奥林巴斯UHI-3腹腔镜气腹机两例电路故障维修分析

本文整理了两例UHI-3腹腔镜气腹机电源故障和主控板故障的维修情况,通过电路板电路图还原,进行电路分析,分别通过电源板更换7815芯片、主控板更换模拟开关DG408DY芯片的操作,成功实现了芯片级维修,有效地节省了维修费用,降低运行成本。

Normalized urban heat island (UHI) indicators: Classifying the temporal variation of UHI for building energy simulation (BES) applications

Despite known effects of urban heat island(UHI)on building energy consumption such as increased cooling energy demand,typical building energy simulation(BES)practices lack a standardized approach to incorporate UHI into building energy predictions.The seasonal and diurnal variation of UHI makes the task of incorporating UHI into BES an especially challenging task,often limited by the availability of detailed hourly temperature data at building location.This paper addresses the temporal variation of UHI by deriving four normalized UHI indicators that can successfully capture the seasonal and diurnal variation of UHI.The accuracy of these indicators was established across four climate types including hot and humid(Miami,FL),hot and dry(Los Angeles,CA),cold and dry(Denver,CO),and cold and humid(Chicago,IL),and three building types including office,hospital,and apartments.These four indicators are mean summer daytime UHI,mean summer nighttime UHI,mean winter daytime UHI,and mean winter nighttime UHI,which can accurately predict cooling,heating,and annual energy consumption with mean relative error of less than 1%.Not only do these indicators simplify the application of UHI to BES but also,they provide a new paradigm for UHI data collection,storage,and usage,specifically for the purpose of BES.

Spatio-temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Forces of Winter Urban Heat Island:A Case Study of Rapid Urbanization Area of Fuzhou City,China

Under the influence of anthropogenic and climate change,the problems caused by urban heat island(UHI)has become increasingly prominent.In order to promote urban sustainable development and improve the quality of human settlements,it is significant for exploring the evolution characteristics of urban thermal environment and analyzing its driving forces.Taking the Landsat series images as the basic data sources,the winter land surface temperature(LST)of the rapid urbanization area of Fuzhou City in China was quantitatively retrieved from 2001 to 2021.Combing comprehensively the standard deviation ellipse model,profile analysis and GeoDetector model,the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the winter urban thermal environment were systematically analyzed.The results showed that the winter LST presented an increasing trend in the study area during 2001–2021,and the winter LST of the central urban regions was significantly higher than the suburbs.There was a strong UHI effect from 2001 to 2021with an expansion trend from the central urban regions to the suburbs and coastal areas in space scale.The LST of green lands and wetlands are significantly lower than croplands,artificial surface and unvegetated lands.Vegetation and water bodies had a significant mitigation effect on UHI,especially in the micro-scale.The winter UHI had been jointly driven by the underlying surface and socio-economic factors in a nonlinear or two-factor interactive enhancement mode,and socio-economic factors had played a leading role.This research could provide data support and decision-making references for rationally planning urban layout and promoting sustainable urban development.

Geospatial and Statistical Analysis of Land Surface Temperature and Land Surface Characteristics of Jaipur and Ahmedabad Cities of India

Land surface temperature (LST) is a phenomenon that significantly affects the environment, the cities’ liveability, and the citizens’ well-being. This Study aims to perform a comparative study of the microclimate and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon of two metropolitan cities of India, i.e. Jaipur and Ahmedabad, using MODIS Satellite data, whereas Landsat Data was used to analyse the Land Surface Characteristics by an index-based approach. The Study’s findings reveal that Ahmedabad has 35.53 per cent of the total area classified as having a low potential, and 13.55 per cent is designated as a high potential LST zone. Meanwhile, in Jaipur, 30.45 per cent of the city’s total area is identified as a low potential LST zone and 12.69 per cent as a high potential LST zone. This Study highlights the importance of mitigating the UHI phenomenon in urban centres for the overall well-being of city dwellers. It will help policymakers and stakeholders comprehend plans and take initiatives to minimise the effects of the UHI phenomenon on rapidly growing cities. .

