The Tamale Local Boy Scouts Association in the Northern Territories Protectorate in the 1920s

In 1907,military leader Robert Baden-Powell started the Boy Scouts Association in England as the British colonial government officers instituted Tamale village as the administrative centre of the Northern Territories Protectorate.Sam Yarney worked with Frank Collyer the European bank cashier and scoutmaster who started the Boy Scouts in the Gold Coast Colony in 1914,the year the First World War started.In 1922,Governor Gordon Guggisberg,who was brigadier general during the war was the chief scout.He reorganized the Local Boy Scouts Association in the Tamale Government School that received select boys from various schools in the Northern Territories Protectorate.The schoolboys excelled in the Standard VII and Civil Service Examinations to work with the government institutions and train as teachers and telegraphists.Arthur James Philbrick the chief scout commissioner of the Northern Territories employed Yarney as the assistant scout commissioner in the Southern Province to take on the staff of the reorganized Tamale Local Boy Scouts Association and register the 1st Tamale Troop.The scout officers subscribed to a Scout Fund to buy kit,for the schoolboys who passed the Tenderfoot Tests to buy uniforms and perform at events.

The withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement and its impact on global climate change governance

The global community has prepared for the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement since Donald Trump was elected as the president of the U.S. However, Trump's formal declaration of withdrawal still caused worldwide reaction. Trump will use the withdrawal to build his political reputation and to renegotiate the Paris Agreement despite its negative effects on the political credibility, international relationships, and potential long-term economic growth of the U.S. In general, the withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement will not change the development of low-carbon technologies and the transformation trend of the global climate governance regime. However, the long-term goals and international cooperation on climate change will be affected by budget cuts in American climate change research and the cancelation of donations from the multilateral environmental fund of the U.S. If the Paris Agreement is renegotiated, the common but differentiated principle of responsibility of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change will be challenged again. Nevertheless, climate change governance remains a main theme of future sustainable development. Instead of national governments, local governments and non-governmental organizations will develop strategies for technical innovation and emphasize pragmatic cooperation, thus expanding their roles in climate change governance. The capacity building on climate change research and public awareness should be enhanced as a long-term objective of global climate change governance.

A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis of Trump and Biden Administrations’China Policies

The theory of proximization is an effective discourse strategy to study the speaker’s ability to achieve his own legitimacy or reinforce the other’s illegitimacy,and its superiority can be maximized by means of quantitative and comparative analysis.In this study,we collected reports on Trump’s and Biden’s policies on China to build two small corpora,with a total of 11,030 words in the Trump corpus and 17,566 words in the Biden corpus.The critical discourse analysis is combined with proximization theory.With the help of BFSU Qualitative Coder 1.2,Antconc 3.5.7,and Log-Likelihood and Chi-Square Calculator 1.0,a critical cognitive score of the relevant discourse was conducted from the perspective of proximization theory.It has been found that:(1)Both Trump and Biden administrations resort to a large number of spatial proximization strategies to build ODCs converging to IDCs with China as the ODC,posing a threat to internal physical IDCs;(2)in the use of temporal proximization strategy,both administrations use primarily modal verbs and various entities to construct ODCs that extend indefinitely into the present and future,emphasizing the urgency and the threat of the effect and reinforcing the legitimacy of their actions;(3)in terms of axiological proximization strategy,the two administrations differ greatly from each other,indicating that there are still discursive biases.

Cooperation and Divergence between China and the United States in the Governance of Global Climate Change

China and the United States are two key players in global climate governance.What about their relations in the field of climate change and how should we view these relations? An analysis of their relations in global climate governance is of great significance both for global multinational negotiations and their bilateral relations. The two parties have enhanced their cooperation on climate change since 2009 in terms of increasing willingness, broader scale, more diverse mechanisms and higher effectiveness. With the U.N. Paris Climate Conference 2015 approaching, China-US cooperation will inject much momentum into the multilateral process of reaching an ambitious agreement. However, there are also sharp divergences between China and the U.S. regarding principles, rules, and legal means. These divergences might become prominent during the Paris Conference and need to be addressed at the bilateral level.

