Statistical characteristics of transient enclosure voltage in ultra-high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear

Transient enclosure voltage（TEV）,which is a phenomenon induced by the inner dielectric breakdown of SF_6 during disconnector operations in a gas-insulated switchgear（GIS）,may cause issues relating to shock hazard and electromagnetic interference to secondary equipment.This is a critical factor regarding the electromagnetic compatibility of ultra-high-voltage（UHV）substations.In this paper,the statistical characteristics of TEV at UHV level are collected from field experiments,and are analyzed and compared to those from a repeated strike process.The TEV waveforms during disconnector operations are recorded by a self-developed measurement system first.Then,statistical characteristics,such as the pulse number,duration of pulses,frequency components,magnitude and single pulse duration,are extracted.The transmission line theory is introduced to analyze the TEV and is validated by the experimental results.Finally,the relationship between the TEV and the repeated strike process is analyzed.This proves that the pulse voltage of the TEV is proportional to the corresponding breakdown voltage.The results contribute to the definition of the standard testing waveform of the TEV,and can aid the protection of electronic devices in substations by minimizing the threat of this phenomenon.

Repeated Strike Process During Disconnector Operation in Ultra-High Voltage Gas-Insulated Switchgear

Very fast transient over-voltage （VFTO）, induced by disconnector operations in gas- insulated switchgears, has become the limiting dielectric stress at ultra-high voltage levels. Much work has been done to investigate single-strike waveforms of VFTO. However, little study has been carried out investigating the repeated strike process, which would influence VFTO significantly. In this paper, we carried out 450 effective experiments in an ultra-high voltage test circuit, and conducted calculations through the Monte Carlo simulation method, to investigate the repeated strike process. Firstly, the mechanism of the repeated strike process is proposed, based on the ex- perimentai results. Afterwards, statistical breakdown characteristics of disconnectors are obtained and analyzed. Finally, simulations of the repeated strike process are conducted, which indicate that the dielectric strength recovery speed and polarity effect factor have a joint effect on VFTO. This study enhances the understanding of the nature of VFTO, and may help to optimize the disconnector designed to minimize VFTO.

Test Study on Corona Onset Voltage of UHV Transmission Lines Based on UV Detection

Corona discharge is being detected by UV imaging detection technology at home and abroad in recent years.This technology is used in the corona tests of conductor bundles in this paper.In order to further research the corona characteristic,optimize geometry parameters and diameter of sub-conductor,and increase corona onset voltage of transmission lines,corona tests of three model conductors which are placed inside the outdoor corona cage are conducted.Corona cage could be used to simulate the corona activities on transmission lines under a low voltage and different conditions in an effective and economical way.Photon which was created by UV light as a result of corona discharge on conductors is detected by the UV detection apparatus.The photon number within unit interval,namely photon counting rate is adopted as the parameter of quantifying the intensity of corona discharge.According to the apparent change of photon number,corona onset voltage can be judged.All tests are conducted under almost same atmosphere condition.Using the method,corona onset voltage is acquired.The results indicate that the tests have a good repeatability,in other words,repeating same test twice same result can be aquired.The corona onset voltage can be acquired exactly from the curve of applied voltage vs.photon counting rate.Therefore UV detection apparatus can not only used to find discharge point exactly,but also applied on corona discharge research and live detection for power equipments.The method using in this paper is proved that is a new available method.

Measurement and Simulation of Induced Voltage and Current on 110 KV Crossing Transmission Lines under UHV AC Transmission Lines

The induced electricity of 110 kV transmission lines which cross the UHV AC transmission lines may threaten personal safety of the maintenance staff. In this paper, field measurement of the induced voltage and induced current on a 110 kV crossing line inside Jinhua in Zhejiang province is performed. The electrostatic induced voltage on the measured line is 12.24 kV. The power frequency electromagnetic field simulation model is established, and the calculation results are consistent with the measured. Influence factors analysis shows that the electrostatic induced voltage on the 110 kV line is 12.78 kV, the electromagnetic induced voltage is 12.3 V, the induced current through ground wire is less than 1A when the UHV lines operate at full load. The induced voltage and current decrease while the crossing distance increases. Parallel lines induction is much higher than crossing lines. The electromagnetic induced voltage after ground knife-switch shut down would exceed the human safety voltage 36 V while the crossing angle is less than 30?, so the temporary ground wire must be hanged to ensure safety of the maintenance staff.