Geospatial Analysis of Urban Heat Island Effects and Tree Equity

In recent decades, Urban Heat Island Effects have become more pronounced and more widely examined. Despite great technological advances, our current societies still experience great spatial disparity in urban forest access. Urban Heat Island Effects are measurable phenomenon that are being experienced by the world’s most urbanized areas, including increased summer high temperatures and lower evapotranspiration from having impervious surfaces instead of vegetation and trees. Tree canopy cover is our natural mitigation tool that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis, protects humans from incoming radiation, and releases cooling moisture into the air. Unfortunately, urban areas typically have low levels of vegetation. Vulnerable urban communities are lower-income areas of inner cities with less access to heat protection like air conditioners. This study uses mean evapotranspiration levels to assess the variability of urban heat island effects across the state of Tennessee. Results show that increased developed land surface cover in Tennessee creates measurable changes in atmospheric evapotranspiration. As a result, the mean evapotranspiration levels in areas with less tree vegetation are significantly lower than the surrounding forested areas. Central areas of urban cities in Tennessee had lower mean evapotranspiration recordings than surrounding areas with less development. This work demonstrates the need for increased tree canopy coverage.

基于Landsat影像数据的包头市夏季城市热岛效应研究

随着城镇化进程的不断推进,城市热岛效应也在不断发展演变。以2013—2023年的包头市夏季4幅Landsat卫星影像数据为基础,使用基于大气校正法获取了包头市2013—2023年的地表温度反演结果图。结果表明:近11年包头市夏季平均温度和平均地面温度总体呈上升趋势,与反演结果表现一致;城市热岛分布范围不断扩大,热岛面积从2013—2016年迅速增长约35%,2016—2020年热岛面积增长减缓,约5%,2020—2023年热岛面积再次迅速扩增了约25%。在石拐区工业产业园区、九原新都市区出现新的热岛中心。同时,南海湿地、赛罕塔拉公园等区域对缓解热岛效应起到积极作用。在城市发展建设的过程中,应当将缓解热岛效应统筹考虑其中,进行合理的功能区规划,适当地增加城市水体和植被的面积则能够明显削弱城市热岛效应强度。

石家庄城市热岛效应:从冠层、表层到土壤深层

利用石家庄城市气象站和附近2个乡村站2009~2012年的逐日地面气温、0~320 cm土壤温度资料,对比分析了石家庄站从冠层、表层到土壤深层的城市热岛(Urban Heat Island,UHI)效应及其差异,结果表明:1)2009~2012年年平均气温UHI强度为0.9℃,0~320 cm土壤温度UHI强度在-0.5~0.2℃之间,气温UHI强度明显强于土壤温度UHI。表层(0 cm)和浅层(5~40 cm)土壤温度基本表现为“热岛效应”,但深层(80~320 cm)土壤温度表现为“冷岛效应”,40~80 cm是二者的转换层位;深层土壤温度可能受局地气候影响呈现出局地性特点。2)春季、夏季、秋季、冬季气温UHI强度分别为1.1℃、0.6℃、0.7℃和1.3℃,夏季最弱,冬季最强。春季和夏季表层和40 cm以上土壤温度表现为热岛,80 cm以下表现为冷岛;秋季不同深度土壤温度均表现为冷岛,320 cm深度冷岛强度最强;冬季表层和80 cm以上土壤温度主要表现为热岛,320 cm深度表现为冷岛;土壤表层热岛强度季节性变化,与气温的基本一致,其物理机制相似。3)各月气温UHI强度在0.5~1.6℃之间,1月最强,7月和10月最弱。表层和40 cm以上土壤温度一般在1~7月和12月表现为热岛,UHI强度多为6月最强,8~11月表现为冷岛;80 cm以下土壤温度多数月份表现为冷岛。4)年和四季平均气温UHI强度具有明显的日变化特征,年和四季表层土壤温度UHI强度也有较为明显的日变化特征,但随土壤深度加大,土壤温度UHI强度的日变化逐渐减弱,并最终转化为冷岛效应。

城市蓝绿空间冷却效应的研究进展

本文基于419篇Web of ScienceTM和176篇中国知网数据库的相关文献,借助CiteSpace可视化图谱分析工具,对城市冷却效应领域的研究现状以及热点趋势进行定量和辅助定性分析。同时梳理热岛效应的3种研究方法,并探讨城市绿色、蓝色、蓝绿协同空间的冷却效应机制,以及城市蓝绿空间对周边环境的冷却幅度,以期为营造健康的人居环境提供参考。结果显示:2002—2022年城市热岛领域的发文量呈递增态势,国外研究时间较国内起步较早且数量较多,如何设计城市的景观因子来达到更好的冷却效应是今后的研究趋势。气象监测、遥感卫星技术和计算机数值模拟3种研究方法目前均具有不同优缺点和适应性,应多种研究方法相结合。以往研究内容的探讨多集中在城市蓝色、绿色、蓝绿协同以及城市蓝绿空间对周围冷却幅度等4个方面,文献计量分析表明由于冷却效应的影响因素众多,故绿色空间冷却效应机制、周边环境影响冷却幅度的研究尚存在矛盾。而蓝色、绿色空间冷却强度还未确定,应深入研究。本文为城市规划者最大化实现冷却效应提供理论依据。