U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Reasons, impacts, and China's response

Applying qualitative and quantitative methods, this article explains the driving forces behind U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement, assesses the impacts of this withdrawal on the compliance prospects of the agreement, and proposes how China should respond. The withdrawal undercuts the foundation of global climate governance and upsets the process of climate cooperation, and the impacts are manifold. The withdrawal undermines the universality of the Paris Agreement and impairs states' confidence in climate cooperation; it aggravates the leadership deficit in addressing global climate issues and sets a bad precedent for international climate cooperation. The withdrawal reduces other countries' emission space and raises their emission costs, and refusal to contribute to climate aid makes it more difficult for developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Cutting climate research funding will compromise the quality of future IPCC reports and ultimately undermine the scientific authority of future climate negotiations. China faces mounting pressure from the international community to assume global climate leadership after the U.S. withdraws, and this article proposes that China should reach the high ends of its domestic climate targets under the current Nationally Determined Contributions; internationally, China should facilitate the rebuilding of shared climate leadership, replacing the G2 with C5. Meanwhile, China needs to keep the U.S. engaged in climate cooperation.

The Transformation of Environmental Governance from the Point of the Interaction between Government and National People's Congress

Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.

合作、服务与引领:新时期“U-G-S”三位一体关系的反思与实践路径重构

地方高师院校(U)如何更好地与地方教育管理部门(G)以及中小学(S)建立合作关系历来是一个难题。合作目的的错位、利益与职责机制的缺乏、地位的不平等以及管理文化的差异,导致地方高师院校与中小学合作的实然关系不理想。从应然意义而言,高师院校要以服务中小学教师专业发展为主要范畴,以研究中小学教育教学改革的实践问题为主业,以引领中小学教育教学能力的整体提升为目标,以培育和创新中华民族优秀教师文化为使命。但由于实然的诉求不同,目标各异,使原本紧密的合作关系张力不断。在新时期全面深化教师队伍建设的时代背景下,高师院校要与地方教育管理部门以及中小学进一步加强合作体系建设,突出服务意识,构建服务机制,引领文化发展,建设协调机制,更好地形成三位一体的合作发展机制。

中国政府及国有企业在美国法院面临的主权豁免问题分析——兼评美国Walters夫妇就“中国制造”手枪质量问题导致儿子死亡告中华人民共和国政府缺席判决执行案

美国Walters夫妇就"中国制造"手枪质量问题导致儿子死亡告中华人民共和国政府,美国密苏里州西区联邦法院用缺席判决判中国政府赔偿1000万美元。美国Walters夫妇要求扣留中国工商银行纽约分行等3家银行中相应的中国政府财产,美国纽约州南区联邦法院以该财产不在美国境内为由,驳回原告要求。2010年3月,美国原告提起上诉。本案仍然在进行中。本文通过对本案的分析,引出中国政府及国有企业在美国法院面临的主权豁免问题的分析,如中国政府在主权豁免案中可引用的抗辩理由;中国国有企业援引主权豁免的利弊;执行国有企业中相应财产问题。本文旨在引起学术界进一步关注在司法实践中涉及中国的主权豁免问题。

教师教育U-G-S合作模式的实践研究——以南昌师范学院校地教育合作为例

师范院校与中小学校“本是同根生”,在中小学教师培养问题上有共同的使命和担当,应避免彼此隔膜、疏离的情形。在地方政府及其教育行政部门的支持下,全面、深入推进合作,通过U-G-S合作机制的建立,师范院校与中小学校“共研课题,共磨课堂,共育团队,共搭平台,共炼成果,共推教研,共培特色”,实现“双赢”:提升师范院校学科教学论教师队伍的实践素养,提高师范生的培养质量;提高中小学校整体办学品质,提升中小学教师的理论功底和教研、教科研素养。为此,院校地教育合作应以情感为纽带,以平等交往为准则,建立价值认同,尊重彼此关切,建立并完善U-G-S合作机制的维护体系。

