Mechanical Behavior Based on Aggregates Microstructure of Ultra-high Performance Concrete

We developed ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)incorporating mullite sand and brown corundum sand(BCS),and the quartz sand UHPC was utilized to prepare for comparison.The properties of compressive strength,elastic modulus,ultrasonic pulse velocity,flexural strength,and toughness were investigated.Scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation were also conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms affecting macroscopic performance.Due to the superior interface bonding properties between mullite sand and matrix,the compressive strength and flexural toughness of UHPC have been significantly improved.Mullite sand and BCS aggregates have higher stiffness than quartz sand,contributing to the excellent elastic modulus exhibited by UHPC.The stiffness and volume of aggregates have a more significant impact on the elastic modulus of UHPC than interface performance,and the latter contributes more to the strength of UHPC.This study will provide a reference for developing UHPC with superior elastic modulus for structural engineering.

Influence Mechanism of Curing Regimes on Interfacial Transition Zone of Lightweight Ultra-High Performance Concrete

This study aims to clarify the effects of curing regimes and lightweight aggregate(LWA)on the morphology, width and mechanical properties of the interfacial transition zone(ITZ) of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC), and provide reference for the selection of lightweight ultra-high performance concrete(L-UHPC) curing regimes and the pre-wetting degree LWA. The results show that, under the three curing regimes(standard curing, steam curing and autoclaved curing), LWA is tightly bound to the matrix without obvious boundaries. ITZ width increases with the water absorption of LWA and decreases with increasing curing temperature. The ITZ microhardness is the highest when water absorption is 3%, and the microhardness value is more stable with the distance from LWA. Steam and autoclaved curing increase ITZ microhardness compared to standard curing. As LWA pre-wetting and curing temperatures increase, the degree of hydration at the ITZ increases, generating high-density CSH(HD CSH) and ultra-high-density CSH(UHD CSH), and reducing unhydrated particles in ITZ. ITZ micro-mechanical properties are optimized due to hydration products being denser.

Design of Eco-friendly Ultra-high Performance Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Coarse Aggregate

Aiming to investigate the mix design of eco-friendly UHPC with supplementary cementitious materials and coarser aggregates, we comprehensively studied the workability, microstructure, porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus of UHPC. Relationship between compressive strength and Young’s modulus was obtained eventually. It is found that the compressive strength, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus of UHPC increase by 19.01%, 10.81%, and 5.99%, respectively, when 40 wt% cement is replaced with supplementary cementitious materials. The relationship between compressive strength and Young’s modulus of UHPC is an exponential form.

Dynamic Mechanical Behaviour of Ultra-high Performance Fiber Reinforced Concretes

Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concretes （UHPFRC） were prepared by replacing 60% of cement with ultra-fine industrial waste powder. The dynamic mechanical behaviour of UHPFRC with different fiber volume fraction was researched on repeated compressive impact in four kinds of impact modes through split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB）. The experimental results show that the peak stress and elastic modulus decrease and the strain rate and peak strain increase gradually with the increasing of impact times. The initial material damage increases and the peak stress of the specimen decreases from the second impact with the increasing of the initial incident wave. Standard strength on repeated impact is defined to compare the ability of resistance against repeated impact among different materials. The rate of reduction of standard strength is decreased by fiber reinforcement under repeated impact. The material damage is reduced and the ability of repeated impact resistance of UHPFRC is improved with the increasing of fiber volume fraction.

Different Curing Systems on Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete with Coarse Aggregate

High durability and high tensile strength makes ultra-high performance concrete( UHPC) an ideal material for bridges,while its early shrinkage in the construction of cast-in-situ mass concrete leads structure crack-easily,which restricts the application of UHPC in deck system. Whether reasonable amount of coarse aggregate can influence the strength of UHPC and improve the shrinkage performance or reduce the cost is still in doubt. Besides,in order to improve its constructability and workability, whether autoclaved curing system of UHPC can be changed remains to be further researched. In response to these circumstances, a systematic experimental study on the strength of UHPC mixed with coarse aggregate in different ratios has been presented in this paper. The three curing systems,namely standard curing,180-200 ℃/1. 1 MPa autoclaved curing,and hot water curing were tested to reveal the relationship between UHPC's properties and curing systems,and the UHPC ' s microstructure was also preliminarily studied by scanning electron microscope( SEM). The experimental research can draw the following conclusions. Under the condition of the same mix ratio, autoclaved curing guarantees the highest compressive strength,followed by hot water curing and standard curing. The compressive strength of concrete increases with the temperature in the range of 25 to 90 ℃ hot water curing,and high temperature in precuring period can speed up the strength development of UHPC,but the sequence of precuring period does not obviously affect the results. In 90 ℃ hot water and autoclaved curing,the strength is over 150 MPa,and it has little relation with gravel ratio. While the value increases first and then decreases in a lower temperature curing with the increasing of gravel amount,even only about 80 MPa at room temperature. The strength increases moderately along with the increase of the curing age by standard curing,especially in the initial stage.