A High Capacity and Working Voltage Potassium-Based Dual Ion Batteries

Potassium-based dual ion batteries(KDIBs)have attracted significant attention owing to high working voltage,high safety,low processing cost,and environmental friendliness.Nevertheless,one great challenge for practical KDIBs is to develop suitable anode materials with high specific capacity.Herein,we report an architecture of hierarchically porous antimony nanoparticles/carbon nanofibers(HPSb CNFs)as flexible,free-standing anode for high-performance KDIBs.The HPSb CNFs with hierarchically porous structure,and high-content nitrogen doping,not only offer sufficient free space to tolerate the repetitive volume expansion of Sb nanoparticles during long-term cycling,but also greatly facilitate the transport of electrons and ions within electrode,ensuring high material utilization ratio.Thus,the KDIBs,constituted by HPSb CNFs-700(calcined at 700°C)anode and graphite cathode,exhibited a high reversible capacity of 440 m Ah g^(-1)with high discharge medium voltage of 4.5 V at a specific current of 200 m A g^(-1)(the highest capacity for all KDIBs normalized by the mass of the anode),and excellent cyclic life.Outstanding electrochemical reversibility of the KDIBs was further demonstrated by ex situ XRD,ex situ Raman spectrum,and HRTEM.These results suggest the as-designed HPSb CNFs-700 with highcapacity and long-term cycling stability is a promising anode material for high-performance KDIBs.

Influencing Factors of the Power Fluctuation on the Ultra High Voltage Transmission Line Caused by Faults at the Remote Ends of the Interconnected Grid

After the North China grid and the Central China grid get into connection with the UHVAC demonstration, a new phenomenon is discovered according to some simulations. That is, the faults at the remote end of the UHV interconnected grid will result in significant power fluctuation and voltage drop on the UHV transmission line and even system splitting. But the faults near the UHV line only have marginal effects. Further, the simulation results also indicate that the short-circuit current of the buses near the UHV line is larger than that of the buses far away from the UHV line. This phenomenon is divergent from the traditional view. In this paper, the detail will be introduced, and the factors influencing the system stability after faults are presented and analyzed. The results indicate that transmission power of the UHV line and of the lines between the remote end and the major grid influence the fluctuation on UHV line. The load model and the grid structure of the remote end also have effect on it. Finally, corresponding control scheme is presented to improve the operation conditions of the UHV interconnected grid and ensure its security and stability.

Fault simulation in ultrahigh voltage substation

Ultrahigh voltage(UHV)and extra-high voltage(EHV)have been widely used in power system,so the requirement for technology of operation management,as well as the accident analysis and disposal are more pressing.Based on the theory of Newton-Laphson power flow method,this simulation system imitates the primary device and secondary circuit,together with the normal,the abnormal and accidents in operation.Through simulation in various situations,it validates that this design is capable of simulating the complicated faults in UHV and EHV accurately and in real time.In addition,it can analyse and dispose them efficiently.

Research on resonance fault caused by dc magnetic biasing in ultra high voltage transformer with parallel static var compensator

For dealing with the resonance fault of ultra-high voltage transformers(UHVTs)with the parallel thyristor controlled reactor(TCR)+the filter compensator(FC)type static var compensator(SVC)caused by dc magnetic biasing,a simulation model of UHVT with parallel SVC for the frequency analysis of the impedance characteristics and a magnetic-field coupling model for UHVT based on classic Jiles-Atherton hysteresis theories are constructed based on the MATLAB/Simulink platform.Both the theoretical and simulation results prove that the resonance fault is caused by the resonance point on the low-voltage side of the transformer,which will approach the 4th harmonic point under magnetic biasing.Based on the fault analysis,a new resonance control method is proposed by adding reactance with by-pass switches in series with FC branches.Under dc magnetic biasing,the cutoff of the by-pass switch will increase the series reactance rate of the FC branches and change the resonance point.In order to avoid the 7th harmonic increasement caused by this method,the firing angle of the TCR branches is locked between 130°and 180°.The effect of the proposed method is validated by the simulation model of a 750 kV UHVT and the results show that the mechanism analysis of the resonance fault is correct and the resonance control method is valid.