Urban Planning Based on Nature—A Nature-Based Solution

After an international contest announced by the City of Abu Dhabi “Cool Abu Dhabi Challenge”1 and the article published as a digest of a paper titled A Nature-based Solution [1], the decision has been made to take part in improving thermal comfort in public spaces by mitigating the impact of the effect of Urban Heat Islands (UHI)2 in the city of the Belgrade. The basic research aims at achieving the balance between the conflicting impacts when the buildings with their infrastructure and water-green surrounding area are in such correlation that it fulfils acceptable living and heating standards and reduces the use of fossil fuels for cooling the urban areas (buildings). By implementing the remote detection it is possible to analyze and quantify the impact of over-building on the temperature rise in urban areas as well as the disturbance of the heating comfort and the increased demand for additional cooling. Now it is possible to create virtual models that will incorporate this newly-added urban vegetation into urban plans, depending on the evaporation potential that will affect the microclimate of the urban area. Such natural cooling can be measured and adapted and hence aimed at a potential decrease in areas with UHI emissions [2]. Suitable greenery in the summer season can be a useful improvement which concurrently enables and complements several cooling mechanisms—evaporative cooling and evapotranspiration, i.e. natural cooling systems. The remote detection shall establish and map the “healthy” and “unhealthy” greenery zones—that is the vegetation zones with the highest evaporative potential with the “cooling by evaporation” effect and also, by implementing the urban prediction model, it shall propose green infrastructure corridors aimed at a potential decrease in the Urban Heat Island Emission.

重庆地区城郊人体舒适度变化特征差异及其影响因素分析

在全球变暖和快速城市化的背景下,热岛/干岛效应增强,在一定程度上影响了人居环境,城区居民面临着健康风险。要制定缓解、控制措施,必须要明确城市化的大气环境效应形成和演化规律对人居环境的影响。以快速城市化的重庆市为例,基于重庆市内15个国家气象站点1980-2020年平均气温、湿度和风速逐日观测资料,采用人体舒适度指数计算公式量化得到了各站点的人体舒适度,并利用ArcGis软件中反距离加权模型(Inverse Distance Weighted,IDW)进行空间插值,得到每个时间段人体舒适度的空间分布演化情况。另外对比分析了城郊气象站点平均气温、饱和水汽压差和相对湿度的时空变化趋势,并结合城市化进程数据,重点检测了重庆市人居热环境随城市化进程演化的趋势,评估了城市化对人体舒适度的影响。结果表明:(1)温度、饱和水汽压差的高值区与相对湿度的低值区发展方向与建成区扩张方向基本一致,形成了以中心城区为中心的高温组团;(2)城市与郊区站点平均气温和饱和水汽压差均呈上升趋势,相对湿度呈下降趋势,但城区站点变“干”变“热”趋势更加明显,热岛/干岛效应显著;(3)城区站点热不舒适日数和冷不舒适日数分别以3.5 d·(10a)^(-1)、-3.6d·(10a)^(-1)的速率呈现出显著性趋势(P<0.05),而郊区站点年际变化较为稳定,城市化使得人体舒适度往炎热不舒适的方向发展;(4)相较于城市缓慢发展阶段,城市快速发展阶段城郊站点年热不舒适度日数之间的差异进一步增大,最大差距一年能达到30 d左右。整体上,重庆市城市发展方向与人居热环境空间演化格局存在较强的相关性。该研究旨在探明重庆市城市化引起的人体舒适度的演化规律,为缓解城市热岛/干岛效应提供直接的科学参考,力求为城市总体规划、改善城市热环境、打造“宜居宜游城市”提供定量化决策依据。