Preparation of Heavyweight Ultra-high Performance Concrete Using Barite Sand and Titanium-rich Heavy Slag Sand

The heavyweight ultra-high performance concrete(HUHPC)was prepared with barite sand partially replaced by titanium-rich heavy slag sand(THS)at replacement proportion of 0%,30%,50%,70%and 100%in this work.The results show that THS incorporation can effectively improve the mechanical properties and reduce the volume shrinkage of HUHPC.The HUHPC with 50%THS replacement reaches an apparent density of 2890 kg/m^(3)(for fresh HUHPC),28 d compressive strength of 129 MPa,28 d flexural strength of 23 MPa,28 d flexural toughness of 28.4,56 d volume shrinkage of 359×10^(-4) and,as expected,excellent durability.Microstructural investigation demonstrates that the internal curing of pre-wetted THS promotes the hydration of the surrounding cement paste thereby strengthening the interfacial transition zone,resulting in the“hard shell”formation around aggregate to“protect”the aggregate.Additionally,the“pin structure”significantly improves the cement paste-aggregate interfacial connection.The combination of“hard shell protection”and“pin structure”remarkably improve the mechanical properties of HUHPC produced with porous THS aggregate.

Flexural Bond Behavior of Rebar in Ultra-High Performance Concrete Beams Considering Lap-Splice Length and Cover Depth

This study intends to find out the correlation between the cover depth and the bond characteristics of UHPC through pull-out tests of UHPC specimens with different cover depths and bond tests of rebar using flexural members. In this experimental study, specimens are fabricated with the lap-splice length as test variable in relation with the calculation of the lap-splice length for 180- MPa UHPC. Moreover, specimens are also fabricated with the cover depth as test variable to evaluate the effect of the cover depth on the UHPC flexural members. The load-displacement curves are analyzed for each of these test variables to compute the lap-splice length proposed in the K-UHPC structural design guideline and to evaluate the influence of the cover depth on the flexural members. As a result, the stability of the structural behavior can be significantly enhanced by increasing slightly the cover depth specification of the current UHPC Structure Design Guideline from the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 20 mm to the maximum value between 1.5 times of rebar diameter and 25 mm.

Development of Optimal Structural System for Hybrid Cable-Stayed Bridges Using Ultra High Performance Concrete

This study developed an optimal structural system for the hybrid cable-stayed bridge expected to have a durable lifetime of 200 years and of which major structural members are made of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) with 200 MPa-class compressive strength. This innovative cable-stayed bridge system makes it possible to reduce each of the construction and maintenance costs by 20% compared to the conventional concrete cable-stayed bridge by improving significantly the weight and durability of the bridge. Therefore, detail design is carried out considering a real 800 m cable-stayed bridge and the optimal structure of the hybrid cable-stayed bridge is proposed and verified.

Automatic detection and assessment of crack development in ultra-high performance concrete in the spatial and Fourier domains

Automatic detection and assessment of surface cracks are beneficial for understanding the mechanical performance of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC).This study detects crack evolution using a novel dynamic mode decomposition(DMD)method.In this method,the sparse matrix‘determined’from images is used to reconstruct the foreground that contains cracks,and the global threshold method is adopted to extract the crack patterns.The application of the DMD method to the three-point bending test demonstrates the efficiency in inspecting cracks with high accuracy.Accordingly,the geometric features,including the area and its projection in two major directions,are evaluated over time.The relationship between the geometric properties of cracks and load-displacement curves of UHPC is discussed.Due to the irregular shape of cracks in the spatial domain,the cracks are then transformed into the Fourier domain to assess their development.Results indicate that crack patterns in the Fourier domain exhibit a distinct concentration around a central position.Moreover,the power spectral density of cracks exhibits an increasing trend over time.The investigation into crack evolution in both the spatial and Fourier domains contributes significantly to elucidating the mechanical behavior of UHPC.