UHV串联式TV高压隔离部分的有限元分析及优化

用于超高压和特高压的电压互感器可采用多台电压互感器在一次侧和二次侧串联实现,一次绕组的串联结构与传统的串级结构相似,二次侧的串联结构需要使用高压隔离电压互感器,目前这种互感器还没有设计的经验。为此以1 000 kV串联式标准电压互感器为例,用有限元分析软件ANSYS对高压隔离互感器的三维电场分布进行了数值模拟计算和性能优化。结果表明,基于有限元法的数值模拟是分析和设计串联式电压互感器的有效手段,经优化设计后的高压隔离互感器能够同时满足绝缘和精度方面的要求,优化结果为更高电压等级的串联式电压互感器的设计和制造提供了可靠的、科学的数据。

UHVDC换流变压器油纸绝缘缺陷直流局部放电发展过程

特高压换流变压器绝缘承受的直流电压高,绝缘缺陷劣化发展迅速,且单凭局部放电(PD)量值和放电次数无法对绝缘缺陷的发展阶段进行分析诊断。为此,研究了特高压换流变压器内部油纸绝缘缺陷直流局部放电特征及其发展过程,构建了油纸针-板等7种局部放电模型。采用阶梯式升压法研究在长期外加电压作用下,绝缘纸板从起始放电到被击穿的整个缺陷发展过程中脉冲电流信号的实时特征及其统计特性,通过拍照的方式给出各模型各发展阶段纸板表面电腐蚀状态,并给出各相应发展阶段电场的空间分布。结果表明:直流局部放电发展过程复杂,初期以大放电脉冲为主,放电频率低,等待恢复时间随机性强;中期和末期以小脉冲放电为主,等待恢复时间均匀分布;临界击穿时等待恢复时间分布集中。结合多种放电模型直流局部放电试验,可断定不同缺陷结构从起始直流局部放电到击穿的过程中,其局部放电的总体发展趋势表现一致。

UHV对接入区域高压配电网安全稳定的影响

采用EPRI-E'等值方法建立包含特高压和大中型城市高压配电网的多电压等级电网仿真模型,从特高压线路故障后退出、配电网内部线路和主要电源点N-1故障的时域仿真分析,研究了特高压投运后高压配电网稳定受到的影响,并定义最短路径确定受影响程度较大的区域.仿真结果表明,特高压线路发生故障后双线跳开,最短路径为5左右的220kV站点出线潮流变化较大,部分将过载或重载,可能诱发系统的连锁故障;配电网内部的故障如果是在特高压系统故障后发生,系统存在崩溃的风险.最后,针对特高压投运后系统的运行特征,提出了相应稳定控制的措施,确保电网安全稳定运行.

基于序电流相位差的EHV/UHV输电线路高阻抗故障选相研究

为了实现超高压和特高压输电线路的故障快速诊断,将序电流相位差技术应用到输电线路高阻抗故障选相中。开展了三相网络单相接地故障和相间接地故障分析,通过零序和负序电流分量相位差对故障相区间进行了划分,建立了序电流相位差、相阻抗、相间阻抗、3段距离继电器保护范围与故障类型、故障相别的关系;提出了一种以序电流相位差为判断依据的超高压和特高压输电线路高阻抗故障选相新方法;在500 kV,400 km的输电线路上对该故障选相方案的精确性及可靠性进行了评价,并进行了RTDS仿真测试。研究结果表明:该故障选相方案能够实现精确可靠的识别,并有足够的边际应对意外因素或计算误差,即使在电网振荡时,也可以实现可靠的系统故障相识别。

UHV输电线路中绝缘子串电位分布的仿真计算

利用三维电磁场分析软件Ansoft对铁塔、导线、绝缘子按实际尺寸建立三维模型。综合考虑了芯棒、伞群、球头球窝、导线、连接金具、铁塔、均压环等因素对1000kV特高压输电线路中的绝缘子表面电场分布进行了计算。分析了导线、连接金具、均压环、铁塔、三相中其余两相对Ⅰ型绝缘子串和V型绝缘子串电场分布的影响。计算结果可以为绝缘子的正确使用和优化设计提供参考。分析可知,使用均压环可使绝缘子上的电位分布有较大地改善。

