程,建立了研究阻尼控制型不稳定机制的数值模型,进而预测管束的流固耦合振动,揭示影响阻尼控制型不稳定机制的关键参数和流动响应;重点讨论了不同质量阻尼参数下,系统的响应特性、能量输入与耗散,升力与位移间的相干性、相位差、相关系数,升力的频谱特性,主导激励机理。进一步揭示了管束流弹系统中占主导地位的激励机理和关键流动现象,有助于理解管束与流体之间的相互作用机理,同时为工程中使用开源CFD工具OpenFOAM预测流弹失稳行为提供了参考。

十字形钢管束自密实混凝土短肢剪力墙轴压性能研究

为研究十字形钢管束自密实混凝土短肢剪力墙的轴压受力性能,通过模型试验研究和ABAQUS数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同腔体数十字形钢管束自密实混凝土短肢剪力墙的轴压性能进行分析。首先,根据轴压试验结果对剪力墙的破坏形态和轴向荷载-应变曲线等轴压受力性能进行分析,提出轴压承载力计算公式。其次,建立剪力墙轴压有限元计算模型,将试验结果和模型计算结果进行对比以验证有限元模型的准确性。最后,根据有限元参数化分析结果验证并修正剪力墙轴压承载力计算公式。研究发现,剪力墙的轴向荷载-应变曲线在不同腔体数下具有相似的特征,表明其变形能力良好。在破坏过程中,钢管束对核心混凝土的约束作用显著,提高了试件的延性和承载能力,其中钢管束的破坏主要表现为多波鼓曲和焊缝开裂,尤其是在钢管束中部的1/4区域。此外,随着腔体数增加,剪力墙极限承载力提升,但其延性系数有所下降。本研究提出的简化公式与有限元分析结果的误差控制在10%以内,该公式可为工程设计应用提供理论借鉴。

矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒风振特性研究

随着风电资源优势区开发逐渐饱和,风电开发的重心开始向风资源条件相对恶劣的低风速地区转移,分布式、大功率、高塔筒和长叶片已经成为风电行业发展趋势。基于此提出了一种新型的矩形钢管混凝土束风机塔筒,该塔筒由矩形钢管混凝土束拼接而成,具有强度高、刚度大和耗能能力强的优点。为研究该塔筒结构的风振响应特性,选用Kaimal脉动风速功率谱,采用谐波合成法模拟风荷载时程曲线,对其进行了动力时程分析,并计算了风振系数及等效静力风荷载。结果表明:该新型塔筒在额定风速下位移塔顶位移最大值为911.84 mm,对应的水平位移角为1/154,符合规范要求。塔筒各构件的强度较好,且具有较大的安全富余度。基于位移等效的阵风荷载因子法计算得到的风振系数值较低;在惯性风荷载法计算得到的等效静力风荷载作用下,结构位移、基底剪力与结构随机振动分析得到的基本一致。

基于Zukauskas关系式的预冷发动机进气道流动特性研究

为了研究预冷发动机进气道流动特性,以二维变几何轴对称进气道为研究对象,利用Zukauskas横掠管束绕流关系式,对进气道流场展开了数值仿真研究,探究预冷器的冷却效应及换热管直径对进气道流场、性能的影响。结果表明:Zukauskas关系式能较好地预测气流在预冷器管束间的流动损失;经过预冷后,涡轮通道总温大幅下降,但总温分布不均匀,温度梯度明显,对流换热对上游流体总温产生的影响很小;在Ma_(∞)=2~5飞行工况下,换热功率随着飞行马赫数的增加而增大,涡轮通道的出口总温较预冷前降低了22%~60%,出口马赫数降低了17%~51%,反压比增加了10%~26%,总压恢复系数增加了3%~8%;当预冷器的管径从1 mm增大至2.5 mm时,涡轮通道出口速度降低了16.5%,反压比降低了1%,总压恢复系数呈现先下降后上升的趋势。将虚拟预冷器管束排布方式改为顺排,预冷器的换热功率下降,出口总温上升,涡轮通道的出口速度上升了11%~30%。