UHPC在T梁桥错孔拼宽湿接缝中的设计研究

装配式桥梁拼宽改造会出现错孔拼宽的情况,由于新旧桥错孔布置导致活荷载作用下新旧桥竖向变形在横向不协调,常规的普通混凝土拼接湿接缝方案难以满足车辆荷载产生的横向拉应力。以某高速公路改扩建项目中3×30m预应力混凝土T梁错孔拼宽改造为背景,在常规对孔拼接缝方案的基础上,结合超高性能混凝土(UHPC)抗拉性能,研究了一种不等宽柔性拼接方案,并采用有限元软件建立在最不利错孔15m情况下T梁实体模型,分析温度、车辆荷载、沉降对T梁拼接缝处的受力性能。结果表明:该结构在单项运营荷载及运营荷载组合作用下,结构受力满足材料性能要求,方案可行。

钢-UHPC组合桥面板横向负弯矩区受弯性能研究

为明确横向负弯矩作用下,剪力键形式、接缝设置情形、配筋率和钢混界面黏结状态等参数对钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete,UHPC)组合板受力性能的影响,完成了8块组合板局部足尺模型静力弯曲试验及有限元参数分析。试验结果表明:开孔板(perfobond leiste,PBL)试件的名义开裂强度(对应最大裂缝宽度为0.05 mm)较栓钉试件提高16.8%;矩形齿缝试件的名义开裂强度较整浇试件降低16%~23%;UHPC层钢筋配筋率从1.96%增加到2.82%时,名义开裂强度提高16.2%;钢板-UHPC界面涂油除黏PBL试件的初裂强度和名义开裂强度较界面黏结试件分别降低10.1%和5.8%。数值分析结果表明:PBL贯穿钢筋的存在、PBL和栓钉间距的减小能有效提高组合板的开裂后刚度;PBL开孔钢板上的孔径和孔间距对组合板的受力性能影响较小。

钢-UHPC轻型组合结构短栓钉抗剪性能试验研究

通过6个钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)轻型组合结构短栓钉推出试验,对其抗剪承载力、破坏形态、栓钉应变及荷载-滑移曲线进行了研究,探讨了栓钉直径、长度、数量以及界面黏结对短栓钉抗剪性能的影响规律.结果表明:所有试件均为栓钉根部剪切破坏,UHPC板除栓钉根部沿承压方向部分UHPC压碎外,其余部分保持完好,UHPC可以抵抗栓钉传递的高压应力;栓钉根部截面屈服后应力强化阶段明显,栓钉发生剪切破坏时,栓钉根部上侧应变超过3500με;长径比为2.0的短栓钉在UHPC中也能发挥全部强度;所有试件的荷载-滑移曲线分为弹性、弹塑性和塑性3个阶段,所有短栓钉的最大滑移量均小于4 mm,工程应用时应按照弹性剪力连接件进行设计;栓钉直径对栓钉抗剪性能提高最显著,直径16 mm的栓钉比直径13 mm的栓钉的抗剪承载力和极限滑移分别提高了46.4%和11%,弹性刚度和塑性刚度分别提高了35.8%和59.1%,增加栓钉长度和界面黏结能有效提高栓钉的剪切刚度,长径比为3.0的栓钉比长径比为2.5的栓钉的弹性刚度提高了12.3%,界面有黏结试件比界面无黏结试件的弹性刚度提高了17.4%;相同间距内,合理增加更多栓钉有利于提高整体抗剪强度,但会降低延性变形能力.最后,结合实验数据和国内外UHPC中栓钉推出试验结果,建立了UHPC中栓钉荷载-滑移曲线和抗剪承载力预测表达式,计算值与试验值吻合良好.