不同风场中特高压换流站阀厅屋盖风压特性试验研究

特高压(ultra high voltage,UHV)换流站阀厅的金属屋面系统在风荷载作用下易发生屋面表层风揭事故。为深入探讨该类建筑屋面的风压极值特性,基于风洞试验分别探讨了大气边界层(atmospheric-boundary-layer,ABL)风、壁面射流、均匀湍流三种风场作用下的屋面风压特性,比较了平均风剖面、风速、风向、湍流强度等因素对屋面风压的影响。结果表明:阀厅屋盖迎风前缘负风压最大,且控制风向角在45°左右;壁面射流风场下平均风压系数与脉动风压系数均超过大气边界层风场的结果;风速对阀厅屋盖的负风压系数均值和极值影响较小,而湍流度对风压系数的极值影响较大;大气边界风场时,JGJ/T 481—2019《屋盖结构风荷载标准》的最不利风压系数建议值偏于安全;而在壁面射流风场下,阀厅屋盖全风向最不利风压系数在所有区域都大于JGJ/T 481—2019的建议值,设计中应加以重视。

1200 kV雷电冲击电压标准测量系统

目前,冲击电压测量系统溯源所需的国家计量标准系统额定电压只有700 kV,无法满足3500 kV及以上的特高压电器的溯源需求。对研制的1200 kV电阻分压器进行结构分析,并对建立的1200 kV冲击电压测量系统进行性能测试及改进,在700 kV电压范围内与已有的700 kV冲击电压国家标准测量系统进行比对校准,在700 kV至1200 kV电压范围进行线性度实验。对1200 kV标准冲击电压测量系统进行了不确定度评定,评定结果表明研制的1200 kV雷电冲击电压标准测量系统的试验电压、波前时间、半峰值时间的测量误差均在国际标准IEC 60060及国家标准GB/T 16927允许范围内,将我国的冲击电压国家标准测量系统额定电压等级提高至1200 kV。

Key Technologies of Ultra-high Voltage Hybrid LCC-VSC MTDC Systems

The key technologies of ultra-high voltage hybrid LCC-VSC MTDC systems are investigated,focusing on the design of system configurations,converter topologies and the control and protection system.A double converter per pole of VSC connection is proposed along with the design of a 5000 MW VSC valve to develop a±800 kV/5000 MW large-capacity power transmission.The hybrid MMC topology capable of clearing the DC faults and the control strategy are developed to effectively improve the reliability in case of overhead line faults.The control and protection system of the LCC-VSC MTDC system is introduced to offer flexible operations under both normal and abnormal conditions,which includes voltage/current margin-based coordination,converter switch-in and switch-out,re-connection and drop-off of a third station.Simulations of an LCC-VSC MTDC system based on the LCC-VSC MTDC project are performed.

Requirement of ultra-high voltage GIS arrester to voltage gradient of metal-oxide varistor

The surge arrester with excellent protection characteristics would decrease the overvoltage level ap- plied on the power apparatus to reduce their insulation levels and manufacturing bottleneck. The arrester for the 1000-kV ultra-high voltage ac power transmission system is designed as tank-type structure. The field-circuit combination numerical method combining the three-dimensional finite element method with circuit is proposed to analyze the potential distribution of GIS arrester. By comparing several design schemes, the most effective method to improve the potential distribution along the varistor column is to increase the voltage gradient of the ZnO varistor. Synthesizing several influential factors, the suitable voltage gradient of ZnO varistor should be controlled to 435 V/mm, and the resulted nonuniform degree of the potential distribution along the varistor column inside the GIS arrester would be controlled smaller than 10%. The result in this paper provides the fundamental technical index for the study of the high voltage gradient ZnO varistors.

Low frequency oscillation characteristics of East China Power Grid after commissioning of Huai-Hu ultra-high voltage alternating current project

The low frequency oscillation characteristics of East China Power Grid after commissioning of the first ultra-high voltage alternating current(UHVAC)project-the Huai-Hu UHVAC project are studied.Several low frequency oscillation cases occurred in East China Power Grid in the past few years are reviewed and summarized.Based on the analysis of the different typical operation modes,the main low frequency oscillation modes in East China Power Grid in the early stages of development of ultra-high voltage(UHV)are summarized,and the impacts of the significant power grid maintenance on low frequency oscillation characteristics are analyzed.Besides,the oscillation mode of UHV generators to East China Power Grid is researched,and the importance of the power system stabilizator(PSS)is emphasized.Furthermore,the comparative analysis between the time domain and the frequency domain is carried out,and the influences of the governing system on low frequency oscillation characteristics are revealed.Finally,both the focus and the direction of low frequency oscillation research are presented.