深孔焊结构喷泉式管束装配工艺技术研究

深孔焊技术广泛应用于石油化工领域中的重要换热设备,可有效减少间隙腐蚀、应力腐蚀、疲劳破裂等问题。本文针对深孔焊结构喷泉式管束,进行装配工艺技术的研究。

开架式气化器换热管束损伤机理及最优更换周期分析

换热管束是开架式气化器(ORV)设备的关键部件。换热管束内的LNG和外表面呈水幕状流动的海水进行热交换,完成LNG的气化过程。文章对换热管束的损伤机理进行了分析,并提供了一种依据换热管束失效和周期性计划停机更换管束产生所有费用的总和最小原则计算换热管束最优更换周期的方法。由分析结果可知,换热管束损伤失效的因素主要有电化学腐蚀、微生物腐蚀、海水水质、海水冲蚀和开裂等。文章以某LNG接收站举例,采用文中所述方法计算得到该站ORV换热管束的最优更换周期。该研究结果可为ORV换热管束的维护保养和更换提供理论依据。

管束排列方式对LNG冷能发电中间介质气化器丙烷管外凝结影响分析

以LNG冷能发电装置中的中间介质气化器中冷凝器丙烷管外凝结过程为研究对象,建立相应数值模型,采用VOF模型追踪气液相界面,利用LEE模型作为相变传热传质模型,对管外气态丙烷凝结成液膜流动及凝结传热问题进行了瞬态二维CFD模拟。分析了不同管束排列方式下冷凝器丙烷端管外液膜流动和凝结换热特性,并对管外平均换热系数的模拟值进行了相应的计算。此外,还分析了壁面过冷度对丙烷冷凝相变过程的影响,发现在壁面过冷度较大时,顺排和叉排结构中最底排管道处皆出现了气体回流现象,导致最底排的管道最先出现液滴。

间接空冷翅片管束临界防冻特性及防冻裕量研究

间接空冷翅片管束目前缺乏全面的冬季防冻运行参数。为此,首先凝练了管束防冻模型,包括热平衡方程、水侧和空气侧输运准则方程、防冻约束条件;其次依托典型顺逆流式空冷翅片管束,分析了2类管束临界防冻特性和防冻裕量;最后探究了中间型、左侧型、侧面型进水方式管束的临界值特点。结果表明:环境温度和入口水温降低、风速增加,管束防冻流量增加,且入口水温越低,风速影响更突出;逆流式管束防冻性能劣于顺流式管束,随风速增加或入口水温降低,二者差异扩大;入口水温抬升对防冻裕量影响分为3个梯次,为显著增加区间(0℃, 10℃]、变化缓慢区间(10℃, 20℃]、基本不变区间(20℃, 40℃],不可一直增加入口水温来防冻;中间型管束防冻性能优于左侧型和侧面型,空冷燃煤火电或核电机组应优先选用。研究结果可为我国空冷机组冬季防冻运行提供指导。

集束连续管井口悬挂分流装置的研究与应用

集束连续管作为油气生产管柱,利用自身多通道独立工作的特点,可以开展两气合采生产作业,实现同一口井多储层高效开采,尤其对储层物性差异大的地层开发优势显著。针对现有常规井口大通径管柱悬挂配套复杂、适用范围受限、同时需兼顾导流及密封的问题,采用多瓣式卡瓦悬挂结构,配合专用分流组件,研制了一种基于集束连续管两气合采工艺的井口装置。该装置具备井口悬挂和分流密封功能,解决了集束连续管2根内管与四通阀旁通中心基准面方向不一致的难题。室内试验和现场应用结果表明:集束连续管悬挂分流装置可以完成规定的测试内容,能够实现集束连续管在井口的悬挂和分流道控制,满足现场应用的要求。研究结果可为两气合采完井提供可行性保证施工的安全性,有助于完善集束连续管两气合采工艺的应用和推广。