UHPC加固RC柱的轴压性能试验及有限元模拟分析

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)因其优异的力学性能和耐久性能,广泛应用于钢筋混凝土结构的加固中。对UHPC加固钢筋混凝土短柱轴心受压进行试验研究,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立UHPC加固钢筋混凝土短柱轴心受压的有限元模型,峰值荷载模拟值与试验值吻合良好。分析长细比对加固柱荷载及塑性变形性能的影响,每组5个试件长细比分别为2,4,6,8和10,共6组30个试件。结果表明:相同长细比下UHPC加固钢筋混凝土柱能较大提升柱的承载力和延性;随着长细比L 0/d增大,加固柱的承载力降低,破坏时试件的极限位移明显增大;当长细比进一步增大,试件极限承载力降低趋势开始变缓,峰值荷载对应的位移增大,抵抗塑性变形能力变差,该研究为UHPC加固钢筋混凝土柱工程应用提供参考。

预制UHPC永久模板钢筋混凝土组合梁抗剪性能有限元分析

为了研究预制超高性能混凝土永久模板钢筋混凝土组合梁抗剪性能,选取合适的U型UHPC预制单元本构关系,建立了钢筋混凝土梁的有限元永久模型,并与已有的试验数据进行比较,验证了模型的可靠性,并分析配箍率、剪跨比等参数对超高性能混凝土组合梁抗剪性能的影响。结果显示:超高性能混凝土预制单元可显著提高斜向开裂荷载和极限荷载;预制单元会限制箍筋的作用,所以配箍率对组合梁影响小;剪跨比对组合梁抗剪性能影响大,但是和配箍率一样都会影响其延性。

A comparative study for the impact performance of shaped charge JET on UHPC targets

With the development of two-stage munitions(a precursor shaped charge(SC)and a following kinetic energy projectile)to attack the hard concrete targets,as well as the increasing applications of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)in both civil and military protective structures,a comparative study on the impact performance of SC formed jet on UHPC target is performed experimentally and numerically at present.Firstly,a series of jet penetration/perforation test on the UHPC,45# steel and UHPC/45# steel composite targets are conducted.By assessing the penetration depth and borehole(crater and tunnel)diameter,the influences of target material and configuration as well as the standoff distance of SC on the impact performance of jet are experimentally discussed.Then,by adopting the 2 D multi-material Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler(ALE)algorithm,Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI)method and erosion algorithm implemented in the finite element code LS-DYNA,the formation and impact performance of jet in the present test are well reproduced.Finally,based on the validated numerical algorithms,constitutive models and the corresponding parameters,the influences of target material(UHPC,NSC and 45# steel),standoff distance,target configuration(stacked and spaced)and weight efficiency on the impact performance of jet are further discussed.The derived conclusions could provide helpful references for evaluating the ballistic performance of jet and designing the protective structures.

超低温作用下UHPC受弯力学行为及其本构关系

研究了不同温度下超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的受弯力学行为,并利用吸能效率、声发射能量释放率和振铃计数表征了UHPC脆性失效的演变机制,构建了3种UHPC受弯本构模型.结果表明:当温度为-170℃时,UHPC的初裂抗弯强度和峰值抗弯强度分别从20℃的10.6、20.9 MPa增至21.1、42.5 MPa;在20~-170℃范围内,UHPC的脆性随温度降低先减小后增大,并在-80℃时达到最小值、-170℃时达到最大值;相较于过镇海教授和吴泽媚博士的本构模型,线性-非线性本构模型的预测精度最高、数据离散性最低.

基于GA-BP神经网络的粗骨料UHPC的抗压强度预测

为实现对粗骨料UHPC的抗压强度的预测和配合比设计方法的优化,搜集了国内外文献中168组粗骨料UHPC配合比和标准养护28 d抗压强度实测值,给出了各材料组分和抗压强度频数分布,并基于灰色关联分析法分析了各材料组分与抗压强度的关联关系,通过神经网络参数分析,建立了基于遗传算法的前馈神经网络,相比普通的BP神经网络具有更好的预测精度和泛化能力。最后基于建立的GA-BP神经网络给出了不同强度等级粗骨料UHPC配合比设计中粗骨料/胶凝材料、钢纤维体积掺量、砂胶比的建议取值范围。