基于多源遥感数据的城市热岛特征与机理研究

以长三角城市群为研究区,基于时序多源遥感数据,通过均值标准差法对城市热岛等级进行分类,研究长三角城市群城市热岛时空分异特征,同时从下垫面属性、人为活动和植被覆盖等角度探索其城市热岛形成机制,可为缓解城市热岛效应提供一定参考。研究结果表明,长三角城市群2013—2018年城市热岛现象明显且呈增强趋势,其城市热岛空间分布呈现“M”型空间分布,具有较强的时空分异;浙江省和江苏省大部分城市的城市热岛较强,而安徽省大部分城市的城市热岛分布范围较小。长三角城市群的城市热岛与建成区空间分布表现出一致性,其热岛效应的增强与建成区和郊区林地面积的增长有关;长三角城市群的城市热岛与夜间灯光分布和植被覆盖空间分布均呈现空间一致性,城市热岛与夜间灯光强度成正比关系,与植被覆盖呈反比关系。

WRF/UCM在广州高温天气及城市热岛模拟研究中的应用

应用WRF及其耦合的城市冠层模式(UCM,Urban Canopy Model),对2004年6月底—7月初受副热带高压和台风外围气流影响下发生在广州地区的一次高温天气过程进行了数值模拟。考察了WRF/UCM对"城市热岛"及城市高温天气模拟的应用效果。三个不同设计的模拟试验表明,E-UCM试验(新土地利用资料,耦合UCM模式)比E-BPA试验(新土地利用资料,BPA方法)和E-NOU试验(旧土地利用资料,耦合UCM模式)更好地模拟出了城区2 m高度温度的演变,平均绝对误差最小。尤其在夜间,E-UCM试验成功地再现了夜间热岛的形成及分布。城区及郊区地表能量平衡差异的分析表明,日间城区高温与低反射率引起的短波辐射吸收增加有关,由于城区缺少水汽蒸发蒸腾冷却过程,大部分能量收入被分配为感热加热大气。夜间,地表能量收入来自土壤热通量的向上输送,收入能量除部分用于长波辐射之外,由于城区潜热通量小,其余部分仍主要以感热形式加热大气。夜间热岛的形成与感热加热的持续有关,有利于夜间高温的维持。

石家庄气象站记录的城市热岛效应及其趋势变化

利用石家庄市区站和4个郊区站1962—2009年的气温资料,采用城乡气温对比和线性趋势分析方法,探讨了石家庄站地面城市热岛(UHI)强度特征及其随时间变化情况,以及城市化因素对城市站地面气温长期变化趋势影响.结果表明:石家庄站地面UHI效应明显,且UHI效应在最低气温上表现更突出;UHI强度冬季1月最大,夏季7月最小;UHI强度具有明显的日变化,最高值出现在早晨7—8时,最低值出现在午后14—16时;近48a,石家庄站附近UHI强度呈显著增加趋势,且最低气温UHI强度比最高气温的增加趋势更明显;从UHI强度增加对地面气温观测记录的影响来看,石家庄站附近1962—2009年期间年平均UHI增温率达到0.19℃/(10a),UHI增温贡献率为67.9%,即该站近48a记录的年平均地面气温上升趋势,有2/3以上可归因于城市化因素影响.

长江三角洲城市群热环境研究

选取2001年10月8—15日和2005年10月8—15日MODIS地表温度产品数据,对长江三角洲城市群热环境进行了研究,并结合GIS技术依据景观生态学理论对该地区热环境的时空格局进行了量化对比分析。结果表明,由于长江三角洲地区城市化规模巨大,5 a内一直存在一个由上海、苏州、无锡、常州形成的"热岛群"。由于长三角地区各城市合理规划布局、规范用地,注意环境保护,在城市化发展的同时,该地区一定范围内的热岛效应得到了有效的控制。

基于RS的山地城市热岛效应及其与土地覆被变化关系研究——以重庆市主城区为例

随着城市化的迅速发展,城市热岛效应及其所带来的问题对我们日常的生产生活的影响变得日益严重。文章以重庆市主城区为研究对象,利用1988年、2001年、2006年三个时相的LandsatTM/ETM+影像进行地表温度反演和土地覆被解译,并且尝试使用定量的方法来研究温度与几种指数之间的关系,包括归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化水体指数(NDW I)、归一化的城市用地指数(NDB I)等。结果表明:重庆市主城区热岛效应的空间分布呈现出一种混合状态,热岛与地表覆被类型关系密切,突出表现在城市建设用地区比其它类型的土地温度高;地表温度与NDVI、NDW I呈现一种显著的负相关。