教师教育“U—S”合作:经验、问题及对策——以新建地方本科师范院校为例

利益相关者的整体利益、互动性重要他人、适度的情感维系、可预期的效果是新建地方本科师范院校与中小学合作成功的重要经验。合作目标功利化、合作内容残缺化、合作形式单一化、合作主体被动化是困扰合作进行的主要问题。新建地方本科师范院校与中小学在价值观念、行为规范方面的差异,强有力的组织机构和物质支撑的缺失是影响合作的主要因素。合作双方应该提升文化自觉,构建以政府为主导,新建地方本科师范院校与中小学为主体的合作组织,并通过多方筹措经费,破解合作的难题。

U-G-S协同机制下地方师范院校培养农村基础教育师资模式探索与实践

农村基础教育是师范大学特别是地方师范院校存在和发展的依据,本文依托'U-G-S'教师教育模式,以玉林师范学院为例,探索与实践地方师范院校与地方教育行政部门、中小学在培养职前与职后农村基础教育师资模式合作模式,为我国构建教师教育体系开辟新的实践范式。

协同治理:U-G-S教师教育共同体善治之道

U-G-S教师教育共同体是新时代教师教育的重要载体。协同治理是一种通过建立组织架构和程序来促进不同参与主体之间的协同合作,以提高决策和实施质量的社会治理理论,为U-G-S教师教育共同体提供了一种治理视角。协同构建治理组织,协同制定治理制度,协同配置共享资源和协同规范组织运行应该成为U-G-S教师教育共同体协同治理的行动逻辑。

基层协同治理推进路径和生成逻辑——来自SZ县D镇民生工程项目供求关系协调的证据

本研究将国家、部委和省级政府视为惠民工程资金的供给主体,农村居民则是民生项目的需求主体,县级及以下政府和部门、村集体组织是供需关系建立的联接体。通过实地调研、了解来概述工程推进谜题,描绘各主体之间表演与互动的场景。直面治理困局,谋求社会和谐目标,需要调整涉及民生工程建设的治理策略,把准农民个性和群体共性,错综复杂的形势要求设计和谋划一整套的治理方略。城镇化冲击力量无处不在,面向农村的各项管理事务变得日趋复杂。民生工程供给不宜过度政策化,"因势利导、按需建设"应是惠民工程项目建设的根本所在;将有限的惠民资金产生最大的社会稳定作用,理顺国家与村民之间简单而又复杂的偏倚关系,多举并用才能够从根本上消除"国家政策虽好,但到基层就乱套"的固化思想认识。

《地方组织法》调整对象的重塑与结构优化

为适应改革开放初期民主法制建设需要,1979年《地方组织法》在确定调整对象时采取了“扩张性”策略,“有法可依”成为当时立法的首要价值需求。国家机构相关法律规范体系建立和完善后,《地方组织法》立法功能与其他法律开始出现重合,对法律的稳定性和国家法制统一造成挑战,“扩张性”的调整对象面临重新检视和策略调整。《地方组织法》调整对象的重塑,应在厘定相关法律调整对象基础上,排除替代性立法功能,以实现国家机构法律规范体系的时代自新和协调统一。

地方政府负债与居民福利的倒U型关系

从居民福利最大化视角,分析地方政府负债与居民福利之间的关系。地方政府负债通过"净收入效应"和"环境污染效应"的作用机制,从而对地区居民福利产生非线性影响。实证研究表明,地方债增长与居民福利存在倒"U型"关系,即在地方债增长超过转折点以后,地方债务增加使得居民福利下降。分地方债务发展阶段看,2005年之前最优居民福利的地方债增长转折点大于2005年之后最优居民福利的地方债增长转折点。分城镇地区和乡村地区看,城镇居民最优福利的地方债增长转折点小于乡村居民最优福利的地方债增长转折点。

The Hidden Helping Hand： The U.S. Government＇s Assistance to Chinese Returnees, 1949-1955