UHPC后浇装配式节点抗震性能试验研究

在外剪内框结构体系的基础上,研究一种将UHPC运用到装配式节点后浇段、钢筋上下短接的连接方式。为探究该连接方式下节点的抗震性能,进行1个柱节点、1个墙梁节点、2个柱基结点(1个UHPC连接、1个普通混凝土连接)的低周反复试验。在试验基础上利用ABAQUS软件进行有限元模拟,探究钢筋搭接长度对于试件承载力性能的影响。研究结果表明:梁柱节点试件破坏形式表现为梁底混凝土压碎、梁柱交接处裂缝过宽。使用此种连接方式整体耗能能力较好,符合“强柱弱梁、强节点强锚固”的要求。梁墙节点试件发生黏结滑移破坏,梁端耗能能力较差,此种连接方式在墙梁节点中的应用还有待进一步研究。UHPC装配式柱基结点正、负向峰值荷载分别较现浇结点提高近26.5%、15.6%,刚度高于普通混凝土柱基结点,且能减少节点区配箍率,改善节点区域箍筋密集问题。UHPC连接装配式柱基结点和普通混凝土柱基结点的延性系数均在4以上,相差不大。在试验基础上,通过ABAQUS模拟UHPC装配式柱基节点发现,有限元结果和试验结果吻合较好;当试件钢筋搭接长度超过14d,试件的承载力不再随搭接长度改变。综上所述,此种连接方式可大幅缩短钢筋锚固长度,凭借UHPC超强的力学性能使得其抗震性能基本等同现浇,具备一定的实际运用前景。

混合梁斜拉桥微膨胀UHPC灌注钢混结合段的时变效应

为明确微膨胀超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High-Performance Concrete,UHPC)灌注材料的收缩徐变对混合梁斜拉桥钢混结合段长期性能的影响,以湖北武穴长江公路大桥为工程背景,开展材性试验与结构反应实测。基于一种全桥杆系+局部空间网格的多尺度有限元建模方法,对不同灌注材料收缩徐变下钢混结合段的时变效应进行分析研究。研究结果表明:实桥所采用的微膨胀UHPC在测试龄期内膨胀应变呈现出先增后减且始终保持膨胀的趋势,在约5 d龄期时达到最大膨胀应变292.6με,至1 080 d时为83.8με;徐变系数在前50 d龄期内增长较快,至1 080 d时为1.63。灌注材料的收缩可在结合段内部产生显著的次应力,表现为内填混凝土的拉应力和钢格室的压应力;徐变则会导致混凝土应力松弛而使一部分恒载压应力向钢结构转移。运营20 a后,钢混结合段内填普通混凝土存在较高的开裂风险。未作收缩控制的普通UHPC虽亦出现拉应力,但未超过其抗拉强度,抗裂安全系数仍可达到1.5以上。而微膨胀UHPC处于受压状态,不存在开裂问题。微膨胀UHPC的应用,既可改善内填混凝土的抗裂性能,又有助于常规钢混结合段的结构优化,大幅减少材料用量和结构自重。

错位多次打击下UHPC靶体损伤破坏效应的数值模拟研究

基于LS-DYNA三维数值建模方法和修正的Kong-Fang混凝土材料模型,考虑多次打击时弹着点的二维正态分布规律,开展了某弹体错位多次打击下超高性能混凝土靶损伤破坏效应的数值模拟研究。首先对已有弹体先侵彻后爆炸一次打击试验进行了数值模拟,验证了数值建模方法和材料模型参数选取的准确性。在此基础上,开展了10组(圆概率误差(circular error probable,CEP)为3 m时5组,CEP为1 m时5组,每组随机生成3个弹着点)错位多次打击工况的数值计算,探讨了CEP和打击次数对靶体损伤破坏与侵彻深度的影响。数值模拟结果表明:第1枚弹体侵彻后的后续计算过程中,损伤演化均沿第1枚弹体侵彻后的材料损伤区域继续发展,随着打击次数增加,侵彻深度逐渐增加;当多次打击过程的CEP相同时,考虑爆炸工况时计算的侵彻深度比不考虑爆炸工况时大;CEP越小,相对侵彻深度越大,当CEP为1 m时,相对侵彻深度约为1.7,当CEP为3 m时,相对侵彻深度约为1.2。研究结果表明,在多次打击下,现有防护设计规范中遮弹层厚度的设计方法偏危险。