等间距法和均值标准差法界定城市热岛的对比研究

利用ASTER数据反演地表温度,采用等间距法和均值-标准差法,将研究区温度场分别划分为4级、5级、6级,并根据热岛区的界定进一步将4级、6级细分为4级(a)、4级(b)、6级(a)和6级(b)。在此基础上,对两种方法从城市热岛数量结构差异、热岛空间分布及细节表达等方面进行了系统对比分析。结果表明:两种方法所界定热岛的面积百分比随着分级数不同均出现跳跃现象,趋势基本一致。但就热岛强度而言,均值-标准差法对分级数的敏感性较等间距法小,在热岛的空间分布和温度变异的细节表现力等方面,均值-标准差法也优于等间距分级法。因此,综合来看,均值-标准差法是城市热岛界定的较适合方法。均值-标准差法以地表温度相对于平均温度的变异程度为依据进行热场划分,在多时相城市热岛演变、对比等研究中,一定程度上可以避开时相的差异。

大尺度环境风场对城市热岛效应影响的数值模拟试验

利用耦合模式WRF-UCM模拟了上海、南京两个地区4次城市热岛现象,发现城市热岛效应高温的水平分布与大尺度环境风场之间有着密切的联系:城市热岛的高温带在地面风的影响下,向下风方平移,导致城市下游郊区的气温明显上升。从气温垂直剖面图上可以看出,在地面风的作用下,低层大气都出现了一个水平方向上的高温带,从城区一直延伸到下游郊区。气温差异的垂直剖面图表明:城市化过程使城市以及城郊过渡带上空大气获得更多的热量,气温明显上升。在计算城郊过渡带的平流加热率后发现,大尺度环境风场下城市对下风方郊区大气的平流加热作用不可忽视。

基于TM／ETM+的城市热岛景观分析

研究利用TM／ETM+数据,在对福州市1989年和2001年两期数据分别进行温度反演并分级基础上,利用景观生态学知识对福州市热岛的时空格局进行了量化对比分析,结果表明:12年间,伴随着福州市城市化进程加快城市热岛范围大幅增加,1989年的城市次高温区、部分中温区沦为2001年高温区和次高温区．另一方面,由于城市绿化及新城区的合理规划布局,城乡之间热岛强度有所减缓．

An Evaluation of Measures Regarding Road Traffic against the Urban Heat Island in the Tokyo Ward Area, Japan

This study aims to evaluate measures against the Urban Heat Island (UHI) regarding artificial exhaust heat of road traffic using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Tokyo Ward Area where the degree of UHI is particularly strong. We developed a GIS database that reflected road traffic conditions, and calculated the volume of artificial exhaust heat of road traffic to evaluate measures against the UHI. The findings of this study can be summarized in the following three points. 1) Artificial exhaust heat volume for moving targets was remarkably higher than that of stationary targets and, in particular, artificial exhaust heat volume was high on roads with remarkable numbers of vehicles and running speeds such as expressways and ring roads. 2) In UHI- related policy for moving targets, the suppression of waste heat through choice of fuel burned, improvement of traffic flow by securing space for cyclists and pedestrians, development of bypasses, and upgrading signal control managed to reduce artificial exhaust heat volume, even though there were differences in degree of reduction. 3) In UHI-related policy for stationary targets, special road surfaces and the increase in efficiency of energy consumption equipment achieved a reduction ratio of around 30% in artificial exhaust heat volume, more than moving targets as well as making it possible to expect a reduction in artificial exhaust heat volume on a wide scale.

缓解城市热岛效应的硬质景观设计方法研究综述

在城市环境中,硬质景观具有表面温度高、显热通量大的特点,对城市的小气候条件、整体的绿地品质、居民的游憩质量和热舒适度有着一定的负面影响,在一定程度上加剧了城市热岛(UHI)效应。因此,对城市硬质景观的设计优化十分重要。通过文献梳理对近年来国内外相关研究进行了系统回顾,总结了减轻UHI效应不利影响的四大硬质景观设计方法,包括空间几何形态设计、使用凉爽材料、搭配软质景观、外部机械降温。并针对以上方法的降温机制、环境适用条件、现状研究缺陷和未来发展方向进行了探讨,旨在厘清硬质景观的热效应研究进展,为城市微气候环境的改善和可持续城市景观的设计提供参考。