Despite serious difficulties caused by the civil war in China and the military confrontation in Korea, over 1,200 Chinese students and scholars returned from the United States （U.S.） to their homeland in the 1950s. While the effort made by the returnees and the Communist regime has been studied, the role played by the U.S. government remains unclear. Relying mostly on archived government documents and published individual recollections, this paper shows that Washington provided most of its assistance to the Chinese students through the emergency aid program, which not only covered all the educational costs for about three quarters of them, but also paid travel expenses for about two thirds of the returnees. In addition, Washington assisted many students in obtaining visas from the British government for their transfer in Hong Kong and offered them room, board, and other services while they were waiting for their transportation in San Francisco. The examination of the helping hand extended by Washington to these returning Chinese students can enhance our understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of Sino-American relations during the Cold War.

地方政府竞争对区域市场一体化的影响研究

区域市场一体化是深入实施区域协调发展战略的应有之义。改革开放以来,地方政府竞争深刻地影响了中国的区域市场建设。本文在理论分析基础上,基于2012~2021年长三角城市群面板数据,运用面板数据计量模型考察地方政府竞争对区域市场一体化的影响效果、异质性特征及传导机制。实证研究发现:地方政府竞争对区域市场一体化的影响呈显著倒“U”型关系,良性地方政府竞争对区域市场一体化具有促进作用,恶性地方政府竞争对区域市场一体化具有抑制作用;地方政府竞争对区域市场一体化的影响在数字经济发展水平和制造业升级水平方面存在异质性;地方政府竞争可以通过改变区域金融发展和对外开放水平影响区域市场一体化。因此,要规范地方政府竞争行为,以推动区域市场一体化和区域协调发展。研究结论对从优化地方政府竞争角度高质量推进我国区域市场一体化具有一定启示意义。

流动人口基本医疗保险关系转移接续不顺畅的囚犯困境及其破解机制

流动人口基本医疗保险关系转移接续不顺畅主要表现在流动人口基本医疗保险关系转移接续的比例偏低、类型复杂多样、实际效果不好、面临着低统筹层次带来的挑战,削弱了对流动人口生存和发展的保障、制约了劳动力的自由流动、迟滞以人为核心的城镇化进程并且加大管理成本。不同地方政府之间有限次囚犯困境博弈是流动人口基本医疗保险关系转移接续不顺畅的重要原因之一。通过构建触发策略,把具有唯一纯策略纳什均衡的不同地方政府之间有限次博弈转化成无限次重复博弈有助于破解流动人口基本医疗保险关系转移接续不顺畅的难题,从而使不同地方政府在流动人口基本医疗保险关系转移接续方面实现合作共赢。

配电网低电压治理方案动态评价方法研究

针对当前配电网低电压改造项目缺乏行之有效的动态评价方案,从项目改造的经济性和治理效果着手,同时考虑到负荷动态增长,在站-线-变-户(变电站-馈线-配变-用户)低电压精细化评价体系的基础之上,提出了综合电压合格率,负荷-电压灵敏度、效果成本比等指标,对配电网改造项目进行动态评估。综合电压合格率用以表征区域内电压质量的水平,衡量项目改造前后低电压治理效果。负荷-电压灵敏度表征区域内负荷变化对电压质量的影响,建立区域电压偏差与负荷之间关系,对项目改造后的电压质量进行预估。效果成本比作为项目改造的动态评价指标,通过实例验证,证明了其有效性,为配电网低电压改造项目评估提供了理论依据。

民国时期贵州雷山地区的撤县与设治研究

南京国民政府时期,丹江县撤治引致地方治理渐趋混乱。随着地方局势缓和与民众呼吁,雷山设治成为新的选择。雷山地区撤县与设治的历史进程表明,政区调整引发地方治理失范,地方治理失范又促进政区进一步调整;地方民众在政区调整中扮演了极其重要的角色。这之间的密切关系,体现了民国后期雷山政区调整与社会发展的特殊之处。